Nanocrystalline Oxide Research Articles

Investigations on Photodegradation and Antibacterial Activity of Mixed Oxide Nanocrystalline Materials

In this study, we synthesized cobalt-doped molybdenum supported on silica (Co/MS) nanocomposites with varying concentrations of cobalt (1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%) using the sol-gel method. We investigated their physico-chemical properties, photocatalytic activity, and antimicrobial efficacy. The synthesized nanocomposites were characterized using a range of techniques, including X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) to determine crystal structure, UV-vis spectroscopy for optical properties, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) for functional group analysis, and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (SEM-EDX) for morphological and elemental composition analysis. The photocatalytic performance of these catalysts was assessed by their ability to degrade organic dyes, specifically methyl orange and methylene blue, under visible light irradiation. Our results demonstrated that the photocatalytic efficiency increased with higher cobalt content, with the 20 wt% Co/MS nanocomposite showing the highest degradation rates. Additionally, we evaluated the antibacterial activity of the nanocomposites against a range of microorganisms, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungal species. The 20 wt% Co/MS nanocomposite exhibited superior antimicrobial activity compared to the other samples, indicating its potential for applications in environmental remediation and antimicrobial treatments.

Enhanced pseudocapacitive Li+ charge storage on lithium-rich disordered rock salt vanadium oxide nanocrystalline

Cation disordered rock-salt (DRS) metal compounds, featuring a three-dimensional percolation network for Li+ transportation, have attracted extensive attention as novel anode candidates for high-power lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and capacitors (LICs). However, their low capacity and poor conductivity remain bottlenecks for their wide-scale usage, especially for high-energy applications. Here, we report a nanocrystal DRS Li3V2O5 (a-DRS-LVO) achieved by an electrochemically induced transformation on amorphous V2O5. The nanocrystalline phase of a-DRS-LVO can provide large active sites for Li+, leading to a surface-controlled solid-state Li+ diffusion behavior. In particular, the specific capacity for a-DRS-LVO reaches 716.8mAh g−1 at 0.1 A/g, exceeding that of DRS-LVO achieved by electrochemically induced transformation on well-crystallized V2O5. Further, a-DRS-LVO can work stably over 1,200 charge–discharge cycles with negligible capacity decay, due to the highly structural integrity stability, no phase change and limited volume change (∼8.2 %). A LIC with this a-DRS-LVO anode yields both high energy density (183 Wh kg−1) and power density (50,000 W kg−1), which are much higher than that of the state-of-art LICs based on graphite and other pseudocapacitive anodes, such as niobium and titanium oxides.

Acetone Sensors Based on Al-Coated and Ni-Doped Copper Oxide Nanocrystalline Thin Films.

Acetone detection is of significant importance in various industries, from cosmetics to pharmaceuticals, bioengineering, and paints. Sensor manufacturing involves the use of different semiconductor materials as well as different metals for doping and functionalization, allowing them to achieve advanced or unique properties in different sensor applications. In the healthcare field, these sensors play a crucial role in the non-invasive diagnosis of various diseases, offering a potential way to monitor metabolic conditions by analyzing respiration. This article presents the synthesis method, using chemical solutions and rapid thermal annealing technology, to obtain Al-functionalized and Ni-doped copper oxide (Al/CuO:Ni) nanostructured thin films for biosensors. The nanocrystalline thin films are subjected to a thorough characterization, with examination of the morphological properties by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The results reveal notable changes in the surface morphology and structure following different treatments, providing insight into the mechanism of function and selectivity of these nanostructures for gases and volatile compounds. The study highlights the high selectivity of developed Al/CuO:Ni nanostructures towards acetone vapors at different concentrations from 1 ppm to 1000 ppm. Gas sensitivity is evaluated over a range of operating temperatures, indicating optimum performance at 300 °C and 350 °C with the maximum sensor signal (S) response obtained being 45% and 50%, respectively, to 50 ppm gas concentration. This work shows the high potential of developed technology for obtaining Al/CuO:Ni nanostructured thin films as next-generation materials for improving the sensitivity and selectivity of acetone sensors for practical applications as breath detectors in biomedical diagnostics, in particular for diabetes monitoring. It also emphasizes the importance of these sensors in ensuring industrial safety by preventing adverse health and environmental effects of exposure to acetone.

Molecular and Dissociative Adsorbed Water Concentration and Surface Protonic Conduction in Nanocrystalline TiO2.

Surface protonic conduction in porous nanocrystalline oxides is commonly involved in catalytic processes. The configuration of surface adsorbed water on oxides plays a crucial role in surface protonic conduction. However, studies on the impact of complex surface adsorbed water configuration on the surface water concentration and diffusivity remain limited, and hinder an in-depth understanding of surface proton transport mechanisms, and the design of better surface proton conductors. Here, in situ Raman spectroscopy is utilized to quantitatively identify the contribution of dissociative and molecular adsorbed water components on porous nanocrystalline TiO2 surfaces between 25 and 200°C. The variations in molecular and dissociative adsorbed water concentration agree with the predominant surface proton conduction mechanisms at three different temperature stages. From 40 to 125°C, the reduced coverage of molecular adsorbed water layer results in the decreasing proton diffusivity. Water dissociation on the nanocrystalline TiO2 surface is easier in wet N2 than in wet O2, resulting in higher proton conductivity in wet N2; while the surface proton diffusivities in these two atmospheres are similar. The in situ spectroscopy technique enables the improvement of surface proton conducting oxides through quantitative evaluation and modulation of the surface proton concentration and diffusivity.

Synthesis of transparent tin-doped indium oxide (ITO)-containing glass-ceramic coating by the sol-gel route for UV/NIR-shielding

Transparent glass-ceramic containing tin-doped indium oxide nano-crystalline phase was synthesized using the sol-gel method. The prepared sol, which was based on sodium aluminoborosilicate glass composition, was applied on soda-lime-silicate glass substrate through the dip-coating technique. Developing such glass-ceramics can offer several advantages, including reducing the total cost of production, enhanced chemical durability and a low-temperature synthesis process. The thermal behavior of the dried gels was investigated using simultaneous thermal analysis (STA), to determine the decomposition temperature of the nitrate salts in the gel, its glass crystallization temperature, and finally to optimize the heat treatment regime and optical properties as well. UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy of the coated samples after heat treatment at 500 °C for 10 h revealed high visible transparency (T>70%) while indicating significant UV/NIR shielding, i.e. near zero and 10 % transmission, respectively. Phase analysis and crystallization behavior studies were conducted using XRD and FE-SEM to evaluate the morphology and size of the precipitated crystallites. According to the results, the optimum heating program for ITO crystallization was heating temperature and soaking time of 500 °C and 10 h, respectively. The undesirable crystalline phase of InBO3 was precipitated as the main crystalline phase by increasing the heat treating temperature to 550 °C. Furthermore, the glass structure was studied using FTIR spectroscopy demonstrating a highly polymerized glassy network for the coating. The effect of the precursors-to-solvent ratio during the synthesis process on the final optical properties was also investigated.

A Strong, Tough, and Stable Composite with Nacre-Inspired Sandwich Structure.

Improving the fracture resistance of nacre-inspired composites is crucial in addressing the strength-toughness trade-off. However, most previously proposed strategies for enhancing fracture resistance in these composites have been limited to interfacial modification by polymer, which restricts mechanical enhancement. Here, a composite material consisting of graphene oxide (GO) lamellae and nanocrystalline reinforced amorphous alumina nanowires (NAANs) has been developed. The structure of the composite is inspired by nacre and is composed of stacked GO nanosheets with NAANs in between, forming a sandwich-like structure. This design enhances the fracture resistance of the composite through the pull-out of GO nanosheets at the nanoscale and GO/NAANs sandwich-like coupling at the micro-scale, while also providing stiff ceramic support. This composite simultaneously possesses high strength (887.8MPa), toughness (31.6MJm-3), superior cyclic stability (1600 cycles), and long-term (2 years) immersion stability, which outperform previously reported GO-based lamellar composites. The hierarchical fracture design provides a new path to design next-generation strong, tough, and stable materials for advanced engineering applications.

Solid lubrication performance of multi-layered V2CTx coatings

MXenes induce excellent wear resistance under solid lubrication due to their distinctive surface chemistry, easy-to-shear ability, and capability to form low-friction and wear-resistant tribofilms. However, beyond the extensively studied Ti3C2Tx, other promising members of the MXene family remain largely underexplored. Therefore, we spray-coated multi-layer vanadium carbide (V2CTx) coatings (thickness ∼10.8 μm) on steel substrates and studied their tribological performance for prolonged times (10,000 cycles) using a reciprocating ball-on-disk tribometer with acting contact pressure of 445 MPa in ambient conditions. Results show that V2CTx-coated substrates demonstrate an 8-fold reduction in friction (COF of 0.11) and a 10-fold wear rate reduction (1.405 × 10−6 mm3 N−1 m−1). High-resolution materials characterization confirmed that the remarkable tribological performance of these coatings can be traced back to the formation of protective films on the substrate (tribofilm) and counterbody (transferfilm) consisting of contact pressure and frictional heat-induced degraded, deformed, exfoliated V2CTx nanosheets, nanocrystalline oxides, and amorphous carbon debris. This work fully elucidates the tribological potential of V2CTx, which is of utmost relevance for designing high-performance lubricating materials. Our work has assessed the performance of multi-layer V2CTx (M2XTx) due to its remarkable thermal stability, low molecular weight, good mechanical properties, and high interlayer spacing, thus serving as an entry point into diverse MXene compositions, including M4X3Tx (V4C3Tx).

Grätzel type-solar cells sensitized with some Colombian's dyes

In the present work we want to show some progress related to the effects of two colombian's natural dyes in the sensitized solar cells (Grätzel type). The dyes used are achiote and blackberry, which are used to develop a photochemical process that mimics photosynthesis. The use of sensitizers in conjunction with nanocrystalline oxide semiconductor films (TiO2) permits to increase the absorption of sunlight. Raman spectroscopy technique has been used to characterize the achiote. They show that the samples have a strong fluorescence in the range between 640 and 800 nm, and this fluorescence is very sensitive to the laser power. After the construction of the solar cells, the efficiencies determined are around 0.13%, in the best of our cases.

Study of the antimicrobial activity of zinc oxide nanostructures mediated by two morphological structures of leaf extracts of Eucalyptus robusta Sm

The growing microbial resistance against antibiotics and the development of resistant strains has shifted the interests of many scientists to focus on metallic nanoparticle applications. Although several metal oxide nanoparticles have been synthesized using green route approach to measure their antimicrobial activity, there has been little or no literature on the use of Eucalyptus robusta Smith aqueous leaf extract mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs). The study therefore examined the effect of two morphological nanostructures of Eucalyptus robusta Sm mediated ZnONPs and their antimicrobial and antifungal potential on some selected pathogens using disc diffusion method. The samples were characterized using Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy, Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. From the results, the two ZnO samples were agglomerated with zinc oxide nanocrystalline structure sample calcined at 400 °C (ZnO NS400) been spherical in shape while zinc oxide nanocrystalline structure sample calcined at 60 °C (ZnO NS60) was rod-like. The sample calcined at higher temperature recorded the smallest particle size of 49.16 ± 1.6 nm as compared to the low temperature calcined sample of 51.04 ± 17.5 nm. It is obvious from the results that, ZnO NS400 exhibited better antibacterial and antifungal activity than ZnO NS60. Out of the different bacterial and fungal strains, ZnO NS400 sample showed an enhanced activity against S. aureus (17.2 ± 0.1 mm) bacterial strain and C. albicans (15.7 ± 0.1 mm) fungal strain at 50 mg/ml. Since this sample showed higher antimicrobial and antifungal activity, it may be explored for its applications in some fields including medicine, agriculture, and aquaculture industry in combating some of the pathogens that has been a worry to the sector. Notwithstanding, the study also provides valuable insights for future studies aiming to explore the antimicrobial potential of other plant extracts mediated zinc oxide nanostructures.

Preparation of Fe@Fe3O4/ZnFe2O4 Powders and Their Consolidation via Hybrid Cold-Sintering/Spark Plasma-Sintering.

Our study is focused on optimizing the synthesis conditions for the in situ oxidation of Fe particles to produce Fe@Fe3O4 core-shell powder and preparation via co-precipitation of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles to produce Fe@Fe3O4/ZnFe2O4 soft magnetic composites (SMC) through a hybrid cold-sintering/spark plasma-sintering technique. XRD and FTIR measurements confirmed the formation of a nanocrystalline oxide layer on the surface of Fe powder and the nanosized nature of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles. SEM-EDX investigations revealed that the oxidic phase of our composite was distributed on the surface of the Fe particles, forming a quasi-continuous matrix. The DC magnetic characteristics of the composite compact revealed a saturation induction of 0.8 T, coercivity of 590 A/m, and maximum relative permeability of 156. AC magnetic characterization indicated that for frequencies higher than 1 kHz and induction of 0.1 T, interparticle eddy current losses dominated due to ineffective electrical insulation between neighboring particles in the composite compact. Nevertheless, the magnetic characteristics obtained in both DC and AC magnetization regimes were comparable to those reported for cold-sintered Fe-based SMCs.

Hydrothermal conversion of cerium oxalate to CeO2: a parade of oxalate and water coordination modes

Hydrothemal conversion of lanthanide/actinide oxalate salts to nanocrystalline oxide has gained technological importance in the chemistry of f-elements.

Oxidation of fine aluminum particles: thermally induced transformations in particle shells and kinetics of oxide nucleation.

This paper investigates the process of oxidation of fine aluminum powder, consisting of spherical Al particles of 'metal core/oxide shell' type, when heated in air at temperatures below 550 °C. The highly dispersed aluminum powder 'Alex' used in this work (particle size: 0.05-1.5 μm and number average particle diameter (DN): 0.11 μm) was produced by electric explosion of a thin Al wire in argon with subsequent passivation in an oxygen-containing atmosphere. For the first time, the influence of the particle size on the oxidation process has been identified. During the reaction, individual γ-Al2O3 oxide nuclei grow at the surface of Al particles with diameters less than 300 nm without laterally overlapping to form a protective passivating layer, as typically occurs during the oxidation of micron-sized particles or bulk metal. The localization of γ-Al2O3 nuclei is determined by the regions where peeling of the primary amorphous oxide film from the surface of the metal core of an Al particle occurs due to the thermal decomposition of aluminum hydroxides (T ≈ 350 °C) present within the particle shells. A significant increase in the contributions of the following factors leads to a high oxidation rate: the diffusion within the disordered structure of a particle core and the surface diffusion of cations (Ea = 80.6 ± 5.3 kJ mol-1, 400-450 °C), the surface and grain boundary diffusion of oxygen during the growth of γ-Al2O3 crystallites (Ea = 108.3 ± 11.2 kJ mol-1, 470-500 °C) and the surface and grain boundary transport of anions through an amorphous and underlying nanocrystalline oxide layer with a constant thickness (Ea = 205.1 ± 8.6 kJ mol-1, 520-550 °C). The results obtained make it possible to expand the theoretical understanding of the manifestations of the size effect in solid-phase reactions and take into account its influence in practice.

Pure red upconverted and near-infrared luminescence properties of Er3+ -doped SnO2 nanocrystals for lighting applications.

Tin oxide (SnO2 ) nanocrystalline powders doped with erbium ion (Er3+ ) in different molar ratios (0, 3, 5, and 7mol%) were prepared using a solid-state reaction technique. These samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultraviolet-visible absorption, visible upconversion, and near-infrared luminescence techniques. XRD analysis revealed the tetragonal rutile structure of SnO2 and the average crystallite size was about 32 nm. From Tauc's plots, it was confirmed that the substitution of Er3+ ions into the SnO2 host lattice resulted in the narrowing its band gap. Optical absorption bands at 520 and 654 nm correspond to the 4f electron transitions of Er3+ further confirming visible light absorption. Infrared luminescence spectra showed a broad band centred at 1536 nm which is assigned to the 4 I13/2 → 4 I15/2 transition of Er3+ . Visible upconverted emission spectra under 980 nm excitation exhibit a strong red luminescence with a main peak at 672 nm which is attributed to the 4 F9/2 → 4 I15/2 transition of Er3+ . Power-dependent upconversion spectra confirmed that two photons participated in the upconversion mechanism. Enhancement in the intensities of both visible and infrared luminescence was observed when raising the concentration. The results pave the way for the potential applications of these nanocrystalline powders in energy harvesting applications such as infrared light upconverting layer in solar cells, light emitting diodes, infrared broadband sources and amplifiers, and biological labelling.

Combustion synthesis of Eu2O3 nanomaterials with tunable phase composition and morphology

Combustion reactions in europium nitrate – acetylacetone – 2-methoxyethanol solutions and gels were investigated to produce europium (III) oxide (Eu2O3) nanocrystalline materials and thin films. Thermal analyses of solutions indicated that the 2-methoxyethanol solvent also acts as a fuel in the absence of acetylacetone. Adding acetylacetone increases the overall heat of the reaction. Thermal analysis results revealed that the slow oxidation of unburned hydrocarbon residues follows the primary combustion reaction. Time-temperature profile measurements of the bulk combustion synthesis process in air and nitrogen atmospheres enabled the extraction of the maximum reaction temperature and the heating and cooling rates in the combustion zone. Several direct correlations exist between measured combustion parameters and the phase composition of the products. Combustion in air results in mixed-phase cubic and monoclinic nanocrystalline Eu2O3. Increasing the acetylacetone concentration in solutions increases the synthesis temperature and decreases the quantity of cubic Eu2O3. The reaction of solutions in a nitrogen atmosphere or diluted with Eu2O3 provides control of the product phase composition and reduces the quantity of the monoclinic phase. Transmission electron microscopy imaging shows that the Eu2O3 end products are highly porous aggregates of nanocrystalline particles. Electrospraying of reactive solutions onto different substrates followed by short annealing makes the preparation of Eu2O3 materials with diverse morphologies possible.

Al Doping Influence on the Properties of Sol–Gel Synthetized ZnO Nanoparticles

Herein, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocrystalline powders with different aluminum (Al) concentrations (from 0 to 4 wt%) have been successfully synthesized via sol–gel technique. The structure and morphology of the Al‐doped ZnO (AZO) nanoparticles are investigated using X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy. The XRD results reveal the reduction in the crystallite size with increasing the Al doping ratio. ZnO phase is observed in all samples with no extra peaks. In addition, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy is used to study the effect of Al dopant on the ZnO nanopowder optical properties. it is concluded that increasing Al concentration leads to decrease in energy gap (Eg) value from 3.30 eV (for undoped ZnO) to 3.25 eV (for AZO with highest concentration, 4 wt%). Finally, according to the obtained results, the ability to tune the bandgap of the prepared samples makes them superior candidates for using in various applications, especially optoelectronic devices.

Visible Light–Near-Infrared Dual-Band Electrochromic Device

We herein propose a proof of concept of a full dual-band electrochromic (EC) device able to selectively modulate solar light between 300 and 1600 nm. Dual-band control was achieved by exploiting the complementarity and cooperation of two earth-abundant and nontoxic transition metal oxide nanocrystalline materials able to absorb two different spectral regions when electrochemically charged. The active materials were obtained through a microwave-based synthetic protocol able to produce massive amounts of ligand-free water-soluble TiO2@WO3–x colloidal heterostructured nanocrystals. The inorganic heterostructures were deposited via a spray-coating airbrushing method. Graphene was adopted as a near-infrared (NIR) transparent material for the realization of conductive substrates. The nano-dimensions and stable solubility of active materials during the deposition process endorse the development of scattering-free nanostructured electrodes and high device transparency under open-circuit conditions, respectively. The spectro-electrochemical properties of the as-made nanostructured electrodes were evaluated in relation to pure WO3–x and TiO2 single nanomaterials and a blend of these. The heterostructured architecture ensures a lower optical haze (around 8% of total radiation) as against the blend, contributing to improving the overall EC performance. The TiO2@WO3–x-based device shows 67% NIR shielding while preserving 60% of visible (VIS) transparency under cool-mode conditions and 89% screening of VIS and NIR radiation under the dark mode. These results represent an important step forward in the development of scalable dual-band EC devices.

A New Approach to Prepare LuFeMgO4

A new method for the production of LuFeMgO4 based on the combustion reaction of a gel-like precursor prepared from metal nitrates and fossil fuels has been proposed. The possibility to prepare this oxide from stoichiometric compositions of metal nitrates with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and glycine has been studied. The adiabatic combustion temperatures Tad have been estimated for the systems under consideration. The combustion products of PVA-nitrate and glycine-nitrate compositions before and after their heat treatment have been studied using X-ray diffraction analysis and IR spectroscopy. It has been established that the combustion reaction products of the PVA-nitrate composition are an X-ray amorphous powder, while those of the glycine-nitrate composition are a mixture of nanocrystalline oxides containing 52.5 wt % LuFeMgO4. According to X-ray diffraction and SEM data, 4-h annealing of this mixture at 1300°C leads to the formation of a single-phase LuFeMgO4 powder with a layered microstructure and a grain size of about 1–2 μm.

Ultra-low Doped-iron-containing Spinel Cobalt Oxide (Iron = 0.01) Nanocrystalline Thin Film on a Carbon-paper Electrode for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysis

Ultra-low Doped-iron-containing Spinel Cobalt Oxide (Iron = 0.01) Nanocrystalline Thin Film on a Carbon-paper Electrode for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysis

Self-Assembly of Nanocrystalline Structures from Freestanding Oxide Membranes.

The exploration of crystalline nanostructures enhances the understanding of quantum phenomena occurring in spatially confined quantum matter and may lead to functional materials with unforeseen applications. A novel route to fabricating nanocrystalline oxide structures of exceptional quality is presented. This is achieved by utilizing a self-assembly process of ultrathin membranes composed of the desired oxide. The thermally induced self-assembly of nanocrystalline structures is driven by dewetting the oxide membranes once they are lifted off and transferred onto sapphire surfaces. In three successive steps, the process provides nanovoids, nanowires, and nanocrystals. Regardless of substrate orientation, the nanostructures are highly anisotropic in shape due to material retraction favoring low-index crystalline lattice directions of the membranes. The orientation of the nanostructures is provided precisely by the crystal lattice of the transferred membrane. The microstructure of the nanocrystals exhibits exceptional quality, characterized by a pristine crystal structure and uniform stoichiometry, both maintained all the way down to the well-developed crystalline facets. The demonstrated self-assembly process holds the potential to improve the understanding of surface diffusion phenomena at the interface of materials, which is important for advancing epitaxial growth technology and paves the way to fabricating crystalline nanostructures by the transfer and self-assembly of membranes.

Amorphous F‐doped TiOx Caulked SnO2 Electron Transport Layer for Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells with Efficiency Exceeding 22.5%

AbstractFlexible perovskite solar cells (f‐PSCs) show great promise in portable‐power applications (e.g., chargers, drones) and low‐cost, scalable productions (e.g., roll‐to‐roll). However, in conventional n–i–p architecture f‐PSCs, the low‐temperature processed metal oxide electron transport layers (ETLs) usually suffer from high resistance and severe defects that limit the power conversion efficiency (PCE) improvement of f‐PSCs. Besides the enhancement in the mobility of metal oxide and passivation for perovskite/ETL interfacial defects reported in previous literature, herein, the electron transport loss between the metal oxide nanocrystallines within the ETL is studied by introducing an amorphous F‐doped TiOx (F‐TiOx) caulked crystalline SnO2 composite ETL. The F‐TiOx in this novel composite ETL acts as an interstitial medium between adjacent SnO2 nanocrystallines, which can provide more electron transport channels, effectively passivate oxygen vacancies, and optimize the energy level arrangement, thus significantly enhancing the electron mobility of ETL and reducing the charge transport losses. The composite ETL‐based f‐PSCs achieve a high PCE of 22.70% and good operational stability. Furthermore, a moderate roughness of the composite ETL endows f‐PSCs with superior mechanical reliability by virtue of a strong coupling at the ETL/perovskite interface, by which the f‐PSCs can maintain 82.11% of their initial PCE after 4000 bending cycles.