Oxidative Stress In Erythrocytes Research Articles

Effects of N-acetylcysteine and dexamethasone on the antioxidant status of erythrocytes in experimental immunogenic uveitis

Objective . To study the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and dexamethasone over the parameters of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant defence (AOD) in erythrocytes of rabbits with experimental immunogenic uveitis (EIU). Materials and methods . An experimental study was carried out on 45 rabbits. Animals with EIU were treated with placebo, NAC, dexamethasone, or a combination of NAC and dexamethasone. Parameters of lipid peroxidation (diene conjugates, triene conjugates, malondialdehyde) and AOD (catalase activity, reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione and their ratio, superoxide dismutase) were observed in blood erythrocytes of rabits. Results . EIU in rabbits was accompanied by a significant elevation of LPO parameters and inhibition of AOD in erythrocytes. NAC significantly reduced the intensity of oxidative stress in erythrocytes, and also increased the AOP parameters, including the content of reduced glutathione. Dexamethasone led to the inhibition of the glutathione system. The combined application of NAC and dexamethasone revealed the synergism of their pharmacological action. Conclusion . EIU in rabbits is accompanied by systemic manifestations of oxidative stress. NAC has a pronounced antioxidant effect on the redox status of blood erythrocytes. Dexamethasone has an inhibitory effect on the glutathione system. The combined parenteral administration of NAC and dexamethasone revealed their combined synergistic pharmacological effect.

The Nutraceuticals as Modern Key to Achieve Erythrocyte Oxidative Stress Fighting in Osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis (OA), the most common joint disease, shows an increasing prevalence in the aging population in industrialized countries. OA is characterized by low-grade chronic inflammation, which causes degeneration of all joint tissues, such as articular cartilage, subchondral bone, and synovial membrane, leading to pain and loss of functionality. Erythrocytes, the most abundant blood cells, have as their primary function oxygen transport, which induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. For this reason, the erythrocytes have several mechanisms to counteract ROS injuries, which cause damage to lipids and proteins of the cell membrane. Oxidative stress and inflammation are highly correlated and are both causes of joint disorders. In the synovial fluid and blood of osteoarthritis patients, erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme expression is decreased. To date, OA is a non-curable disease, treated mainly with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids for a prolonged period of time, which cause several side effects; thus, the search for natural remedies with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities is always ongoing. In this review, we analyze several manuscripts describing the effect of traditional remedies, such as Harpagophytum procumbens, Curcumin longa, and Boswellia serrata extracts, in the treatments of OA for their anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant activity. The effects of such remedies have been studied both in in vitro and in vivo models, considering both joint cells and erythrocytes.

Missense mutation in RPS7 causes Diamond-Blackfan anemia via alteration of erythrocyte metabolism, protein translation and induction of ribosomal stress

Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is predominantly underlined by mutations in genes encoding ribosomal proteins (RP); however, its etiology remains unexplained in approximately 25 % of patients.We previously reported a novel heterozygous RPS7 mutation hg38 chr2:g.3,580,153G > T p.V134F in one female patient and two asymptomatic family members, in whom mild anemia and increased erythrocyte adenosine deaminase (eADA) activity were detected. We observed that altered erythrocyte metabolism and oxidative stress which may negatively affect the lifespan of erythrocytes distinguishes the patient from her asymptomatic family members. Pathogenicity of the RPS7 p.V134F mutation was extensively validated including molecular defects in protein translational activity and ribosomal stress activation in the cellular model of this variant.

Myostatin Knockout Limits Exercise-Induced Reduction in Bovine Erythrocyte Oxidative Stress by Enhancing the Efficiency of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway.

Simple SummaryMyostatin (MSTN) is mainly expressed in skeletal muscle and is involved in the regulation of skeletal muscle growth and development. Loss of MSTN results in muscle hypertrophy. In this study; red blood cells were used as materials to study the effect of MSTN on the antioxidant capacity of bovine erythrocyte after exhaustive exercise. The findings suggest that knockdown of MSTN accelerates the pentose phosphate pathway; thereby enhancing the antioxidant capacity of erythrocytes.Moderate exercise can strengthen the body, however, exhaustive exercise generates large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although erythrocytes have antioxidant systems that quickly eliminate ROS, erythrocytes become overwhelmed by ROS when the body is under oxidative stress, such as during exhaustive exercise. Myostatin (MSTN) has important effects on muscle hair development. Individuals lacking myostatin (MSTN) exhibit increased muscle mass. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which MSTN affects erythrocyte antioxidant changes after exhaustive exercise in cattle. Antioxidant and metabolite detection analysis, western blotting, immunofluorescence, and fatty acid methyl ester analysis were used to assess exercise-associated antioxidant changes in erythrocytes with or without MSTN. Knockdown of MSTN enhances Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity after exhaustive exercise. MSTN and its receptors were present on the erythrocyte membrane, but their levels, especially that of TGF-β RI, were significantly reduced in the absence of MSTN and following exhaustive exercise. Our results suggest that knockout of MSTN accelerates the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), thereby enhancing the antioxidant capacity of erythrocytes. These results provide important insights into the role of MSTN in erythrocyte antioxidant regulation after exhaustive exercise.

Mitapivat increases ATP and decreases oxidative stress and erythrocyte mitochondria retention in a SCD mouse model

Polymerization of deoxygenated sickle hemoglobin (HbS) leads to erythrocyte sickling. Enhancing activity of the erythrocyte glycolytic pathway has anti-sickling potential as this reduces 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and increases ATP, factors that decrease HbS polymerization and improve erythrocyte membrane integrity. These factors can be modulated by mitapivat, which activates erythrocyte pyruvate kinase (PKR) and improves sickling kinetics in SCD patients. We investigated mechanisms by which mitapivat may impact SCD by examining its effects in the Townes SCD mouse model. Control (HbAA) and sickle (HbSS) mice were treated with mitapivat or vehicle. Surprisingly, HbSS had higher PKR protein, higher ATP, and lower 2,3-DPG levels, compared to HbAA mice, in contrast with humans with SCD, in whom 2,3-DPG is elevated compared to healthy subjects. Despite our inability to investigate 2,3-DPG-mediated sickling and hemoglobin effects, mitapivat yielded potential benefits in HbSS mice. Mitapivat further increased ATP without significantly changing 2,3-DPG or hemoglobin levels, and decreased levels of leukocytosis, erythrocyte oxidative stress, and the percentage of erythrocytes that retained mitochondria in HbSS mice. These data suggest that, even though Townes HbSS mice have increased PKR activity, further activation of PKR with mitapivat yields potentially beneficial effects that are independent of changes in sickling or hemoglobin levels.

Animal Biomonitoring for the Surveillance of Environment Affected by the Presence of Slight Contamination by β-HCH.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of hidden environmental pollution on some blood parameters of sheep to detect susceptible biomarkers able to reveal slight contamination. Four dairy sheep farms, two with semi-extensive and two with intensive type systems were involved in this study. Two farms in different systems were chosen as properly located in a southern area of Latium (Italy), close to the Sacco River, in which contamination with β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) occurred in the past due to industrial waste. A recent study established the presence of low but detectable residual contamination in these areas. The other two farms were outside the contaminated area. Erythrocyte glutathione transferase (e-GST) and oxidative stress parameters were monitored as well as some immune response and metabolic profile parameters throughout the investigated period of four months. The present study showed a relevant and significant increase in e-GST (+63%) in the extensive farming system of the contaminated area, whereas some immune response biomarkers, i.e., white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and lysozyme resulted within the physiological range. In all farms, oxidative stress and acute phase response parameters were also within the physiological range. Our results suggest that e-GST is a very effective alarm signal to reveal “hidden” persistent contamination by β-HCH, and reasonably, by many other different dangerous pollutants.

Erythrocyte oxidative stress and thrombosis.

Thrombosis is a common disorder with a relevant burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly among elderly patients. Growing evidence demonstrated a direct role of oxidative stress in thrombosis, with various cell types contributing to this process. Among them, erythrocytes produce high quantities of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) by NADPH oxidase activation and haemoglobin autoxidation. Concomitantly, extracellular ROS released by other cells in the blood flow can be uptaken and accumulate within erythrocytes. This oxidative milieu can alter erythrocyte membrane structure, leading to an impaired erythrocyte function, and promoting erythrocytes lysis, binding to endothelial cells, activation of platelet and of coagulation factors, phosphatidylserine exposure and release of microvesicles. Moreover, these abnormal erythrocytes are able to adhere to the vessel wall, contributing to thrombin generation within the thrombus. This process results in accelerated haemolysis and in a hypercoagulable state, in which structurally impaired erythrocytes contribute to increase thrombus size, to reduce its permeability and susceptibility to lysis. However, the wide plethora of mechanisms by which oxidised erythrocytes contribute to thrombosis is not completely elucidated. This review discusses the main biochemical aspects linking erythrocytes, oxidative stress and thrombosis, addressing their potential implication for clinical and therapeutic management.

Effect of silymarin on blood coagulation profile and osmotic fragility in carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in male Wistar rats

Reports about the impact of Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) hepatotoxicity on coagulation profile have been inconsistent. Multiple investigators have however demonstrated the effectiveness of silymarin in the resolution of anomalies induced by CCl4, although the effect of silymarin on the impact of CCl4 hepatotoxicity, especially coagulation profile and osmotic fragility have not been investigated. The liver, the primary site for the secretion of coagulation proteins, can become impaired in CCl4 hepatotoxicity, and silymarin reportedly increases hepatic protein synthesis as part of its hepatoprotective mechanism. This study assessed the effect of silymarin on blood coagulation profile and erythrocyte osmotic fragility in CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Twenty male Wistar rats were allocated into four groups (n = 5) at random, namely: Control, CCl4 given CCl4 (1 ml/kg) administered intraperitoneally twice a week, Silymarin (S) given silymarin (100 mg/kg/day) orally, and S+CCl4 given silymarin (100 mg/kg/day) orally and (1 ml/kg) CCl4 one hour after, intraperitoneally twice a week for a duration of four weeks. Results showed protraction of activated partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time, increased erythrocyte osmotic fragility, liver damage, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in rats given CCl4. Silymarin attenuated most of these effects as observed from comparison between CCl4 and S+CCl4 rats. The findings of this study suggests that pretreatment with silymarin attenuated disruption in coagulation profile and erythrocyte osmotic fragility in CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats.

Melatonin stabilizes age-dependent alterations in erythrocyte membrane induced by ‘Artificial Light at Night’ in a chronodisrupted model of rat

Growing evidence has shown that Artificial light at night (ALAN) is one of the threatening risk factors which disrupt circadian homeodynamics of cellular processes. The chronobiological role of melatonin seems to represent an important aspect of its contribution to healthy aging. In the present study, we examined the age dependent effect of melatonin on erythrocyte membrane transporters and oxidative stress biomarkers against ALAN to understand the degree of photo-oxidative damage in chronodisrupted rat model. Young (3 months) and old (24 months) male Wistar rats were subdivided in the following four young groups (n = 4) ; (i) control (ii) melatonin (10 mg/kg) (iii) ALAN (500 lx) (iv) ALAN (500 lx) + melatonin (10 mg/kg) and four old groups (n = 4); (v) control (vi) melatonin (10 mg/kg) (vii) ALAN (500 lx) (viii) ALAN (500 lx) + melatonin (10 mg/kg) to the experimental conditions for 10 days. Our findings demonstrated that ALAN significantly enhanced erythrocyte membrane lipid hydroperoxides (LHPs), protein carbonyl (PCO) while reduced total thiol (T-SH), and sialic acid (SA) level with higher amplitude in old ALAN group is restored by exogenous supplementation of melatonin. Activity of membrane transporters, sodium potassium ATPase (NKA) and plasma membrane calcium ion ATPase (PMCA) is significantly reduced meanwhile sodium hydrogen exchanger (NHE) activity is enhanced under the influence of ALAN with higher extent in old groups is effectively ameliorated by melatonin treatment. Further melatonin reduced osmotic fragility of erythrocyte in both young and old rats. It has been concluded from results that ALAN provoked redox insult and disrupt transporters activity more prominently in erythrocyte membrane of aged groups. Exogenous supplementation of melatonin is one of the possible therapeutic approaches to reinforce circadian modulations against ALAN in aged populations.

Protective Effect of Melatonin Against Malathion Induced Alterations in Antioxidant Defense System and Morphology of Erythrocytes in Wistar Rats

Malathion intoxication has been shown to produce oxidative stress due to the generation of free radicals and alter the antioxidant defense system in erythrocytes. Previous studies have shown the ameliorative role melatonin against oxidative stress induced by generation of free radicals. Present study was designed to investigate the protective effect of melatonin against malathion induced oxidative stress. For this purpose, male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control; Melatonin (10mg/Kg body weight) group; Malathion (250mg/Kg body weight) treated group; Malathion + Melatonin treated group. Animals were administered an acute dose of malathion orally. The result of this study shows that in vivo administration of malathion caused inhibition in AChE activity in erythrocytes. Malathion intoxication also significantly increased the oxidative damage as evidenced by increased level of LPO and GSH content. The Inhibition of GSH level and increased lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes was relieved in malathion + melatonin group. Enhanced activities of SOD, CAT, GR and GPx were observed in erythrocytes of malathion treated rats as compared to control group. Moreover, melatonin supplementation in malathion treated rats maintain normal level of antioxidant enzymes as compared to malathion treated rats which indicates that melatonin provide protection against malathion-induced oxidative stress in erythrocytes. No significant change in the membrane bound enzymes such as Na+/K+-ATPase, Mg2+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase was observed in malathion intoxicated rats. Findings of scanning electron micrographs of erythrocytes revealed that both the malathion treated and malathion+melatonin treated groups exhibited morphological changes in erythrocytes. However, concomitant melatonin supplementation normalized the morphological alterations in erythrocytes induced by malathion toxicity. In conclusion, melatonin supplementation may ameliorate malathion-induced oxidative imbalance by enhancing the glutathione level, reducing lipid peroxidation and normalizing antioxidant enzyme activities in erythrocytes.

Effects of commonly used medicinal herbs in Jordan on erythrocyte oxidative stress markers

Context: Much attention has been given recently to the antioxidant capacity of natural products, with particular interest on those that are frequently consumed by people. Aims: To evaluate the commonly used and frequently consumed edible herbs in Jordan to compare their in vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties. Methods: The in vitro antioxidant properties were tested by pre-incubating washed human erythrocytes with a given herb extract and then exposing these erythrocytes to H2O2 to induce oxidative stress, and then measuring erythrocyte malondialdehyde (MDA) as a marker for lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl (PC) as a marker for protein oxidation, reduced glutathione (GSH) as a marker for cellular antioxidant status and the percentage of hemolysis as an indicator for the anti-hemolytic activity of the herb. The in vivo antioxidant properties were tested by giving orally aqueous extracts of the herbs tested in vitro to healthy individuals on daily bases for five days, with two blood samples being collected from each individual to measure the above-mentioned markers. Results: Pre-incubation of human erythrocytes in vitro with methanolic extracts of Zingiber officinale, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia triloba, Verbena triphylla, Nigella sativa and Origanum syriacum significantly improved erythrocyte MDA, PC and oxidant hemolysis. Oral consumption by healthy individuals of aqueous extracts of the same herbs for 5 days significantly improved erythrocyte MDA, GSH, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) at the sixth day of administration. Conclusions: These results indicate that aqueous extracts of medicinal herbs can be absorbed well and appear in body tissues inflecting in vivo antioxidant properties similar to their in vitro properties.

Selenium levels and glutathione peroxidase activity in patients with ataxia-telangiectasia: association with oxidative stress and lipid status biomarkers

IntroductionAtaxia-Telangiectasia (A-T) is a multi-system disorder that may be associated with endocrine changes, oxidative stress in addition to inflammation. Studies suggest that selenium is a trace element related to protection against damage caused by oxidative stress.ObjectiveTo describe the plasma levels of selenium and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity in A-T patients and to relate them to oxidative stress and lipid status biomarkers.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional and controlled study evaluating 22 A-T patients (age median, 12.2 years old) matched by gender and age with 18 healthy controls. We evaluated: nutritional status, food intake, plasma selenium levels, erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity, lipid status, inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers.ResultsAdequate levels of selenium were observed in 24/36 (66.7%) in this evaluated population. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in selenium levels [47.6 μg/L (43.2–57.0) vs 54.6 (45.2–62.6) μg/dL, p = 0.242]. Nine of A-T patients (41%) had selenium levels below the reference value. The A-T group presented higher levels of LDL-c, non-HDL-c, oxidized LDL, Apo B, Apo-B/Apo-A-I1, LDL-c/HDL-c ratio, malondialdehyde [3.8 µg/L vs 2.8 µg/L, p = 0.029] and lower Apo-A-I1/HDL-c and glutathione peroxidase activity [7300 U/L vs 8686 U/L, p = 0.005]. Selenium levels were influenced, in both groups, independently, by the concentrations of oxidized LDL, malonaldehyde and non-HDL-c. The oxidized LDL (AUC = 0.849) and ALT (AUC = 0.854) were the variables that showed the greatest discriminatory power between groups.ConclusionIn conclusion, we observed the presence of selenium below the reference value in nearly 40% and low GPx activity in A-T patients. There was a significant, inverse and independent association between selenium concentrations and oxidative stress biomarkers. Those data reinforce the importance of assessing the nutritional status of selenium in those patients.

Comparative Study on the Protective Effect of Chlorogenic Acid and 3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl) Propionic Acid against Cadmium-Induced Erythrocyte Cytotoxicity: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation.

The metabolism of chlorogenic acid (CGA) through the intestinal tract was studied. As cadmium is a well-known toxic heavy metal, this study was carried out to investigate the comparative protective effect of CGA and its representative intestinal metabolite (3-(3-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid, HPPA) against Cd-induced erythrocyte cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. We found that CGA and its intestinal metabolite appreciably prevented erythrocyte hemolysis, osmotic fragility, and oxidative stress induced by Cd. Also, we found that HPPA had a stronger protective ability than CGA against Cd-induced erythrocyte injury in vivo, such as increasing the ratio of protein kinase C from 7.7% (CGA) to 12.0% (HPPA). Therefore, we hypothesized that CGA and its microbial metabolite had protective effects against Cd-induced erythrocyte damage via multiple actions including antioxidation and chelation. For humans, CGA supplementation may be favorable for avoiding Cd-induced biotoxicity.

Band 3 protein function and oxidative stress in erythrocytes.

Band 3 protein (B3p), anion transporter, allows the HCO3- /Cl- exchange across plasma membrane and plays an important role for erythrocytes homeostasis. In addition, B3p is linked to proteins cytoskeleton, thus contributing to cell shape and deformability, essential to erythrocytes adjustment within narrowest capillaries. Taking into account that erythrocytes are a suitable cell model to investigate the response of the oxidative stress effects, B3p functions, and specifically anion exchange capability, determining the rate constant for SO42- uptake, has been considered. As, in the latter years, rising attention has been addressed to membrane transport system, and particularly to this protein, the present mini-review has been conceived to report the most recent knowledge about B3p, with specific regard to its functions in oxidative stress conditions, including oxidative stress-related diseases.

Effects of N-Acetylcysteine and N-Acetylcysteine Amide on Erythrocyte Deformability and Oxidative Stress in a Rat Model of Lower Extremity Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.

N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is an antioxidant which works as a free radical scavenger and antiapoptotic agent. N-acetylcysteine-amide (NACA) is a modified form of NAC containing an amide group instead of a carboxyl group of NAC. Our study aims to investigate the effectiveness of these two substances on erythrocyte deformability and oxidative stress in muscle tissue. Materials and Methods. A total of 24 Wistar albino rats were used in our study. The animals were randomly divided into five groups as control (n: 6), ischemia (n: 6), NAC (n: 6), and NACA (n: 6). In the ischemia, NAC, and NACA groups, 120 min of ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion were achieved by placing nontraumatic vascular clamps across the abdominal aorta. The NAC and NACA groups were administered an injection 30 min before ischemia (100 mg/kg NAC; 100 mg/kg NACA; intravenous). Blood samples were taken from the animals at the end of the ischemic period. The lower extremity gastrocnemius muscle was isolated and stored at −80 degrees to assess the total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) values and was analyzed. Results. The erythrocyte deformability index was found to be statistically significantly lower in rats treated with NAC and NACA before ischemia-reperfusion compared to the groups that received only ischemia-reperfusion. In addition, no statistically significant difference was found between the control group and the NAC and NACA groups. The groups receiving NAC and NACA before ischemia exhibited higher total antioxidative status and lower total oxidative status while the oxidative stress index was also lower. Conclusion. The results of our study demonstrated the protective effects of NAC and NACA on erythrocyte deformability and oxidative damage in skeletal muscle in lower extremity ischemia-reperfusion. NAC and NACA exhibited similar protective effects on oxidative damage and erythrocyte deformability.

Serum levels of anti-carbonic anhydrase antibodies and erythrocyte oxidative stress markers in endometriosis

Aim: To evaluate the serum levels of anti-carbonic anhydrase I-II antibodies and erythrocyte oxidative stress markers in endometriosis. Method: This case-control laboratory investigation was performed in the obstetrics and gynecology department of a tertiary center. Serum anti-carbonic anhydrase I and II antibodies and erythrocyte oxidative stress markers (superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase and catalase) were compared with control group (n = 30) in the endometriosis group (n = 33). Correlation between carbonic anhydrase autoantibodies and oxidative stress markers were tested. Results: Serum levels of anti-carbonic anhydrase II antibodies were found to be significantly increased in the endometriosis group compared to controls. The erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase) and malondialdehyde levels in erythrocytes were increased in endometriosis group; but only glutathione peroxidase activity and malondialdehyde levels were significantly higher in endometriosis group. No correlation was detected between anti-carbonic anhydrase antibodies and oxidative stress markers. Conclusions: Our results indicate that erythrocyte oxidative stress and anti-carbonic anhydrase antibodies may be involved in the pathophysiology of endometriosis.

D‐glucose and D‐galactose affect Band 3 protein function and oxidative stress in human erythrocytes

Metabolic dysfunctions continuously expose human erythrocytes to sugars present in plasma during their circulatory life span of 120 days. Hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus causes glycation of proteins along with oxidative stress in erythrocytes. Moreover, acute systemic administration of D‐galactose was used to artificially induce blood senescence in human models as well to mimic galactosemia. The purpose of this study is to understand the effect of D‐glucose and D‐galactose in human erythrocytes and in particular on the function of Band 3 protein, which is an excellent tool for studying the oxidative events on the erythrocyte membrane. Human erythrocytes in vitro were exposed to increasing concentrations of D‐glucose (5‐15‐35 mM) for 3h or D‐galactose (0.1‐3‐5‐10 mM) for 1h. The rate constant for SO4= uptake, accounting for the efficiency of anion exchange through Band 3 protein along with levels of TBARS levels and membrane –SH groups have been measured. When erythrocytes were exposed to high D‐glucose (15–35 mM) for 3 h, TBARS levels and membrane –SH groups were unchanged while the rate constant for SO4= uptake was significantly accelerated with respect to control (5 mM). After exposure to high D‐galactose (5–10 mM) for 1 h, TBARS levels were higher and membrane –SH levels were lower than control, while the rate constant for SO4= uptake was significantly slower with respect to control (0.1 mM). The present findings show that the measurement of the rate constant for SO4= uptake is a suitable tool to monitor the effect of sugars on erythrocytes; hyperglycemia due to high glucose applied for 3 h affects anion exchange capability without producing lipid peroxidation and oxidative protein damage. High concentrations of D‐galactose (> 5 mM) decreased the rate constant for SO4= uptake, induced lipid peroxidation and reduced total sulfhydryl content. Based on this evidence, future studies will evaluate if the acceleration of Band 3 protein in presence of high D‐glucose depends on altered Bp3 conformation, affecting crosslink with Hb, or on altered glycosylation or phosphorylation signaling underlying Band 3 protein function. In addition, alterations of parameters of oxidative stress caused by D‐galactose on the erythrocytes membrane open the view to consider a potential therapeutic strategy ameliorating the damage caused by D‐galactose.

Hemorheology and oxidative stress in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer following I-131 ablation/metastasis treatment

Although radioiodine theraphy (RAIT) is thought to affect blood cells and oxidative stress, hemorheological alterations following dose-dependent RAIT remains unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of RAIT on hemorheological and oxidative stress parameters in patients with differentiated thyroid cancers (DTC). Totally 31 DTC patients (mean age 46.32±11.15 years) and 26 healthy controls (mean age 50.50±6.22 years) were included. Venous blood samples were collected from each patient before and after treatment (7th day, 1th month and 6th month). Erythrocyte aggregation-deformability and oxidative stress parameters were determined. p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Erythrocyte deformability of the patients determined at 16.87 and 30 Pascal were significantly lower than healthy individuals. Erythrocyte aggregation index (AI) of the patients was higher, whereas erythrocyte aggregation half-time (t½) was lower compared to control. Erythrocyte deformability values and AI were not significantly different from the pre- and post-radioiodine treatment groups. There was no statistically significant difference between the oxidative stress parameters before and after the treatment. Patients were in a worse hemorheological condition compared to healthy individuals. After RAIT, RBC deformability and aggregation were not affected and no significant change in oxidative stress parameters was detected.

Chronic pesticides exposure on the farmers in Tanjung Wangi Village: Focus on Alpha-Synuclein as a Biomarker of Parkinson-sporadic

The study aim was to analyze the effect of chronic pesticide exposure on farmers in Tanjung Wangi village. Observational study with male adult farmer as respondents. 100 questionnaires were given to farmers and 56 returned. The average age of respondents was 46.5 years, education was primary school, length of work/day was 4-6 hours, length as farmer was more than 10 years. The results were no respondents have Parkinson symptoms with a median score were 57, 61, and 67.5 on 1 to 5, 5 to10, and more than 10 years pesticide exposure respectively. From 56 respondents selected 30 persons randomly for physical examination (PE) and blood examination Parameters measured were PE, concentration of glutathione-total and alpha-synuclein in erythrocyte membranes. Data analysis was performed with IBM SPSS 21. The results were no respondents have digestive and balance disorders. Alpha-synuclein concentrations were not significantly different between the length of exposure as well as total glutathione concentrations. PE significant correlation with alpha-synuclein (rho=0.366, p=0.044). Pesticides cause oxidative stress in erythrocytes. Alpha-synuclein has the potential as a biomarker for Parkinson-sporadic disease.

Protective Effect of the Intracellular Content from Potential Probiotic Bacteria against Oxidative Damage Induced by Acrylamide in Human Erythrocytes

The aim of this study was to assess the protective effect of the intracellular content obtained from potential probiotic bacteria against acrylamide-induced oxidative damage in human erythrocytes. First, the antioxidant properties of 12 potential probiotic strains was evaluated. Two commercial probiotic bacteria were included as reference strains, namely, Lactobacillus casei Shirota and Lactobacillus paracasei 431. Data showed that the intracellular content from four strains, i.e., Lactobacillus fermentum J10, Lactobacillus pentosus J24 and J26, and Lactobacillus pentosus J27, showed higher (P < 0.05) antioxidant capacity in most methods used. Thereafter, the intracellular content of such pre-selected strains was able to prevent the disturbance of the antioxidant system of human erythrocytes exposed to acrylamide, thereby reducing cell disruption and eryptosis development (P < 0.05). Additionally, the degree of oxidative stress in erythrocytes exposed to acrylamide was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced to levels similar to the basal conditions when the intracellular content of Lact. fermentum J10, Lact. pentosus J27, and Lact. paracasei 431 were employed. Hence, our findings suggest that the intracellular contents of specific Lactobacillus strains represent a potential source of metabolites with antioxidant properties that may help reduce the oxidative stress induced by acrylamide in human erythrocytes.