Oxygen Radical Antioxidant Capacity Research Articles

Characterization of the antioxidant activity, identified free radical-relieving components by LC/QTOF/MS and acute oral toxicity studies of Tri-Tharn-Thip tea

This study assessed the antioxidant activities and bioactive maker of Tri-Than-Thip tea (Tri-TTa) to provide database support for the use of Tri-Than Thip remedy according to the Thai Pharmaceutical Textbook and aims to develop herbal medicine or food from natural products. Tri-TTa and herbal components were tested for antioxidant scavenging activity (DPPH assay, ABTS assay), chain-breaking/iron ion chelating activity (Metal Chelating Activity; MAC, the ferric-reducing antioxidant power activity; FRAP), superoxide anion radical scavenging activity (NBT assay), oxygen radical antioxidant capacity (ORAC assay), total content of Phenolic (TCP) and flavonoid (TCP) substance. The chemical components were separated and investigated by LC/QTOF/MS for safe dosages due to acute oral toxicity in rats. The Tri-TTa showed the strongest inhibition of antioxidant activity with the DPPH, ABTS, and MCA assay, with IC50 values of 0.087 ± 0.003, 0.025 ± 0.000, and 0.012 ± 0.000 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, Tri-TTa can also inhibit superoxide anion radicals, with IC50 values of 158 ± 0.009 mg/mL, and the oxygen radical was 3.47 ± 0.03 μM of TE/g extract. TCP, TCF, and FRAP values of Tri-TTa were 154.123 ± 1.326, 80.233 ± 14.268 mg equivalent/g of extract, and 1092.457 ± 106.024 mM FeSO4/mg, respectively. Additionally, Tri-TTa contains important substances in the phenolic and flavonoid groups that have good antioxidant abilities and were confirmed to be safe through acute oral toxicity testing in rats, which revealed no toxicity-related effects at high doses. Tri-TTa is a strong candidate for use as a natural product with antioxidant activity, suggesting that plant polyphenol content may promote antioxidant activity. These results support further research on Thai folk remedy infusions as promising antioxidant agents that can be developed for food, tea, or tonic drugs from natural.

An in vitro analysis of an innovative standardized phospholipid carrier-based Melissa officinalis L. extract as a potential neuromodulator for emotional distress and related conditions.

Background: Melissa officinalis L. (MO), commonly known as lemon balm, a member of the mint family, is considered a calming herb. In various traditional medicines, it has been utilized to reduce stress and anxiety and promote sleep. A growing body of clinical evidence suggests that MO leaf extract supplementation possesses considerable neuropharmacological properties. However, its possible mechanism of action largely remains unknown. Objective: In the present in vitro studies, we comparatively investigated the central nervous system (CNS)-calming and antioxidative stress properties of an innovative standardized phospholipid carrier-based (Phytosome™) MO extract (Relissa™) vs. an unformulated dry MO extract. Methods: The neuropharmacological effect of the extract was studied in the anti-depressant enzymes γ-aminobutyrate transaminase (GABA-T) and monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) assays and SH-SY5Y cells brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression assay. The neuroprotective effect of the extract against oxidative stress was assessed in SH-SY5Y cell-based (H2O2-exposed) Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) and Total Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) assays. The cytotoxic effect of the extract was evaluated using MTT and LDH assays. The extract antioxidant effect was also evaluated in cell-free chemical tests, including TEAC-ABTS, DPPH, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), Oxygen Radical Antioxidant Capacity (ORAC), and Hydroxyl Radical Antioxidant Capacity (HORAC) assays. Results: Relissa™ exhibited high GABA-T inhibitory activity, IC50 (mg/mL) = 0.064 vs. unformulated dry MO extract, IC50 (mg/mL) = 0.27. Similar inhibitory effects were also observed for MAO-A. Relissa™ demonstrated an improved neuroprotective antioxidant effect on SH-SY5Y cells against H2O2-induced oxidative stress. Compared to unformulated dry MO extract, Relissa™ exerted high protective effect on H2O2-exposed SH-SY5Y cells, leading to higher cells BDNF expression levels. Moreover, cell-free chemical tests, including TEAC-ABTS, DPPH radical scavenging, FRAP, ORAC, and HORAC assays, validated the improved antioxidant effect of Relissa™ vs. unformulated dry MO extract. Conclusion: The results of the present study support the neuromodulating and neuroprotective properties of Relissa™, and its supplementation may help in the amelioration of emotional distress and related conditions.

Effects of black seed oil combined with olive oil or honey on antioxidant activities, phenolic content, and identification and quantification of thymoquinone, a key bioactive compound

The plant Nigella sativa (NS) has a rich history in folk medicine, being utilized for various illnesses and as tonic drugs. Furthermore, thymoquinone (TQ), a major compound found in the seeds of NS, may exhibit antioxidant activity. In addition to black candles, traditional medicine employs olive oil and honey to nourish the body. Some folk medicine systems combine NS, honey, and olive oil for improved efficacy; however, knowledge regarding the antioxidant properties of black seed oil (BSO), BSO with olive oil (BSOO), and BSO with honey (BSOH) remains limited. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the antioxidant properties of BSO, BSOO, and BSOH. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that BSO contained 73.48 ± 1.23 mg/kg TQ. BSO, BSOO, and BSOH exhibited remarkable antioxidant activity, with NO scavenging activities of 94.32, 76.53, and 50.37, respectively. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and metal chelating activity assays (with half-maximal inhibitory concentration values), oxygen radical antioxidant capacity, and total flavonoid compound content of BSO were 0.135 ± 0.003 mg/mL, 0.005 ± 0.003 mg/mL, 32 ± 0.4 μM Trolox/g extract, and 997 ± 20 mg catechin equivalent/g of extract, respectively. These results are potentially linked to the increased antioxidant activity, as suggested by Pearson's correlation coefficients. In the ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay, the highest antioxidant activity was demonstrated by BSOO and BSOH, with total phenolic content of 7288 ± 300 mM FeSO4/mg and 346 ± 17 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g E, respectively. This study affirms the potent antioxidant properties of BSO, BSOO, and BSOH, emphasizing the importance of further research on NS infusion as a promising antioxidant agent and its application as an anti-aging and tonic drug.

The key phytochemistry of rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus) contributing to hair protection against UV.

The objective of this work was to correlate the phytochemistry of rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus), a botanical with known antioxidant properties, to a UV protection benefit in hair. These data will give insights into mechanisms of UV damage, the ROS formed and their reactivity. LC-MS was used to compare the compounds in 10 commercial extracts of rosemary. ORAC (oxygen radical antioxidant capacity) and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) were used to measure the antioxidant capacity of the rosemary extracts. The ORAC assay measures ability of an antioxidant to react with a peroxyl radical via hydrogen atom extraction and FRAP measures electron transfer through reduction of ferric iron (Fe3+ ) to ferrous iron (Fe2+ ) by antioxidants present in the samples. Correlation of extract composition with antioxidant measures was performed using principal component analysis. Selected extracts were assessed for their ability to protect hair from UV damage in a model peptide system and on hair. In addition, the same methods were used to test rosmarinic acid and carnosic acid, key phytochemistries in the rosemary extracts. The model system was a peptide and its decomposition on exposure to UV was monitored by LC-MS in the absence and presence of the rosemary extracts. Hair degradation in the presence of UV was measured by exposure of UV in an Atlas weatherometer followed by extraction of degraded protein in water. A fragment of the S100A3 protein was used as a marker of UV damage (m/z = 1278) and quantified via LC-MS. Ten rosemary extracts were assessed for antioxidant performance and correlated with their compositions. The phytochemistry in each extract varied widely with a total of 33 individual compounds identified. The differences were most likely driven by the solvent and extraction method used by the supplier with extracts varying in the proportion of polar or non-polar compounds. This did influence their reactivity in the ORAC and FRAP assays and their efficacy in preventing protein damage. Two of the key compounds identified were rosmarinic acid and carnosic acid, with rosmarinic acid dominating in extracts with mainly polar compounds and carnosic acid dominating in extracts with mainly nonpolar compounds. Extracts with higher rosmarinic acid correlated with ORAC and FRAP scores, with UV protection on hair and in the peptide model system. The extracts chosen for hair experiments showed hair protection. UV protection was also measured for rosmarinic and carnosic acid. Despite the variation in the profile of phytochemistries in the 10 rosemary extracts, likely driven by the chosen extraction method, all rosemary extracts had antioxidant activity measured. This study suggests that the polyphenols (e.g. rosmarinic acid, glycosides of selgin) and abietane diterpenes (e.g. carnosic acid) are the principal compounds which enables the extracts to protect hair from UV.

Physicochemical, technofunctional, in vitro antioxidant, and in situ muscle protein synthesis properties of a sprat (Sprattus sprattus) protein hydrolysate.

Sprat (Sprattus sprattus) is an underutilized fish species that may act as an economic and sustainable alternative source of protein due to its good amino acid (AA) profile along with its potential to act as a source of multiple bioactive peptide sequences. This study characterized the physicochemical, technofunctional, and in vitro antioxidant properties along with the AA profile and score of a sprat protein enzymatic hydrolysate (SPH). Furthermore, the impact of the SPH on the growth, proliferation, and muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in skeletal muscle (C2C12) myotubes was examined. The SPH displayed good solubility and emulsion stabilization properties containing all essential and non-essential AAs. Limited additional hydrolysis was observed following in vitro-simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGID) of the SPH. The SGID-treated SPH (SPH-SGID) displayed in vitro oxygen radical antioxidant capacity (ORAC) activity (549.42 μmol TE/g sample) and the ability to reduce (68%) reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in C2C12 myotubes. Muscle growth and myotube thickness were analyzed using an xCELLigence™ platform in C2C12 myotubes treated with 1 mg protein equivalent.mL-1 of SPH-SGID for 4 h. Anabolic signaling (phosphorylation of mTOR, rpS6, and 4E-BP1) and MPS (measured by puromycin incorporation) were assessed using immunoblotting. SPH-SGID significantly increased myotube thickness (p < 0.0001) compared to the negative control (cells grown in AA and serum-free medium). MPS was also significantly higher after incubation with SPH-SGID compared with the negative control (p < 0.05). These preliminary in situ results indicate that SPH may have the ability to promote muscle enhancement. In vivo human studies are required to verify these findings.

Bromelain Hydrolysis Modified the Functionality, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.) Protein Isolated at pH 12

Hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.) is currently being investigated for its health-promoting properties acting as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. Here, we present a modified protein isolation method of producing hempseed protein isolate from industrial hempseed hearts (HPI-12) using pH 12. In addition, bromelain was used to hydrolyze HPI-12 (BHPI-12) to determine the effect on functionality and bioactivity. HPI-12 is a rich source of essential amino acids with low protein solubility, effective in reducing 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals without oxygen radical antioxidant capacity (ORAC). Further, HPI-12 reduced pro-inflammatory IL-6 and TNF-α cytokines in lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in THP-1 macrophages. Upon hydrolysis, protein solubility was improved accompanied by modified water- and oil-holding capacities. BHPI-12 was more effective at quenching DPPH radicals with improved ORAC. BHPI-12 showed an improved ability to reduce IL-6. We report for the first time the ability of both HPI-12 and BHPI-12 as potential functional food ingredients with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.

High-Purity Bioactive Ingredient-3S,3'S-Astaxanthin: A New Preparation from Genetically Modified Kluyveromyces marxianus without Column Chromatography and Gel Filtration.

A highly efficient methodology for bioactive ingredient 3S,3'S-astaxanthin (3S,3'S-AST) preparation from genetically modified yeast (Kluyveromyces marxianus) with a combination of enzyme-assisted extraction and salt-assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) was achieved. The highest yield of 3S,3'S-AST indicated that FoodPro® CBL for yeast cell walls hydrolysis could significantly enhance extraction and obtain, with the help of SALLE procedure, quantified 3S,3'S-AST over 99% in purity through cation chelation. In the oxygen radical antioxidant capacity (ORAC) assay, the antioxidant capacity of high-purity 3S,3'S-AST products were 18.3 times higher than that of the original raw material extract. This new combination preparation may replace previous methods and has the potential to be scaled up in the manufacture of high-purity 3S,3'S-AST from low-value bioresources of raw materials to high-value products in the food and/or drug industries with lower cost and simple equipment.

식물성 유지 및 수중유적형 유화계에서 육두구 종자 에탄올 추출물의 항산화활성 평가

The antioxidant ability of 80% ethanolic extract of nutmeg seed (NM80) was evaluated using in vitro assays and bulk oil and oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion matrices. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) cation radical scavenging, and oxygen radical antioxidant capacity (ORAC) in vitro assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant ability of the extract. The DPPH radical scavenging activities of 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL NM80 were 12.5, 20.9, 35.1, and 62.8%, respectively, while the ABTS cation radical scavenging activities were 2.7, 6.5, 30.5, and 29.8%, respectively, demonstrating a dose-dependent effect. The ORAC value was significantly higher at an NM80 concentration of 25 μg/mL than the positive control (p&lt;0.05). The conjugated dienoic acid (CDA), ρ-anisidine, and tertiary butyl alcohol values in 90-min-heated corn oil containing 200 ppm of NM80 were significantly reduced by 3.26, 16.94, and 17.34%, respectively, compared to those for the sample without NM80 (p&lt;0.05). However, the headspace oxygen content and CDA value in the O/W emulsion containing 200 ppm of NM80 at 60°C had 6.29 and 82.85% lower values, respectively, than those for the sample without NM80 (p&lt;0.05). The major volatile compounds of NM80 were allyl phenoxyacetate, eugenol acetate, and eugenol. NM80 could be an effective natural antioxidant in lipid-rich foods in bulk oil or O/W emulsion matrix.

Effects of replacing fishmeal with rapeseed meal and dietary condensed tannins on antioxidant capacity, immunity, and hepatic and intestinal health of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

This study evaluated the effects of rapeseed meal (RM) and condensed tannins (CT) in diets on largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and examined the possible role of CT on immunity and antioxidants when RM was used in the diets. After 55-days of feeding trials, oxidative stress in largemouth bass differed with dietary RM amount by affecting antioxidant capacity and immune function, changing the health state of the body. More than 5% RM caused oxidative stress, more than 15% RM led to oxidative damage to the liver and intestine, and 25% RM increased the intestinal inflammatory response. High dose of CT dietary supplementation caused oxidative and immune damage of the liver and intestines accompanied by the inflammatory response, while the low dose had the opposite effects, and thus relieved oxidative stress and inflammatory damage. Compared with the effect of contained CT (in RM), the antioxidant capacity and immune function of the groups supplemented with CT were enhanced, and the inflammatory damage effect was reduced at a low dose. In this study, the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were closely related to the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), oxygen radical, and total antioxidant capacity. Intestinal nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression was involved in the regulation of antioxidant capacity and altered the expression levels of intestinal inflammatory factors, transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), transforming growth factor beta-2 (TGF-β2), and interleukin 6 (IL6). The interaction of anti-nutritional factors in RM may reduce its toxicity to some extent. Thus, largemouth bass could tolerate more CT present in RM than CT alone. CT was not necessary to be removed at levels below 5% of RM in the diet.

Enzyme-Digested Edible Bird's Nest (EBND) Prevents UV and Arid Environment-Induced Cellular Oxidative Stress, Cell Death and DNA Damage in Human Skin Keratinocytes and Three-Dimensional Epithelium Equivalents.

The aim of this study is to investigate the repressive effects of enzyme-digested edible bird's nest (EBND) on the combination of arid environment and UV-induced intracellular oxidative stress, cell death, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and inflammatory responses in human HaCaT keratinocytes and three-dimensional (3D) epithelium equivalents. An oxygen radical antioxidant capacity assay showed that EBND exhibited excellent peroxyl radical scavenging activity and significantly increased cellular antioxidant capacity in HaCaT cells. When EBND was administered to HaCaT cells and 3D epitheliums, it exhibited significant preventive effects on air-drying and UVA (Dry-UVA)-induced cell death and apoptosis. Dry-UVA markedly induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in HaCaT cells and 3D epitheliums as quantified by CellROX® Green/Orange reagents. Once HaCaT cells and 3D epitheliums were pretreated with EBND, Dry-UVA-induced intracellular ROS were significantly reduced. The results from anti-γ-H2A.X antibody-based immunostaining showed that EBND significantly inhibited Dry-UVA-induced DSBs in HaCaT keratinocytes. Compared with sialic acid, EBND showed significantly better protection for both keratinocytes and 3D epitheliums against Dry-UVA-induced injuries. ELISA showed that EBND significantly suppressed UVB-induced IL-6 and TNF-α secretion. In conclusion, EBND could decrease arid environments and UV-induced harmful effects and inflammatory responses in human keratinocytes and 3D epithelium equivalents partially through its antioxidant capacity.

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Activity in Milk May Serve as a Non-Invasive Metabolic Biomarker of Energy Balance in Postpartum Dairy Cows

Negative energy balance (EB) postpartum is associated with adverse outcomes in dairy cows; therefore, non-invasive biomarkers to measure EB are of particular interest. We determined whether specific metabolites, oxidative stress indicators, enzyme activity, and fatty acid (FA) profiles in milk can serve as indicators of negative EB. Forty-two multiparous Holstein dairy cows were divided at calving into 2 groups: one was milked 3 times daily and the other, twice a day for the first 30 d in milk (DIM). Cows were classified retrospectively as being in either negative EB (NEB, n = 19; the mean EB during the first 21 DIM were less than the overall median of -2.8 Mcal/d), or in positive EB (PEB, n = 21; the mean EB was ≥-2.8 Mcal/d). The daily milk yield, feed intake, and body weight were recorded individually. Blood samples were analyzed for metabolites and stress biomarkers. Milk samples were taken twice weekly from 5 to 45 DIM to analyze the milk solids, the FA profile, glucose, glucose-6-P (G6P), G6P-dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity, malic and lactic acids, malondialdehyde (MDA), and oxygen radical antioxidant capacity (ORAC). The NEB cows produced 10.5% more milk, and consumed 7.6% less dry matter than the PEB cows. The plasma glucose concentration was greater and β-hydroxybutyrate was lower in the PEB vs. the NEB cows. The average concentrations of milk glucose, G6P, malic and lactic acids, and MDA did not differ between groups; however, the G6PDH activity was higher and ORAC tended to be higher in the milk of NEB vs. the PEB cows. The correlation between milk G6PDH activity and EB was significant (r = -0.39). The percentages of oleic acid and total unsaturated FA in milk were higher for the NEB vs. the PEB cows. These findings indicate that G6PDH activity in milk is associated with NEB and that it can serve as a non-invasive candidate biomarker of NEB in postpartum cows, that should be validated in future studies.

Enhancement of Antioxidant Potential, Phytochemicals, Nutritional Properties, and Growth of Siphonochilus aethiopicus (Schweinf.) B.L.Burtt with Different Dosages of Compost Tea

The wild population of Siphonochilus aethiopicus (Zingiberaceae) is being eroded due to several pharmacological benefits and the hidden economy credited to its ethnobotanical uses in Southern Africa. This has called for the adoption of sustainable ways of cultivating the species without compromising its bioactive constituents. In this study, compost tea was brewed and applied at different dosages to potted S. aethiopicus to enhance its growth quality, phytochemical content, and elemental compositions. Treatments comprised 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 (vv) graded concentrations of compost tea, while water and undiluted compost tea were the control treatments. Results showed that dosages of compost tea had no significant effect on chlorophyl content or fresh and dry weights of rhizomes of S. aethiopicus. The longest leaves were recorded in plants irrigated with water only, while the shortest leaves were recorded in plants irrigated by 50% compost tea. A similar trend was observed in leaf width, except that equivalent values were recorded in all compost tea treatments while plants irrigated with undiluted compost tea were tallest. The highest and lowest flavanols were respectively recorded in 0.50 and 0.25 compost tea-treated plant samples, while undiluted compost tea yielded the highest flavonol and phenolic acids. The highest antioxidant contents were produced by the 0.25 compost tea-treated samples in the ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) and ORAC (Oxygen Radical Antioxidant Capacity) assays, while the lowest were observed in plants irrigated with water only, although all compost tea-treated plants had equivalent effects on the ORAC content. The highest N, P, K, and Mn contents were produced in the 0.25-treated samples, while the minerals were least accumulated in samples treated with water only. All treatments had equivalent effects on Ca, Zn, and B yield, whereas the highest and equivalent accumulations of Mg and Na were recorded in the control treatments. Iron (Fe) and Cu were most influenced significantly by water whereas P, Ca and Zn tissue concentration was not significantly influenced by treatments. These results indicate that compost tea can optimize growth, mineral accumulation, phytochemicals, and antioxidants in S. aethiopicus. This approach serves as a greener and sustainable way of conserving overexploited indigenous medicinal plants such as S. aethiopicus to mitigate overexploitation of its wild relatives and preserve its genome from imminent extinction.

Characterization of Cosmos sulphureus Cav. (Asteraceae): Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant Activity and Chromatography Analysis

Cosmos sulphureus Cav. (Asteraceae), and endemic plant of Mexico is used in herbal medicine. In this study, the phytochemical composition, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of ethanolic and methanolic extracts from C. sulphureus leaves and flowers were determined. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of compounds such as terpenoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, and flavonoids and the absence of alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, and anthraquinones. The experimental results showed that the extracts have high contents of phenolic, flavonoid, and condensed tannins contents. The phenolic compounds identified in the C. sulphureus extracts by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) include phenolic acids such as chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid as well flavonoids such as rutin and quercetin. The C. sulphureus extracts showed a relevant free radical scavenging activity, ferric-reducing antioxidant power, lipid peroxidation inhibition ability, and oxygen radical antioxidant capacity. This research highlights the phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds-rich extracts from C. sulphureus leaves and flowers.

Phenolic Profiles, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Hydrodistillation Wastewaters from Five Lamiaceae Species.

Distillation is the most widely used method to obtain an essential oil from plant material. The biomass used in the process is returned as a solid residue together with variable amounts of water rich in water-soluble compounds, which currently are not addressed to any further application. The scope of this work was to evaluate the phytochemical composition of wastewaters coming from hydrodistillation (DWWs) of five aromatic plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family, and to assess their in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The phenolic profiles of the DWWs were determined by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-ESI/MS. Free radical scavenging ability, oxygen radical antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase mimetic activity of the samples under study were measured. Moreover, to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of the DWWs, an in vitro experimental model of intestinal inflammation was used. The DWW samples' phytochemical analysis allowed the identification of 37 phenolic compounds, all exhibiting good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Our study contributes to the knowledge on the polyphenolic composition of the DWWs of five aromatic plants of the Lamiaceae family. The results highlight the presence of compounds with proven biological activity, and therefore of great interest in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical fields.

In vivo antioxidant effect of edible cricket (Gryllodes sigillatus) peptides using a Caenorhabditis elegans model

Edible insects, a novel source of protein, are gaining interest for their health promoting attributes. In this study, the in vivo and in vitro antioxidant effect of tropical banded crickets (Gryllodes sigillatus) peptides was evaluated. Antioxidant activity by 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, oxygen radical antioxidant capacity (ORAC) and caco-2 cellular antioxidant acidity, were measured in hydrolyzed followed by simulated gastrointestinal digested (SGD) peptides. In vivo analysis was conducted using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model. In vitro analysis showed cricket peptides had greater (p< 0.05) antioxidant activity than the unhydrolyzed protein (control). In C. elegans, the lifespan of nematodes fed SGD peptides increased under chronic and acute oxidative stress conditions. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels of nematodes fed SGD peptides under paraquat-induced oxidative stress were lower (p<0.05) than that of the control group. Further studies using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) indicated that the increased resistance to oxidative stress in C. elegans fed SGD peptides could be due to the increased expression of the stress-related gene gst-4. Taken together, these results indicate that tropical banded cricket peptides could be used as a functional food and nutraceutical to combat oxidative stress.

Enhancement of the water solubility and antioxidant capacities of mangiferin by transglucosylation using a cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase

This study aimed to enhance the water solubility and antioxidant properties of mangiferin by transglucosylation using cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) from Thermoanaerobacter sp. The highest mangiferin to mangiferin glucoside conversion yield achieved was 88.9% using 60 mU/mL CGTase, 25 mM mangiferin, and 10% starch (w/v), with incubation at 60 °C for 10 h. The product of transglucosylation was purified and its chemical structure was determined to be glucosyl-α-(1→4)-mangiferin (MGF-g1) using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The water solubility of MGF-g1 was 5,093 times higher than that of mangiferin. MGF-g1 exhibited 1.6-fold higher 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, 1.24-fold higher oxygen radical antioxidant capacity, and 1.19-fold higher ferric reducing ability power, compared to mangiferin. Moreover, the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory activity (IC50) of mangiferin and MGF-g1 were 76.44 ± 11.7 μM and 59.74 ± 2.8 μM, respectively. Our results suggest that the novel MGF-g1 has potential applications as a functional material in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

"FORMATION OF HYDROGELS FROM ANTIOXIDATIVE SYNTHETIC HYDROXYCINNAMATE ESTER CONJUGATES BASED ON CORN BRAN ARABINOXYLAN "

Corn bran arabinoxylan (CAX) was extracted from corn bran and modified through conjugating to four hydroxycinnamic acids (HAs), namely ferulic acid (FA), p-coumaric acid (p-CA), caffeic acid (CA), and sinapic acid (SA). These HA arabinoxylan esters (HA-CAX-n) exhibited analogous n-degrees of substitution (DS), FA-CAX-0.31, p-CA-CAX-0.32, CA-CAX-0.32, and SA-CAX-0.31. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated by a chemical method – an oxygen radical antioxidant capacity (ORAC) assay – and cellular models – a cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assay to healthy human skin fibroblasts (HSF). The results of the various analyses were comparable, demonstrating the order of antioxidant capability was: CA-CAX-0.32 &gt; SA-CAX-0.31 &gt; FA-CAX-0.31 &gt; p-CA-CAX-0.32. HA-CAX-n gels with different crosslinking ability were obtained with the concentration of 0.5% (w/v) during oxidative gelation by laccase, SA-CAX-0.31 can form gels most easily, followed by FA-CAX-0.31, CA-CAX-0.32 and p-CA-CAX-0.32.

New Insights on Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl: UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS Profile, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activities.

This study investigated the antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and phytochemical profiling of extracts from the leaves and stem/root of Acanthus ebracteatus (AE). The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity, 2, 2′-azino-Bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical-scavenging activity, metal chelating activities (MCA), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical antioxidant capacity (ORAC) were used for antioxidant assessment. The ethanolic extracts of the leaves (AEL-nor) and stem/root (AEWP-nor) without chlorophyll removal and those with chlorophyll removal, using sedimentation process (AEL-sed and AEWP-sed), were prepared. Generally, AEL-sed showed the highest antioxidant activity (FRAP: 1113.2 µmol TE/g; ORAC: 11.52 µmol TE/g; MCA: 47.83 µmol EDTA/g; ABTS 67.73 µmol TE/g; DPPH 498.8 µmol TE/g; TPC: 140.50 mg/GAE g and TFC: 110.40 mg/CE g) compared with other extracts. Likewise, AEL-sed also showed the highest bacteriostatic (MIC) and bactericidal (MBC) effects, as well as the highest anticancer and antiproliferative activity against oral squamous carcinoma (CLS-354/WT) cells. UPLC-ESI-QTOF/MS analysis of AEL-sed and AEWP-sed tentatively identified several bioactive compounds in the extracts, including flavonoids, phenols, iridoids, and nucleosides. Our results provide a potentially valuable application for A. ebracteatus, especially in further exploration of the plant in oxidative stress-related disorders, as well as the application of the plant as potential nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals.

In vivo study of dose-dependent antioxidant efficacy of functionalized core\u2013shell yttrium oxide nanoparticles

Herein, we assess the dose-dependent antioxidant efficacy of ultrafine spherical functionalized core–shell yttrium oxide nanoparticles (YNPs) with a mean size of 7–8 nm and modified with poly EGMP (ethylene glycol methacrylate phosphate) and N-Fluorescein Acrylamide. The antioxidant properties of these nanoparticles were investigated in three groups of Sprague–Dawley rats (10 per group) exposed to environmental stress daily for 1 week and one control group. Groups 2 and 3 were intravenously injected twice a week with YNPs at 0.3 and 0.5 mg at 2nd and 5th day of environmental stress exposure respectively. Different samples of blood and serum were collected from all experimental groups at end of the experiment to measure oxidative biomarkers such as total antioxidant capacity (TAC), hydroxyl radical antioxidant capacity (HORAC), oxygen radical antioxidant capacity (ORAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and oxidants concentration as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The liver, brain, and spleen tissues were collected for fluorescence imaging and histopathological examination in addition to brain tissue examination by transmission electron microscope (TEM). Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to estimate YNPs translocation and concentration in tissues which is consecutively dependent on the dose of administration. Depending on all results, poly EGMP YNPs (poly EGMP yttrium oxide nanoparticles) can act as a potent direct antioxidant in a dose-dependent manner with good permeability through blood–brain barrier (BBB). Also, the neuroprotective effect of YNPs opening the door to a new therapeutic approach for modulating oxidative stress–related neural disorders.Highlights• The dose-dependent antioxidant efficacy of ultrafine spherical functionalized core–shell yttrium oxide nanoparticles (YNPs) with a mean size of 7–8 nm and modified with poly EGMP (ethylene glycol methacrylate phosphate) and N-Fluorescein Acrylamide was assessed.• The dose of administration directly affecting the brain, liver, and spleen tissues distribution, retention, and uptake of YNPs and direct correlation between the absorbed amount and higher dose administered.• YNPs can act as a potent direct antioxidant in a dose-dependent manner with good permeability through blood–brain barrier (BBB).Graphical abstract

LC-QTOF-MS Characterization, Antioxidant Activity, and In Vitro Toxicity of Medicinal Plants from the Tri-Than-Thip Remedy.

Background The world population has exhibited increased trust in folk medicine, including Thai folk medicine, for the treatment of various illnesses. However, the comparative antioxidant and cytoprotective activities against oxidative damage of Tri-Than-Thip (Tri-TT), a Thai folk remedy, have not been reported. Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant capacities of Tri-TT and its herbal constituents, Cassia fistula, Pithecellobium dulce, and Ficus benjamina. Methods Extracts were obtained from Tri-TT and its herbal constituents. The free radical scavenging activities, cytotoxicity, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), metal chelating activities, total phenolic compound (TPC) contents, and total flavonoid (TF) contents of Tri-TT extract were investigated, and qualitative analysis of the chemical composition of Tri-TT extract was performed by LC-QTOF-MS. Results Tri-TT extract exhibited remarkable scavenging activities toward DPPH, ABTS, and superoxide anion radicals, with IC50 values of 0.081 ± 0.00, 0.021 ± 0.00, and 0.205 ± 0.057 mg/mL, respectively. The oxygen radical antioxidant capacity (ORAC) and FRAP values of Tri-TT were 6.499 ± 0.67 μM TE/g extract and 1,919.71 ± 63.14 mM FeSO4/mg sample, respectively. P. dulce had the highest scavenging activities and antioxidant capacity followed by C. fistula and F. benjamina. The TPC and TF content of Tri-TT extract were 287.87 mg equivalence/g extract and 225.62 mg catechin equivalent/g extract, respectively. The highest TPC was obtained from P. dulce, and TF content was observed in C. fistula. Using LC-QTOF-MS, a total of 25 compounds were tentatively identified in Tri-TT, including polyphenols such as luteolin, gallic acid, baicalein, apigenin, epicatechin, and ellagic acid. In addition, Tri-TT extract demonstrated nontoxicity (cell viability >90%) to Vero cells at the highest tested concentration of 80 μg/mL. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the Tri-TT remedy is a promising candidate as a natural source of antioxidant activity, suggesting that the polyphenol content of plants may contribute to antioxidant activities.