Oxygen Distribution Research Articles

Study on Microstructure Evolution Characteristics of Coal in Low Temperature Oxidation Stage in Goaf of Longfeng Coal Mine

ABSTRACT Low temperature oxidation of coal is the nature of oxidation of coal with oxygen molecules at temperatures below its oxidation critical point or ignition point, usually from ambient temperature to about 200°C. Air leakage and uneven oxygen distribution significantly impact coal spontaneous combustion in goaf. Understanding the changes in free radicals and functional groups during low-temperature oxidation of coal under different oxygen concentrations is crucial for preventing and controlling residual coal self-ignition. This study employs Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to analyze the effects of varying oxygen concentrations (3%, 5%, 9%, 15%, 21%) on functional groups and structural parameters during coal’s low-temperature oxidation. Results indicate that increasing oxygen concentration promotes the consumption of oxygen-containing functional groups, reducing their content from 71.9% to 52%. Concurrently, the activity and content of aromatic hydrocarbon functional groups rise rapidly from 4.8% to 52.6%. The aliphatic hydrocarbon structure shows a downward trend, indicating its minimal presence. Aromatic ring condensation increases coal sample aromaticity, suggesting higher maturity and weaker hydrocarbon generation potential, with minimal effect from oxygen concentration. Early-stage reactions show little change in coal’s basic structure, and coal-oxygen reactions remain low in low oxygen environments. This study provides an important basis for understanding the mechanism of coal spontaneous combustion in goaf and formulating effective prevention measures for coal spontaneous combustion.

Calculation of oxygen distribution coefficients of RF3 (R = La, Gd) fluorides with the tysonite structure during their crystallization from a melt

Using the method of modified cryoscopy, the thermodynamic distribution coefficients of oxygen k0 in LaF3 and α-GdF3 with a tysonite structure (sp. gr. )were calculated from the fusibility diagrams of condensed systems RF3–R2O3 (R = La, Gd). The calculated coefficients k0 are 1.02 and 1.12 for lanthanum and gadolinium trifluorides, respectively. The values of the coefficients k0 satisfy the condition k0 1, which confirms the formation of maxima in the fusibility curves of tysonite solid solutions tys- RF3–2xOx. For LaF3, the proximity of the distribution coefficient to k0 = 1 corresponds to an almost uniform distribution of oxygen in the volume of the crystallized fluoride melt. Knowledge of oxygen distribution coefficients during crystallization from a melt is important for choosing a strategy for crystallophysical purification of trifluorides RF3 from oxygen impurities and obtaining oxofluorides tys-RF3–2xOx with a given impurity distribution.

An in-silico study of conventional and FLASH radiotherapy iso-effectiveness: potential impact of radiolytic oxygen depletion on tumor growth curves and tumor control probability

Objective. This work aims to investigate the iso-effectiveness of conventional and FLASH radiotherapy on tumors through in-silico mathematical models. We focused on the role of radiolytic oxygen depletion (ROD), which has been argued as a possible factor to explain the FLASH effect.Approach. We used a spatiotemporal reaction-diffusion model, including ROD, to simulate tumor oxygenation and response. From those oxygen distributions we obtained surviving fractions (SFs) using the linear-quadratic (LQ) model with the oxygen enhancement ratios (OERs). We then employed the calculated SFs to describe the evolution of preclinical tumor volumes through a mathematical model of tumor response, and we also extrapolated those results to calculate tumor control probabilities (TCPs) using the Poisson-LQ approach.Main results. Our study suggests that the ROD effect may cause differences in SF between FLASH and conventional radiotherapy, especially in lowα/βandpoorly oxygenatedcells. However, a statistical analysis showed that these changes in SF generally do not result in significant differences in the evolution of preclinical tumor growth curves when the sample size is small, because such differences in SF may not be noticeable in the heterogeneity of the population of animals. Nonetheless, when extrapolating this effect to TCP curves, we observed important differences between both techniques (TCP is lower in FLASH radiotherapy). When analyzing the response of tumors with heterogeneous oxygenations, differences in TCP are more important forwell oxygenatedtumors. This apparent contradiction with the results obtained for homogeneously oxygenated cells is explained by the complex interplay between the heterogeneity of tumor oxygenation, the OER effect, and the ROD effect.Significance. This study supports the experimentally observed iso-effectiveness of FLASH and conventional radiotherapy when analyzing the volume evolution of preclinical tumors (that are far from control). However, this study also hints that tumor growth curves may be less sensitive to small variations in SF than tumor control probability: ROD may lead to increased SF in FLASH radiotherapy, which while not large enough to cause significant differences in tumor growth curves, could lead to important differences in clinical TCPs. Nonetheless, it cannot be discarded that other effects not modeled in this work, like radiation-induced immune effects, can contribute to tumor control and maintain the iso-effectiveness of FLASH radiotherapy. The study of tumor growth curves may not be the ideal experiment to test the iso-effectiveness of FLASH, and experiments reporting TCP orD50may be preferred.

Effect of tapered porous ribs on the performance of Proton exchange membrane fuel cells

The conventional trench ridge structure suffers from the difficulty of removing liquid water and poor gas transport performance. The water removal and gas transport performance inside the flow field are enhanced by introducing a tapered porous rib flow field (TPRFF). In order to investigate the performance of TPRFF, a complex three-dimensional, multiphase, non-isothermal agglomeration model was developed using numerical techniques. The numerical results show that the TPRFF exhibits significant improvements in oxygen concentration distribution, oxygen distribution uniformity and water removal compared to a conventional parallel flow field (CPFF). In addition, the dissolved water content remained almost constant while the liquid water saturation was lower. The study also investigated the effect of different cathode exit heights on the performance of the fuel cell using TPRFF. The results showed that the net power density increased by 14.0 %, 11.9 %, 8.7 %, and 1.5 % for outlet heights of 1.3 mm, 1.0 mm, 0.7 mm, and 0.4 mm, respectively, while it decreased by 27 % for an outlet height of 0.1 mm. Finally, the effect of different stoichiometric ratios on cell performance was also investigated in the novel flow field.

CEREBRAL MICROVASCULATURE IN AN EXCLUSIVELY FAT DIET MODEL

The microcirculation system plays a major role in the process of food intake and assimilation by the body. It ensures the distribution of oxygen and nutrients among neurons, taking into account their functional activity. The capillaries of the villi in the choroid plexus of cerebral ventricles remain the main source of cerebrospinal fluid production, which determines most physiological functions of the body. The aim of the study is to identify the peculiarities of remodeling of the microvasculature and vascular plexus of the third cerebral ventricle in rats kept exclusively on a fat diet. Materials and Methods. The work was performed on 20 white mongrel male rats (200–250 g.), divided into control and experimental groups. Animals of the control group were on a regular diet. Rats of the experimental group were fed exclusively with fatty food (sheep tail fat). On the 15th and 30th days, the animals were withdrawn from the experiment. A study of biochemical blood parameters (cholesterol, glucose, and protein) was carried out. After decapitation, the brain was fixed in formalin, brain sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (Van Gieson stain). The authors conducted light microscopy and morphometry on an Olympus B×40 microscope (Japan). Results. The animals showed a significant increase in the levels of cholesterol, glucose and albumin in the blood serum under an exclusively fat diet. By the 30th day of the experiment, the smooth muscles of the cerebral arteries undergo paresis, proteolysis, vacuolar dystrophy, hypoplasia with a sharp expansion of the vessel lumen. Signs of myoelastofibrosis are observed in the adventitia. Vein walls are thinned, the lumen is dilated, intravascular thrombi are observed. In the choroid plexus of the 3rd cerebral ventricle, a deficit of plasma flow through the sinusoidal capillaries with compensatory ependymocyte hyperfunction is noted. Conclusion. An exclusively fat diet leads to remodeling of the cerebral microvasculature, including the capillaries of the villi of the choroid plexus of the 3rd ventricle. All changes are compensatory and adaptive in nature. However, by the 30th day of the experiment, some of them become irreversible.

Effect of Fine-Pore Aeration Tube Layout on Dissolved Oxygen Distribution and Aeration Performance in Large-Scale Pond

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a crucial water quality characteristic in the cultivation of vannamei shrimp. Increasing the DO concentration in shrimp ponds can be carried out using the aeration method with a tool called an aerator. In this study, types of fine-pore aeration tubes are chosen. This aerator offers multiple benefits, such as superior aeration efficiency, effortless installation, and minimal clogging. In practice, fine-pore aeration tubes can be arranged according to needs, so the layout used can influence the resulting aeration performance. This research uses the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method to analyze DO distribution, water circulation, and aeration performance (KLa20, SOTR, and SOTE) produced in various aerator layouts, namely straight-type, ring-type, and square-type, in a vannamei shrimp pond. The results show that the straight-type layout has the best DO distribution because it is spread throughout the pond area. The square-type layout has the best water circulation because it has the largest area with water velocities of less than 5 cm/s. The optimal aeration performance was achieved with the straight-type layout, which demonstrated a KLa20 value of 3.16 h−1, SOTR value of 19.20 kg/h, and SOTE of 29.30%.

Numerical Modeling of a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell for Electric Aircraft Propulsion

Electrified propulsion systems with hydrogen-fueled fuel cells can potentially reduce carbon dioxide emissions from aircraft. However, achieving a substantial increase in the gravimetric/volumetric power density of fuel cell systems poses a considerable challenge. In this study, we focus on high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) working between 100 and 200°C. To design an optimized PEMFC structure for an electric aircraft, we have developed a numerical model that employs the finite element method (FEM) (COMSOL Multiphysics) to couple electrochemistry, gas diffusive and convective transports, and heat transfer in fuel cell components such as separators, gas flow channels, gas diffusion layers, catalyst layers, and a PEM. We thereby derive the current distributions associated with three-dimensional hydrogen, oxygen, and water vapor concentration distributions, as well as temperature distributions. Moreover, we develop a machine learning model from the data outputs of the FEM model, which serves as training data, to reduce the computational costs for the fuel cell stack design incorporated in a system-level numerical model.

Numerical Modeling of a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell for Electric Aircraft Propulsion

Electrified propulsion systems with hydrogen-fueled fuel cells can potentially reduce carbon dioxide emissions from aircraft. However, achieving a substantial increase in the gravimetric/volumetric power density of fuel cell systems poses a considerable challenge. In this study, we focus on high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) working between 100 and 200°C. To design an optimized PEMFC structure for an electric aircraft, we have developed a numerical model that employs the finite element method (FEM) (COMSOL Multiphysics) to couple electrochemistry, gas diffusive and convective transports, and heat transfer in fuel cell components such as separators, gas flow channels, gas diffusion layers, catalyst layers, and a PEM. We thereby derive the current distributions associated with three-dimensional hydrogen, oxygen, and water vapor concentration distributions, as well as temperature distributions. Moreover, we develop a machine learning model from the data outputs of the FEM model, which serves as training data, to reduce the computational costs for the fuel cell stack design incorporated in a system-level numerical model.

Mathematical model of oxygen minimum zones in the vertical distribution of oxygen in the ocean.

Processes determining the amount and spatial distribution of dissolved oxygen in the ocean have been a focus of intense research over the last two decades. Anomalies known as Oxygen Minimum Zones (OMZs) have been attracting growing attention, in particular because their growth is believed to be a result of the global environmental change. Comprehensive understanding of factors contributing to and/or controlling the emergence and evolution of OMZs is still lacking though. OMZs are usually thought to result from an interplay between the oxygen transport through the water column from the ocean surface and variable oxygen solubility at different water temperature. In this paper, we suggest a different, novel mechanism of the OMZ formation relating it to the oxygen production in phytoplankton photosynthesis in a stratified ocean. We consider a simple, conceptual model of the coupled phytoplankton-oxygen dynamics and show that the model predictions are in qualitative agreement with some relevant field observations.

A two-stage framework for quantifying the impact of operating parameters and optimizing power density and oxygen distribution quality of PEMFC

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) exhibits significant promise in generating power from hydrogen energy. Operating parameters exert a direct influence on both the power output and the uniformity of oxygen distribution within the PEMFC. Therefore, quantifying the impact of operating parameters and identifying the optimal operating conditions are pivotal to enhance the performance and extend the lifespan of the PEMFC. To this end, a two-stage framework leveraging interpretable machine learning and multi-objective optimization is proposed. In the first stage, an interpretable surrogate model for the PEMFC is established. The impacts of single parameter and pairwise parameters on the power output and the oxygen distribution quality are quantified. Moreover, the decision variables are selected for the second stage. In the second stage, the optimal operating parameters are determined via multi-objective optimization. The results from the first stage suggest that operating voltage and pressure have the highest cumulative contribution for both power density and oxygen distribution quality. The influence mechanism of one operating parameter on the relationship between another operating parameter and the research target is clearly quantified. The findings from the second stage indicate that power density increases by 32 %, 27.36 %, and 32.58 % for three optimized solutions, respectively, while the standard deviation of oxygen molar concentration in the selected operating condition is reduced by 29.66 %.

Airfoil cross flow field to enhance mass transfer capacity and performance for PEMFC

Proper design of the flow field in bipolar plates is important for improving proton exchange membrane fuel cells in water transport, gas distribution and net power density enhancement. Inspired by the fact that the streamlined design of an airplane airfoil makes the flow resistance reduced, a new airfoil cross flow field is proposed. Airfoil cross flow field is composed of a regular pattern of airfoil pins which are categorized in pin-type flow fields. The effects of different airfoil-pin shapes and arrangements on cell performance were explored. The results showed that airfoil cross flow field improved water management by finely modulating the airflow significantly increasing the gas flow rate in the channel. In addition, the airfoil cross flow field design achieves higher and more uniform oxygen distribution at the interface between the gas diffusion layer and the catalyst layer. The proper shape and arrangement of the airfoil-pins can effectively increase the net power density of the cell by 10.65 % and 2.49 % compared to the conventional parallel flow field and the square-pin flow field. Due to the streamlined design of the airfoil cross flow field, the voltage drop is approximately 60 % of that of the conventional parallel flow field and even slightly lower than that of the square-pin flow field, which demonstrates its high practicality. In summary, the airfoil cross flow field well coordinates the high current density and low voltage drop requirements of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, and some new points of view on flow field design are presented.

Osteochondral Tissue-On-a-Chip: A Novel Model for Osteoarthritis Research.

The existing in vitro and in vivo models for studying osteoarthritis have significant limitations in replicating the complexity of joint tissues. This research aims to validate a Tissue-On-a-Chip system for osteoarthritis research. Osteochondral tissues obtained from knee replacement surgeries of patients with osteoarthritis were cultured in an Organ-On-a-Chip system. This system was designed to supply oxygen and glucose to the cartilage from the bone. The distribution of oxygen and glucose was evaluated by fluorescence using Image-iT Green Hypoxia and 2-NBDG, respectively. Cytotoxicity was measured using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in chip cultures compared to plate cultures (12 tissues per method). Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Coll2-1, and procollagen type II N-terminal propeptide (PIINP) were measured in the perfused medium of the Tissue-On-a-Chip over a period of 70 days. Fluorescence of Image-iT Green Hypoxia was observed only in the cartilage area, while 2-NBDG was distributed throughout the tissue. An increase in LDH levels was noted in the plate cultures on day 24 and in the Tissue-On-a-Chip cultures on day 63. Compared to the start of the culture, GAG content increased on day 52, while ALP showed variations. A notable increase in GAG, ALP, and Coll2-1 levels was observed on day 59. PIINP levels remained stable throughout the experiment. The validated osteochondral Tissue-On-a-Chip system can replicate the joint microenvironment, with hypoxic conditions in cartilage and normoxic conditions in bone. Tissue survival and component stability were maintained for approximately two months. This platform is a useful tool for evaluating new drugs and represents a viable alternative to animal models.

Simultaneous Imaging of Temperature and Oxygen by Utilizing Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence and Phosphorescence of a Single Indicator.

Chemical gradients are essential in biological systems, affecting processes like microbial activity in soils and nutrient cycling. Traditional tools, such as microsensors, offer high-resolution data but are limited to one-dimensional measurements. Planar optodes allow for two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) chemical imaging but are often sensitive to temperature changes. This study presents an advanced dual-emission optical sensor that simultaneously measures temperature and oxygen using a modified platinum(II) meso-tetrakis(3,5-ditert-butylphenyl)-tetra(2-tert-butyl-1,4-naphthoquinono)porphyrin. The ratio between thermally activated delayed fluorescence and phosphorescence was optimized by modifying platinum(II) naphthoquinonoporphyrin with tert-butyl groups which simultaneously improved solubility in apolar solvents and polymer matrix (polystyrene). This dual-function sensor enables two-parameter chemical imaging with a consumer-grade RGB camera or a hyperspectral camera. We demonstrated 2D visualization of temperature and oxygen distribution in a model soil system. The RGB camera provided rapid and cost-effective imaging, while the hyperspectral camera offered more detailed spectral information despite some limitations. Our findings revealed the formation of a stable temperature gradient and oxygen depletion, driven by water content and temperature-sensitive microbial activity. This dual O2/T sensor, with further potential improvements, shows considerable promise for advanced multiparameter sensing in complex biological and environmental studies, providing deeper insights into dynamic microenvironments.

Extracellular matrix production and oxygen diffusion regulate chemotherapeutic response in osteosarcoma spheroids.

Osteosarcoma (OS) survival rates and outcome have not improved in 50 years since the advent of modern chemotherapeutics. Thus, there is a critical need for an improved understanding of the tumor microenvironment to identify better therapies. Extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and hypoxia are known to abrogate the efficacy of various chemical and cell-based therapeutics. Here, we aim to mechanistically investigate the combinatorial effects of hypoxia and matrix deposition with the use of OS spheroids. We use two murine OS cell lines with differential metastatic potential to form spheroids. We form spheroids of two sizes, use ascorbate-2-phosphate supplementation to enhance ECM deposition, and study cell response under standard (21% O2) and physiologic (5% O2) oxygen tensions. Finally, we examine chemotherapeutic responses to doxorubicin treatment. ECM production and oxygen tension are key determinants of spheroid size through cell organization based on nutrient and oxygen distribution. Interestingly, highly metastatic OS is more susceptible to chemotherapeutics compared to less metastatic OS when matrix production increases. Together, these data suggest that dynamic interactions between ECM production and oxygen diffusion may result in distinct chemotherapeutic responses despite inherent tumor aggressiveness. This work establishes OS spheroids as a valuable tool for early OS tumor formation investigation and holds potential for novel therapeutic target and prognostic indicator discovery.

Structural Analysis and Electrical Property of Acid‐Treated MWCNT

ABSTRACTThe electrical properties of acid‐treated CNT were investigated in terms of functional group and microstructure. A mixture of HNO3 and H2SO4 was used to acid treatment of CNT, and acid‐treated CNTs were synthesized by the mixture for 0 to 5 h. In crystal structure analysis, as acid treatment time was increased, the intensity of graphite diffraction peak was decreased and shifted to lower angle. It indicates a decrease in the crystallinity of CNT surface and lattice contraction by loss of carbon atoms. The distribution of oxygen on CNT surface was observed by TEM analysis confirming that functional groups and structural defects were formed. ID/IG ratio and average distance between defects (LD) were calculated using Raman spectroscopy to analyze the structural characteristics of CNT, and the greatest decrease was identified from p‐CNT to 2h‐CNT, resulting in the formation of functional groups and the changes in structural defects on CNT surface by acid treatment in the initial stage. Bonding state on CNT surface was analyzed through XPS analysis, and functional groups such as CO and COH were confirmed in acid‐treated CNT. Sheet resistance was measured to analyze the electrical properties of CNT, and 3h‐CNT showed the lowest sheet resistance at 25.28 Ω.

Numerical study of NOx emission reduction by MILD and air staged synergistic combustion in a new type of coke oven flue

In order to address the issue of high emissions in the coke industry, we require innovative solutions. This article designs a coke oven flue with an array type secondary air nozzle, achieving the synergistic occurrence of MILD combustion and air staged combustion, which can significantly reduce nitrogen oxide emissions. However, further research is needed on the optimal control methods for synergistic combustion effects. First, Analyzed the mixing state of air and fuel under different air mass flow ratios. Next, by taking into account the oxygen distribution law, analyze the temperature distribution in both the primary and secondary combustion zones. Finally, analyze the distribution of NOx concentration. Study the impact of temperature differences caused by air mass flow ratio in synergistic effects on NOx emissions. The results indicate that by adjusting the air flow ratio, the air vortex intensity in the collaborative combustion process can be enhanced. This method can reduces flame temperature, achieving the objective of reducing NOx concentration. In the new type of coke oven flue, when the air mass flow ratio is 0.4, the combustion state in the primary and secondary combustion zones is optimal, and the NOx emission concentration is 312.88 mg/m3, representing a reduction of 38 %.

Study on the bond cleavage behavior of oxygen-containing structure during pyrolysis upgrading of Zhaotong lignite

To understand the bond cleavage behavior of the oxygen-containing structure during lignite pyrolysis, the pyrolysis experiments of Zhaotong (ZT) lignite were carried out at 300–600 °C. The main focuses are the form and the migration behavior of oxygen elements at different temperatures. The C-O content in ZT exceeds that of CO and COOH. In temperature region below 450 °C, the CO, COOH in ZT are cleaved, generating a large amount of CO2 and CO, while at 450 °C, the structure containing Cal-O, CO are cleaved with the formation of oxygenated liquid components, such as phenols, acids, as well as ketones, resulting in an increase of oxygen in the tar from 1.32 wt% at 300 °C to 4.12 wt% at 450 °C. With the increasing temperature, the demethoxy, dealkylation reaction, and ester bond cleavage are significant, resulting in the reduction of alkylphenols and ester compounds. At high temperatures, the cleavage and rearrangement of the methoxy group to form phenol and methylphenol, and the cleavage of Car-O with higher bond dissociation energy leads to a decrease in phenols of tar, and O of char. The pyrolysis upgrading could change the oxygen distribution of the products and significantly reduce the oxygen content of ZT.

Study on bulge structure formation mechanisms of laser remelting in air atmosphere

As a key feature of a part or assembly, surface structure can effectively improve the surface properties of the workpiece. Laser remelting is a promising method for surface structure formation, but sensitive to ambient gases. Therefore, this paper presents a numerical model that incorporates the contribution of air atmosphere on surface bulge structure formation. For this, the model couples a concentration field to reflect the oxygen mass transfer in the melt pool and introduces a semi-empirical function to describe the contribution of oxygen to the surface tension. Based on the model, it discusses the surface structure formation mechanisms, the heat-mass transfer characteristics, the melt flow patterns, and the surface force transient evolutions. The results reveal that the action of air atmosphere on melt flow manifests itself through two mechanisms, namely, the enhancement of inward thermocapillary forces and the introduction of outward solutocapillary forces. Furthermore, combined with the laser remelting experiments on 304 stainless steels, the established model is validated concerning the surface bulge structure size, the melt pool depth, and the oxygen distribution.

Confocal microscopic oxygen imaging of xenograft tumors using Ir(III) complexes as in vivo intravascular and intracellular probes

Hypoxia is an important feature of the tumor microenvironment (TME) of most solid tumors, and it is closely linked to cancer cell proliferation, therapy resistance, and the tumor immune response. Herein, we describe a method for hypoxia-induced heterogeneous oxygen distribution in xenograft tumors based on phosphorescence imaging microscopy (PLIM) using intravascular and intracellular oxygen probes. We synthesized Ir(III) complexes with polyethylene glycol (PEG) units of different molecular weights into the ligand as intravascular oxygen probes, BTP-PEGm (m = 2000, 5000, 10000, 20000). BTP-PEGm showed red emission with relatively high emission quantum yield and high oxygen sensitivity in saline. Cellular and in vivo experiments using these complexes revealed that BTP-PEG10000 was the most suitable probe in terms of blood retention and ease of intravenous administration in mice. PLIM measurements of xenograft tumors in mice treated with BTP-PEG10000 allowed simultaneous imaging of the tumor microvasculature and quantification of oxygen partial pressures. From lifetime images using the red-emitting intracellular oxygen probe BTPDM1 and the green-emitting intravascular fluorescent probe FITC-dextran, we demonstrated hypoxic heterogeneity in the TME with a sparse vascular network and showed that the oxygen levels of tumor cells gradually decreased with vascular distance.

Regulating the Charge Distribution of Oxygen by High-Entropy Doping to Stabilize Single-Crystal Ni-Rich Cathode Materials

Regulating the Charge Distribution of Oxygen by High-Entropy Doping to Stabilize Single-Crystal Ni-Rich Cathode Materials