Oxidative Polymerization Technique Research Articles

Study on the influence of poly (m-aminophenol) as pour point depressant of paraffinic crude oil

Paraffin wax in crude oil can cause significant problems such as a block of pipelines because of the deposition of wax components during the production, transportation and storage of the crude oil. This work aims to inhibit the deposition of paraffin wax at low temperatures. Poly (m-aminophenol) (PmAP) was prepared by oxidative polymerization technique to act as a pour point depressant (PPDs) for paraffinic crude oil. PmAP was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The thermal stability of the polymer was investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The effect of the PmAP on the wax crystal modification was studied using photomicrographic analysis. The pour point of paraffinic crude oil was reduced from +42ºC to +6ºC when treated with 2500 ppm of PmAP dissolved in a solvent-based on paraffinic compounds (PONA). The photomicrographs showed that the PmAP has reduced the large size of the spherical wax crystals of the North Silah-1X crude oil this was mainly attributed to the effect of the polar groups of the prepared pour point depressant.

Synthesis of coral-like silver chloride-polypyrrole nanocomposites derived from silver nanoparticles and the study of their structural, thermal, optical, and electrical properties

In this research, we developed a facile method for the synthesis of silver chloride: polypyrrole (AgCl: PPy) nanocomposites with enhanced structural, thermal, optical, and conducting properties. Polypyrrole monomer was in-situ doped with varying weight percentages of assynthesized Ag nanoparticles by following simple chemical oxidation polymerization technique to form AgCl: PPy nanocomposites. The AgCl nanostructures with tree-like coral morphology are distributed uniformly into the PPy matrix without any segregation. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results reveal the successful incorporation of AgCl in the organic structure of PPy. X-ray diffraction analysis shows the formation of AgCl nanostructures in the PPy matrix during the chemical polymerization process that increases the crystallinity of amorphous PPy. The TGA analysis demonstrates the improved thermal stability of PPy nanocomposites due to the development of physiochemical interactions between the AgCl and PPy moities, this is also inferred from Fourier transform infrared results. It is noted that the electrical conductivity of AgCl: PPy nanocomposites is significantly controlled by the weight percentage of dispersed Ag nanoparticles in the polymerization assembly. The highest conductivity (1335 S cm-1) of PPy nanocomposite is attributed to the decrease in particle size, shortening of the PPy chain length, and lower bandgap energy presented at the critical weight percentage of Ag nanoparticles.

Oxidative Polymerization of Polyaniline (PANI) Colloids with Different Oxidizing Agents

We synthesized PANI thin films by chemical oxidative polymerization technique using aniline monomer, oxidizing agent, and dopant acid. The effect of different oxidizing agents such as ammonium dichromate (ADC), chloroauric acid (CAA), and potassium permanganate (PPM) on the properties of PANI was investigated. The as-prepared PANI colloids were thoroughly characterized using a range of characterization techniques. Raman spectra demonstrate that all the intense bands associated to the emeraldine salt form of PANI. Optical absorption spectra revealed that the absorption peaks corresponds to π–π*, polaron and bipolaron transitions of emeraldine salt form of PANI. PL spectra demonstrate that the relative intensity of the peak arises due to the polaron band de-excitation increases for the PANI film synthesized using PPM due to the highest redox oxidation potential. A clear change in the surface morphology was observed for the samples grown with different oxidizing agents. A long fiber-like structure detected with CAA is proposed to be responsible for the development of the highly conducing emeraldine salt of PANI. The PANI sample prepared with CAA not only measured good electrical conductivity but the optical and morphological properties also showed promising characteristics for various device applications.

Electrically conductive epoxy/polyaniline composite fabrication and characterization for electronic applications

This study reports on the electrical conductivity, dielectric, and electromagnetic interferenc (EMI) shielding properties of conductive epoxy/PAni blend containing various concentrations. Polyaniline (PAni) was synthesized using oxidative chemical polymerization technique and then dispersed into epoxy resin using a sonication bath. Infrared spectra confirm the curing of composites. Increasing the aspect ratio of PAni in epoxy increased the electrical conductivity and improves the microwave absorption properties of composites in the microwave range (0.1 GHz–20 GHz). Electrical conductivity was measured by using the four-probe method, and the maximum conductivity of the composite was achieved 3.51 × 10−13 Scm−1 with 30 wt% of PAni. The maximum porosity of the composite with 30 wt% of PAni was 15.5%. EMI shielding was measured by a vector network analyzer (VNA) in the microwave region (0.1 GHz–20 GHz), which gives the maximum value of 63 dB. IR shielding was measured by IR spectroscopy and less than 0.5% transmission was observed in NIR (700 nm–2500 nm) region. The average particle size of PAni is found to be 113 nm. These composites were used as a potential candidate for conductive coatings, EMI shielding purposes, and electronic applications.

Synthesis of graphene nanoplatelets/polythiophene nanocomposites With Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Bromophenol Blue and Antibacterial Properties

Polythiophene (PTh) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) nanocomposites with different ratio of GNPs (10–50 wt.%) were prepared by oxidative chemical polymerization technique and applied for the photocatalytic degradation of bromo phenol blue (BPB) and pathogen control. The as-prepared nanomaterials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDX), UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The PTh-GNPs(50) achieved the highest photocatalytic degradation efficiency for BPB (94.1%) which was more than three times higher than that of the pristine PTh (31.3%). The enhanced photocatalytic activity of PTh-GNPs was attributed to the improved charge-transport and longer recombination time of e−/h+ pairs from PTh NPs to GNPs. Interestingly, PTh-GNPs(50) proved as a potent inhibitor against E.coli and S.aureus reported 18 mm zone of inhibition as compared to that of the control PTh (showing 9 mm and 5 mm zones of inhibition for the two strains, respectively) at 2000 µg/mL. These results make PTh-GNPs(50) nanocomposites a potential candidate for BPB removal and bacterial growth inhibition.

Simple synthesis of poly (1,4-bis(dodecyloxy)-2,5-diethynylbenzene)/Pd composites with catalytic activity in Sonogashira coupling reaction

Abstract Palladium on the polymeric materials (Pd@polymer) as a catalyst is now very promising due to its great prospect for catalytic application. Such material in the form of composites is found to be stable and can be applied as catalyst in organic synthesis like Sonogashira coupling reaction. In the present work, Pd containing conjugated poly-ynes composites (Poly (1,4-bis(dodecyloxy)-2,5-diethynylbenzene) (Poly-DEB)/Pd) were synthesized by varying the addition of Pd in the range of equivalent weight of 8:4, 8:2 and 8:1, maintaining the fixed amount of 1,4-bis(dodecyloxy)-2,5-diethynylbenzene (DEB) through chemical oxidative polymerization technique. Both FTIR and UV-visible spectroscopy confirmed the interactions between DEB and Pd in the composites. The DSC data revealed the improved melting temperature as well as the crystallinity of the composites than the DEB. The PL spectra showed its florescence property. The catalytic capability of the Poly-DEB/Pd composites were examined using the Sonogashira coupling reactions, which demonstrated good yields. The suggested synthetic protocol is very facile, reproducible and beneficial for the fabrication of diverse mono and bimetallic composites with conjugated polymers. The present study also demonstrates the new example of Poly-DEB/Pd composites catalyzed Sonogashira coupling reaction. These composites have a possibility to develop as a commercial reagent in various organic synthesis subjects to its application prospects.

Nanostructured porous polyaniline (PANI) coated carbon cloth (CC) as electrodes for flexible supercapacitor device

Nanostructured porous polyaniline (PANI) has been synthesized and coated simultaneously on a highly flexible and conductive carbon cloth (CC) substrate using a simple in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization technique. PANI coated CC (PANI−CC) based flexible electrodes were further used for the fabrication of flexible supercapacitor devices. For the comparison purpose, pure PANI has also been synthesized and tested for its electrochemical performance. The energy storage capacity of PANI and PANI–CC composite was investigated using electrochemical techniques like CV, GCD, and EIS in a potential range from 0 to 0.8 V in 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte. PANI−CC flexible electrodes exhibited the highest specific capacitance of 691 F/g; whereas, pure PANI could only achieve 575 F/g of specific capacitance at 1 A/g. Composite also exhibited outstanding cyclic stability by recollecting 94 % of its initial capacitance after 2000 GCD cycles. For actual implementation, a flexible supercapacitor device has been fabricated using stainless steel sheets and PANI−CC flexile electrodes. The energy storage performance of the PANI−CC flexible supercapacitor device was tested at several bending angles, which resulted in 72 % of capacitance retention at a maximum bending angle of 140° compared to the capacitance obtained at an angle 0° (flat state). PANI−CC exhibited improved electrochemical performance than pure PANI due to the synergistic effect between PANI and CC. Here, CC helped in enhancing the conductivity and stability; whereas, PANI boosted the capacitance owing to its excellent porosity and fast pseudocapacitive charge storage response.

Network structure-based decorated CPA@CuO hybrid nanocomposite for methyl orange environmental remediation

A unique network core–shell hybrid design-based cross-linked polyaniline (CPA), which was coated with CuO nanoparticles (NPs) and decorated with nitrogen-doped SWCNT/GO/cellulose N-SWCNTS-GO-CE, has been fabricated using the oxidative polymerization technique. This hybrid nanocomposite shows excellent photocatalytic degradation and an acceptable adsorption capability for Methyl Orange (MO) dye in aqueous solutions with a very slight effect for the N-SWCNTS-GO-CE CuO component. The prepared nanocomposites were used for the removal of a carcinogenic and noxious dye, Methyl Orange, from aqueous samples under various adsorption conditions. Approximately 100% degradation of 10 mg/L of Methylene orange dye was observed within 100 min at pH 6.0 using 50 mg/L CPA/N-SWCNTS-GO-CE/CuO nanocomposite under UV radiation. Additionally, significant factors were investigated on the degradation process including the contact time, MO initial concentration (Ci), solution pH, and dosage of the CuO nanocomposite. All investigated experiments were performed under UV radiation, which provided significant data for the MO degradation process. Furthermore, the recovery of the nanocomposite was studied based on the photocatalytic process efficiency. The obtained data provide the high opportunity of reusing CPA/N-SWCNTS-GO-CE/CuO nanocomposite for numerous photocatalytic processes. The CPA/N-SWCNTS-GO-CE/CuO nanocomposite was prepared via chemical oxidative copolymerization of polyaniline (PANI) with p-phenylenediamine (PPDA) and triphenylamine (TPA) in the presence of N-SWCNTS-GO-CE and CuO NPs. The morphology, structure and thermal properties of the CPA/N-SWCNTS-GO-CE/CuO nanocomposite were investigated using various techniques, including FTIR, XRD, RAMAN, SEM, MAP, EDX, TEM, TGA and DTG. Therefore, CPA/N-SWCNTS-GO-CE/CuO nanocomposite can be effectively used as a convenient and reusable adsorbent to remove hazardous dye from wastewater.

Studies on Synthesis, Characterization and Transport Properties of Ta2O5 Doped Polyaniline Composites

Polyaniline (PANI) and PANI/Ta2O5 composite samples were prepared using chemical oxidative polymerization technique in the presence of hydrochloric acid (HCl) at room temperature. The effect of Ta2O5 on surface morphology and structural changes have been investigated and evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques. The XRD pattern of the PANI and PANI/Ta2O5 confirm the formation of PANI and its composite. The average crystallite size of the PANI is 2.86 nm which is increased to 46.80 nm when Ta2O5 was doped in the PANI matrix. SEM micrographs of the composite confirm the morphological changes in the composite materials. In the electrical conductivity studies, ac conductivity was carried as function of frequency and dc conductivity was studied as a function of temperature. Further to describe the dielectric properties of the PANI and composite, dielectric constant and dielectric loss was studied as a function of frequency.

Synthesis and characterization of conducting polypyrrole with various dopants

Polypyrrole (PPy) samples were synthesized by novel chemical oxidative polymerization technique in partially non-aqueous conditions using 0.072 mol pyrrole monomer and ammonium persulphate as an oxidant by using inorganic acid and various sulphonic acid dopants at room temperature. The structures of different synthesized PPy samples using various dopants were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), conductivity is measured by the Four-probe linear contact method and the surface morphologies are studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the conductivity of PPy samples synthesized in sulphonic acid media showed higher conductivity than those synthesized from inorganic acid media. The morphology of PPy samples is confirmed from SEM. The FTIR spectra show the presence of characteristic absorption peaks of PPy.

Screen-printed anion-exchange solid-phase extraction: A new strategy for point-of-care determination of angiotensin receptor blockers

A miniaturized system of anion exchange solid phase extraction (SPE) based on a screen-printed electrode was developed as a point of care (POC) device for extraction and quantitative determination of anionic analytes. Nylon 6/polyaniline nanofibers were fabricated by electrospinning and in-situ oxidative polymerization techniques coated on a screen-printed working electrode and characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods. The effects of essential parameters such as desorption conditions, pH of the sample solution, adsorption voltage, adsorption time, and salt concentration on the performance of the method were investigated. To evaluate the performance of the system, angiotensin ΙΙ receptor antagonists, including valsartan, losartan, and irbesartan, were selected as model compounds and analyzed by HPLC/UV after extraction. The limits of detection and quantification were ranging between 0.4 and 0.9 μg L−1 and 1.3–3.0 μg L−1, respectively. The linear dynamic range for Losartan, Irbesartan, and Valsartan was 2–400, 4–1000, and 2–400 μg L−1, respectively, with R2 > 0.991. Finally, the method was applied for the determination of ARA-IIs in human blood plasma samples, and relative recoveries in the range of 89.0–107.8% with relative standard deviation (RSDs (≤8.9% were obtained.

Polyaniline-modified 3D-spongy SnS composites for the enhanced visible-light photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange

In this study, a polyaniline-modified 3D-spongy SnS photocatalyst (PANI/SnS) has been prepared using an in-situ oxidative polymerization technique for the enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange. PANI/SnS reached to a rate constant of 4.040 × 10−2 min-1 > 2 times of that pure SnS and maintained a good stability after four cycling runs for methyl orange degradation. The better photocatalytic activity and stability of PANI/SnS catalyst were ascribed to the π-conjugated structure characteristic of PANI and the interaction between PANI and SnS. On the one hand, induced π-conjugated electrons transferred from PANI to SnS could effectually inhibite the electrons and holes recombination. On the other hand, the presence of C–S and Sn-N bonds between PANI and SnS could protect the S and/or Sn element from direct exposure to the corrosive environment, then restraining photocorrosion behavior. This study implies that conductive conjugated polymer (PANI) modified tin sulfide will be a potential reusable and stable photocatalyst for methyl orange removal from waste-water by photocatalysis.

Graphene Aerogels for In Situ Synthesis of Conductive Poly(para-phenylenediamine) Polymers, and Their Sensor Application.

In this study, macroporous graphene aerogels (GAs) were synthesized by chemical reduction of graphene oxide sheets and were used as a support material for in situ synthesis of conductive poly(para-phenylenediamine) (p(p-PDA)). The in situ synthesis of p(p-PDA) in GA was carried out by using a simple oxidation polymerization technique. Moreover, the prepared conductive p(p-PDA) polymers in the networks of GAs were doped with various types of acids such as hydrochloric acid (HCl), nitric acid (HNO3), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), phosphoric acid (H3PO4), respectively. The prepared GA and different acid-doped forms as GA/p(p-PDA) composites were characterized by FT-IR, TGA, and conductivity measurements. The observed FT-IR peaks at 1574 cm−1, and 1491 cm−1, for stretching deformations of quinone and benzene, respectively, confirmed the in situ synthesis of P(p-PDA) polymers within GAs. The conductivity of GAs with 2.17 × 10−4 ± 3.15 × 10−5 S·cm−1 has experienced an approximately 250-fold increase to 5.16 × 10−2 ± 2.72 × 10−3 S·cm−1 after in situ synthesis of p(p-PDA) polymers and with HCl doping. Conductivity values for different types of acid-doped GA/p(p-PDA) composites were compared with the bare p(p-PDA) and their undoped forms. Moreover, the changes in the conductivity of GA and GA/p(p-PDA) composites upon CO2 gas exposure were compared and their sensory potential in terms of response and sensitivity, along with reusability in CO2 detection, were evaluated.

Novel PDPA-SiO2 nanosphericals network decorated graphene nanosheets composite coated FTO electrode for efficient electro-oxidation of methanol

In this study, a facile two-step wet chemical approach was adopted to fabricate a novel polydiphenylamine (PDPA)/SiO2 nanosphericals decorated reduced graphene (GR) nanosheets composite material based modified fluorine-doped tin oxide electrode (FTO/GR-PDPA-SiO2) for the efficient electro-oxidation of methanol. GR based PDPA nanohybrid (GR-PDPA) and GR-PDPA-SiO2 were synthesized using in situ chemical oxidative polymerization technique. The crystalline geometry and morphological structures of prepared nanohybrid composites were characterized using X-ray diffraction spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope. UV–visible spectroscopy was used to confirm the presence of PDPA in the prepared composites. Electrochemical performances of the as-prepared nanohybrid electrodes were analyzed using cyclic voltammetric technique, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, chronoamperometry. The modified FTO/GR-PDPA-SiO2 nanohybrid electrode exhibits excellent electro-oxidation towards methanol due to the existence of the SiO2 network along with the synergetic linkage between PDPA and GR nanosheets which ensures the fast electron transfer kinetics amid of electrode and analyte. This effective strategy resulted in excellent electro-oxidation of methanol claim its further developments in direct methanol fuel cell application.

Synthesis and electrochemical properties of chitosan-polyphenol composites

A unique series of chitosan-polyphenol composites with superior electrochemical properties, chitosan/poly(2-phenyl hydroquinone) (Ch/PPHQ) and chitosan/poly(2,7-dihydroxy naphthalene) (Ch/PDHN) were synthesized with the phenolic derivates, 2-phenyl hydroquinone (PHQ) and 2,7-dihydroxy naphthalene (DHN) in the presence of chitosan (Ch) biopolymer as a tempate. The synthesized Ch/PPHQ and Ch/PDHN composites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal gravimetric (TG) analysis and their behavior of swelling in the distilled water. Moreover, poly(2-phenyl hydroquinone) (PPHQ) and poly(2,7-dihydroxy naphthalene) (PDHN) were synthesized using PHQ and DHN by oxidative polymerization technique. The synthesized polymers were also characterized by the gel permeation chromatography-light scattering (GPC-LS), ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) spectroscopy. The Mn and Mw values of the synthesized polymers were obtained in the range of 3.4 and 34.7 kDa. The Mn and Mw values of PPHQ are approximately 2.5-fold higher than the Mn and Mw values of PDHN. Additionally, The Mn and Mw values of PPHQ and PDHN are 1.5–2.5 times higher than the PPHQ* and PDHN* synthesized in Ch matrix. The prepared Ch/PPHQ and Ch/PDHN composites are redox-active materials. The EHOMO and ELUMO values of PPHQ, Ch/PPHQ, PDHN, and Ch/PDHN materials were calculated in the range of −4.95 to −5.36 eV and − 3.01 – −3.53 eV by measuring the oxidation (Eox) and the reduction (Ered) potential values by the cyclic voltammetry (CV). Moreover, the Eg values of PPHQ, Ch/PPHQ, PDHN, and Ch/PDHN were calculated in the range of 1.54–2.14 from the obtained EHOMO and ELUMO values. It is seen that Ch/PPHQ and Ch/PDHN composites have lower Eg values than PPHQ and PDHN. According to these results, it can be attributed that Ch/PPHQ and Ch/PDHN composites have preferable electrochemical properties by comparison with the PPHQ and PDHN.

Synthesis and characterization of poly(p-phenylenediamine): TiO2 nanocomposites and investigation of conducting properties for optoelectronic application

Abstract Poly(p-phenylenediamine) is a potential precursor for designing of new materials for optoelectronic application. Synthesis and characterization of poly(p-phenylenediamine) – TiO2 nanocomposites has been demonstrated. Structural change observed due to the formation of nanocomposites was correlated with concomitant change in conducting behavior of the parent polymer. Polymer nanocomposite was synthesized through an in-situ oxidative polymerization technique with simultaneous dispersion of TiO2 nanoparticles. TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized via sol-gel process. Structural characterization was accomplished by using conventional spectroscopic and imaging techniques. I-V measurement of the nanocomposites revealed that the nearly nonconducting poly(p-phenylenediamine) after structural modification exhibits conductivity of 10−6 S/cm leading to formation of wide band gap semiconducting materials.

Design of the novel polyaniline/polysiloxane flexible nanocomposite film and its application in gas sensor

Gas sensors for the detection of toxic gases have attracted extensive attention due to the growing environment issue. Polysiloxane is an ideal substrate material for the flexible electronic devices. In this work, dual-activity siloxane monomer with double bonds and epoxy groups (MAGETDS) was synthesized via hydrosilylation reaction. A series of flexible polysiloxane substrate were then prepared based on the dual-activity siloxane via UV-thermal induced polymerization reaction. Besides, the regulating of reactive monomers endows the flexible polysiloxane with tunable properties. Then, polyaniline (PANI) was synthesized via a facile in-situ chemical oxidation polymerization technique and directly loaded on the polysiloxane substrate to fabricate a polyaniline/polysiloxane flexible nanocomposite film as a novel room temperature NH3 sensor. This novel NH3 sensors exhibited good selectivity, reproducibility and a low detection limit of 5 ppm towards NH3 at room temperature. The strategy we developed may provide a promising approach in flexible electronics for room temperature gas sensing application.

Polyaniline @ porous nanosphere SnO2/Zn2SnO4 nanohybrid for selective room temperature flexible NH3 sensor

A simple and cheap flexible gas sensor utilizing polyaniline @ porous nanosphere SnO2/Zn2SnO4 nanohybrid (PZN) was assembled on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film free of interdigital electrode by in-situ chemical oxidation polymerization technique for rapid and selective detection of NH3 at room temperature. The structure, morphology and composition of as-prepared sample was characterized roundly through XRD, FESEM, TEM, Raman, UV–vis and XPS, respectively. The effect of different mole amount of porous nanosphere SnO2/Zn2SnO4 composite on NH3 sensing response was appraised and the results indicated that PZN flexible sensor with a 10 mol% porous nanosphere SnO2/Zn2SnO4 (PZN 10) to 100 ppm NH3 exhibited response signal of 20.4, which is 2.6 times higher than that of pristine polyaniline (7.8) at room temperature. Furthermore, PZN 10 flexible sensor possessed low detection limit of 500 ppb of NH3 in conjunction with good reproducibility, bending and robustness properties at room temperature. The enhanced NH3 sensing properties can be attributed to the morphology structure and p-n heterojunction between polyaniline and porous nanosphere SnO2/Zn2SnO4, and the underlying sensing mechanism was also further analyzed and verified using impedance spectroscopy.

Low-cost sisal fibers/polypyrrole/polyaniline biosorbent for sequestration of reactive orange 5 from aqueous solutions

Abstract Sisal is a natural fibrous low-cost biomaterial that is frequently found in the surrounding environment and has no toxic effects. To upgrade its performance and applicability, sisal was modified with polypyrrole/polyaniline via in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization technique for reactive orange 5 elimination from aqueous media. Nowadays, dye pollution and its subsequent adverse effects have been of great concern for all around the world. The prepared composite was characterized by SEM, FTIR, and XRD analysis; they indicated that the polypyrrole and polyaniline were successfully coated on sisal. Optimum contact time was found at 120 min, and at the adsorbent dosage of 200 mg, almost 97 % of dye was removed. At low dye concentration (5−10 ppm), the efficiency of the sorption system was significantly acceptable (99 %). pH 2 had the maximum adsorption capacity due to attraction between negatively charged dye and positive nature of sisal composite. In view of thermodynamics, the process was endothermic and so better removal was observed at 45 °C. Langmuir/Freundlich and Pseudo-second order could satisfactorily expound the sorption system with R2 values of greater than 0.99, exhibiting that physisorption/chemisorption occurred. Sisal/polypyrrole/polyaniline was more than 5.69 times effective than raw sisal for dye adsorption. In the case of synthetic wastewater, the removal efficiency reached 81 %. Hence, the low-cost sisal/polypyrrole/polyaniline composite was a promising alternative for reactive orange 5 removal.

Structural Analysis with Augmented Optoelectronic Performance of Polyindole–Polypyrrole–Cadmium Sulfide Nanohybrid: PIN/PPY/CdS

We report the comparative morphological, structural and optoelectronic properties of ternary PIN/PPY/CdS nanohybrid material synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization technique. The successful incorporation of CdS nanoparticles into polymeric PIN and PIN/PPY matrix was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FT-IR) techniques. Moreover, the field emission scanning electron microscopic (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) techniques are performed to study the surface morphology of the as-synthesized specimens. The as-prepared ternary nanohybrid showed a reduced optical band gap (~ 1.92 eV) evaluated through Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) absorbance spectra. From the current density–voltage (J–V) characteristics, the Ohmic conductance ~ 0.126 S was found for the ternary nanohybrid PIN/PPY/CdS. In addition, the ternary nanohybrid exhibits comparatively the higher PL intensity which indicates the higher electron–hole recombination rate. All these results indicate the aptness of the as-synthesized PIN/PPY/CdS nanohybrid towards optoelectronic device application.