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Abstract
In this study, macroporous graphene aerogels (GAs) were synthesized by chemical reduction of graphene oxide sheets and were used as a support material for in situ synthesis of conductive poly(para-phenylenediamine) (p(p-PDA)). The in situ synthesis of p(p-PDA) in GA was carried out by using a simple oxidation polymerization technique. Moreover, the prepared conductive p(p-PDA) polymers in the networks of GAs were doped with various types of acids such as hydrochloric acid (HCl), nitric acid (HNO3), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), phosphoric acid (H3PO4), respectively. The prepared GA and different acid-doped forms as GA/p(p-PDA) composites were characterized by FT-IR, TGA, and conductivity measurements. The observed FT-IR peaks at 1574 cm−1, and 1491 cm−1, for stretching deformations of quinone and benzene, respectively, confirmed the in situ synthesis of P(p-PDA) polymers within GAs. The conductivity of GAs with 2.17 × 10−4 ± 3.15 × 10−5 S·cm−1 has experienced an approximately 250-fold increase to 5.16 × 10−2 ± 2.72 × 10−3 S·cm−1 after in situ synthesis of p(p-PDA) polymers and with HCl doping. Conductivity values for different types of acid-doped GA/p(p-PDA) composites were compared with the bare p(p-PDA) and their undoped forms. Moreover, the changes in the conductivity of GA and GA/p(p-PDA) composites upon CO2 gas exposure were compared and their sensory potential in terms of response and sensitivity, along with reusability in CO2 detection, were evaluated.
Highlights
Over the past decades, carbon-based materials have been the focus of eminent interest in both scientific and industrial fields due to their captivating mechanical, electrical, thermal, and physicochemical properties, as well as their environmentally friendly nature and economically viable accessibility that has collectively led to the emergence of diverse structures including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon dots, mesoporous carbon, and graphene and so on [1,2,3,4]
The acid types, hydrochloric acid (HCl), HNO3, H2SO4, and H3PO4 used in doping of p(p-PDA) polymers were found to have a considerable influence on the electrical conductivity of both p(p-PDA) polymers and their corresponding graphene aerogels (GAs)-based composites
GA/P(p-PDA)-HCl composites were revealed to show the best response to CO2 gas amongst other acid-doped composites, with an approximately 600-fold conductivity decrease
Summary
Carbon-based materials have been the focus of eminent interest in both scientific and industrial fields due to their captivating mechanical, electrical, thermal, and physicochemical properties, as well as their environmentally friendly nature and economically viable accessibility that has collectively led to the emergence of diverse structures including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon dots, mesoporous carbon, and graphene and so on [1,2,3,4] Amongst all these materials, graphene has come into great prominence owing to its distinct characteristics such as great thermal and electrical conductivity, high stiffness, elasticity, and unique hexagonal monoatomic lattice structure with the high theoretical surface area of ~2630 m2/g in the pristine form [5,6,7]. GOs have been reported in preparation for a variety of composite materials [36] such as metal composites [37], various polymers, hydrogels [38], and cryogels [39]
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