Oxidase-positive Research Articles

Determination of the Anti-bacterial potency of Allium sativum (Garlic) extract against Agrobacterium tumefaciens causing Crown Gall Disease

The isolated crown galls (a bacterial plant disease) from Pongamia pinnata leaf were investigated to identify the causative agent. The SEM analysis revealed that the causative agent in crown gall appeared to be a slender, pink and rod-shaped bacterium. The morphological, cultural, biochemical and tumorogenesis analyses were performed to identify causative organisms in the crown gall disease. The isolate was negative for Indole, MR and VP tests, but positive for Citrate, TSI, Urease, Catalase and Oxidase tests. The causative organism also developed a tumor-like sport during the potato disc assay after 3rd week of incubation. The causative agent in crown gall was identified as Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The ethanolic extract of Allium sativum produced an inhibitory zone of 15 mm against this isolate. The current study proved that ethanolic extract of garlic can be effectively used to treat crown gall disease in the economically valuable dicot plant of Pongamia pinnata.

Identification of antibiotic-resistant pathogens and virulence genes in Escherichia coli isolates from food samples in the Dhaka University campus of Bangladesh.

The presence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens in food is a serious public health concern nowadays. This study focuses on the isolation and characterization of potentially pathogenic Escherichia coli and antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in chicken curry and potato smash samples collected from the canteens and cafeteria of Dhaka University in Bangladesh. Isolates were identified by their cultural, morphological, and biochemical tests (motility indole urease test, Kliger's iron agar test, catalase test, oxidase test, methyl red and Voges-Proskauer tests). The antibiotic susceptibility test was done by the disk diffusion method. The range of total bacterial count in the potato smash and chicken curry samples was from 1.4 × 104 to 1.6 × 108 CFU/g and from 2.4 × 103 to 2.6 × 106 CFU/g, respectively. Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Vibrio, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Proteus, Clostridium, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Micrococcus, Bacillus, and Sarcina strains were isolated in both samples. Isolates were highly resistant to ampicillin (90.90%) followed by colistin (52.27%), azithromycin (27.27%), and tetracycline 25%. Proteus species had the highest rate of multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR; 62.5%), followed by Citrobacter species (50%). The isolated E. coli strains were further analyzed through PCR assay to detect virulent genes (EPEC: eaeA 229 bp, bfpA 450 bp, ETEC elt 322 bp, EHEC hylA 534 bp, and EIEC ial 320 bp). One E. coli isolate had the eaeA target gene under EPEC pathotypes. Escherichia coli, as a fecal indicator, may indicate fecal contamination or poor and unhygienic food handling. The findings recommend further investigations to identify potential mechanisms of contamination and preventive measures to improve the food safety level in the canteens and restaurants.

Antibiotic Sensitivity of Pathogenic Bacteria Associated with Subclinical Mastitis of Dairy Cows in the Poro Region of the Ivory Cost

Subclinical mastitis is the most considered pathology in dairy farming and is responsible for economic losses in cows. The condition remains asymptomatic in dairy cows and treatment is mainly done without laboratory analysis. The objective of this work is to research bacterial causes of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows and to study their sensitivity to certain antibiotics. Thus, this study was carried out in four departments (Korhogo, Sinématiali, Dikodougou and M'bengué) in the Poro region (Ivory Coast) from May to August 2022 in traditional farms on 288 neighborhood milk samples taken from dairy cows with subclinical mastitis. The milk samples were analyzed using standard bacteriological isolation and identification techniques. Staphylococcus aureus were isolated on Baird-Parker potassium tellurite agar and mixed with egg yolk, Klebsiella spp isolated on MacConkey agar, Escherichia coli isolated on MacConkey, Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated on TSA and King A agar, Micrococcus spp isolated on Chapman agar; then incubated at 37°C for 24 to 48 hours. The identification of bacteria was carried out by standard methods (appearance of colonies, Gram staining, catalase test, coagula-associated oxidase test, etc.). The biochemical characteristics were studied using the API Bio Mérieux galleries (API Staph and API20E etc.) The sensitivity of the main germs isolated was tested against ten (10) antimicrobials including those used in the treatment of mastitis by veterinary clinicians in the region. from Poro.The bacteriological analysis were identified 43% of Gram-positive cocci in minority, with particulary 18% of Staphylococcus aureus. In majority, Gram-negative bacilli were detected at 57% with particulary 38% of Enterobacteria (Klebsiella spp and Escherichia coli). The antibiogram showed excellent sensitivity to Staphylococcus aureus to Gentamycin 100%, good sensitivity to chloramphenicol and neomycin at 90% then acceptable sensitivity to the Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole combination, to cefalexin of 80%. The coagulase negative staphylococcus (SCN) group revealed good sensitivity to Cefalexin and Gentamicin of (87.5%) and acceptable sensitivity to Chloramphenicol, Neomycin of (75%) each. On the other hand, Enterobacteria showed excellent resistance to Ampicillin, Spiramycin and Penicillin 100% and acceptable resistance to Gentamycin (95.84%). Remarkable resistance has been observed on the following antibiotics : Ampicillin, Penicillin and Colistin. This remarkable resistance was noted in Staphylococci (100% for Staphylococcus aureus and 87.5% for SCN) and Enterobacteria. Given these results, suggestions were made for the treatment and prevention of subclinical mastitis on farms in the Poro region (northern Ivory Coast).

Role of Conservative Treatment and Outcome of Traumatic CSF Rhinorrhea

Background: Traumatic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea, a rare but serious consequence of head injuries, poses significant challenges in diagnosis and management. Understanding the efficacy of treatment modalities is crucial to improve patient outcomes and reduce complications. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of conservative versus surgical treatment in managing traumatic CSF rhinorrhea and to identify factors influencing treatment outcomes. Methods: A descriptive case series was conducted at Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center, Karachi, from September 2022 to February 2023. Thirty patients with traumatic CSF rhinorrhea, aged 18-60 years, were included. Data on patient demographics, site of CSF leakage, management approach, and recovery were collected. Diagnostic methods involved glucose oxidase test strips and imaging techniques. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 23. Results: Of the patients, 73.3% were male, and 26.7% were female. CSF leakage sites included the sphenoid sinus (36.7%), frontal sinus (33.3%), ethmoidal sinus (20.0%), and cribriform plate (10.0%). Conservative treatment controlled 80% of CSF rhinorrhea cases within 48 hours. Surgical intervention was necessary in 20% of cases, primarily for persistent leaks. The mean age of patients was 40.67±10.54 years. Conclusion: The study indicates that conservative management is effective in the majority of traumatic CSF rhinorrhea cases. However, surgical intervention remains crucial for cases unresponsive to initial treatment. These findings highlight the need for individualized treatment plans and suggest further research into optimizing management strategies for traumatic CSF rhinorrhea.

Antibiotic Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from Faecal Samples of Cow at Livestock Farm in Kedah, Malaysia

Introduction: Escherichia coli is a typical microflora found in the intestines of livestock, but regular exposure to antibiotics puts them under selection pressure to acquire antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to identify and characterise the antibiotic resistance profile of E. coli isolated in cow faeces collected from Tobiar Modern farm located in Kedah, Malaysia. Materials and methods: The antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) was conducted to assess the sensitivity of E. coli isolates to tetracycline (30 µg/mL), erythromycin (15 µg/mL) and ampicillin (10 µg/mL) using disk diffusion method followed by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assay. For molecular identification of selected resistant isolates, 16S rDNA gene sequencing was carried out. Results: Six (Isolates A1, P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5) out of 30 isolates were identified as E. coli based on their colonial morphological characteristics. The tests for catalase, indole, MR, TSI, and lactose fermentation all yielded positive results for the isolates, whereas the tests for oxidase, citrate, and VP yielded negative results. All six isolates were found to be erythromycin resistant. The Isolate P4 was observed as a multidrug resistant (MDR) bacterial strain since it exhibited resistance to all tested antibiotics. The MDR Isolate P4 is identified as E. coli strain LWY24 using molecular identification with a 99.7% identity rate. Conclusion: This study offers important preliminary information on the incidence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) on this particular local livestock farm. This data is useful for developing plans to reduce the prevalence of ARB in livestock.

Pathogenetic characterization of a Micrococcus luteus strain isolated from an infant.

To explore the clinical characteristics of Micrococcus luteus bloodstream infection in an infant and characterize the phenotype and genotype of the isolated strains, as well as seek suitable infection models for assessing virulence. Clinical data was collected from an infant patient diagnosed with M. luteus bloodstream infection. Metagenomic sequencing was performed on the isolated blood sample. The strain was isolated and underwent mass spectrometry, biochemical tests, antibiotic susceptibility assays, and whole-genome sequencing. The Galleria mellonella infection model was used to assess M. luteus virulence. Patient responded poorly to cephalosporins, but recovered after Linezolid treatment. Metagenomic sequencing identified M. luteus as the predominant species in the sample, confirming infection. They were identified as M. luteus with a high confidence level of 98.99% using mass spectrometry. The strain showed positive results for Catalase, Oxidase, and Urea tests, and negative results for Mannose, Xylose, Lactose, Mannitol, Arginine, and Galactose tests, consistent with the biochemical profile of M. luteus reference standards. M. luteus susceptibility to 15 antibiotics was demonstrated and no resistance genes were detected. Predicted virulence genes, including clpB, were associated with metabolic pathways and the type VI secretion system. The infection model demonstrated dose-dependent survival rates. The infant likely developed a bloodstream infection with M. luteus due to compromised immunity. Although the isolated strain is sensitive to cephalosporin antibiotics and has low pathogenicity in infection models, clinical treatment with cephalosporins was ineffective. Linezolid proved to be effective, providing valuable guidance for future clinical management of such rare infections.

Homofermentative Lactobacilli isolated from organic sources exhibit potential ability of lactic acid production.

There has been an increasing interest in recent years in lactic acid bacteria that are derived from organic sources for lactic acid production. This research article presents the isolation and identification of homofermentative lactic acid bacteria from various novel organic sources, followed by qualitative and quantitative analyses of lactic acid produced. A total of 32 isolates were identified initially from various sources, such as curd (C1, C2), probiotics (P1, P2, and P3), silage (Si1 and Si2), soil samples (S1, S2, and S3), vermicompost (V1 and V2), and Farmyard manure. Biochemical tests such as Gram's staining, catalase test, and oxidase test were conducted for preliminary identification of lactic acid bacteria using De Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe agar (MRS) media. Through selection and identification, based on colony morphology and biochemical characteristics, 18 isolates were identified as lactic acid bacteria. The subsequent analysis included a tube test, screening for organic acid production, and homofermentative screening using homofermentative-heterofermentative differential (HHD) medium for qualitative analysis of lactic acid. The results revealed that 9 out of 18 selected strains were homofermentative and had promising potential for the production of lactic acid. Furthermore, six isolates (P1-1, S1-3, C2-1, V2-3, P2-1, and C1-1) from all of the nine positive strains were subjected to pH testing (0, 24, 48, and 72 h) and titrimetric assay for estimation of % crude lactic acid present. The presence of lactic acid was confirmed using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). L (+)-Lactic acid was quantified using a K-LATE enzymatic assay kit, for the best three isolates (P1-1, S1-3, C2-1). Finally, the strains were subjected to 16SrRNA sequencing and were identified as Lactobacilli. Based on the findings of the study, it could be concluded that homofermentative lactic acid bacteria with significant LA-producing ability can be obtained from different organic sources and may prove to be useful in the successful production of lactic acid for biotechnological applications.

Auxin Production by Bacillus simplex Enhanced the Growth of Zea mays (L.) under In-Vitro and In-Vivo Conditions

In the current study Bacillus simplex was evaluated for its role inimproving the growth of maize (Zea mays (L.)) under lab and natural environmental conditions. Bacterial strains were tested for several biochemical traits and auxin biosynthesis. Maize seeds were surface sterilized and treated with bacterial strains as single and mixed cultures to evaluate the enhancement of maize vegetative growth parameters. All bacterial strains exhibited positive results for catalase, citrate and nitrate while negative for urease, indole, triple sugar iron and oxidase test. Colorimetric analysis revealed significant production of auxin by Z-13 (6.7μg/ml), Z-09 (5.8μg/ml), Z-37 (5.7 μg/ml), Z-38 (5.7μg/ml), Z-02 (5 μg/ml), Z-37 (4.5 μg/ml)and Z-04 (3.5 μg /ml) at 1000μg/ml concentration of L-tryptophan. At 0 μg/ml conc of L-tryptophan, Z-37, Z-13, Z-04, Z-09and Z-38 also manifested significant levels of auxin biosynthesis. In-vitrorooting assay revealed that Z-09, Z-35 and Z-37 showed significant increase in root length i.e., 1.2, 1.18 and 1.11-fold, respectively, as compared to control. Pot trials under natural conditions manifested significant improvements in shoot length by Z-38 (67.1%), Z-13 (51%), and Z-09 (43%), over control. Most significant results for fresh weight (120%) and dry weight (100%) in maize were shown by strain Z-38. Among mixed cultures C-1 (Z-02, Z-04, Z-09) improved shoot length (42%) and fresh weight (45%) with respect to control. Improvement in vegetative growth parameters of maize suggests that B. simplex can be used as an effective biofertilizer.

Antibiotic-Resistant Arcobacter spp. in commercial and smallholder farm animals in Asante Akim North Municipality, Ghana and Korogwe Town Council, Tanzania: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundArcobacter species are considered emerging foodborne pathogens that can potentially cause serious infections in animals and humans. This cross-sectional study determined the frequency of potentially pathogenic Arcobacter spp. in both commercial and smallholder farm animals in Ghana and Tanzania. A total of 1585 and 1047 (poultry and livestock) samples were collected in Ghana and Tanzania, respectively. Selective enrichment media, along with oxidase and Gram testing, were employed for isolation of suspected Arcobacter spp. and confirmation was done using MALDI-TOF MS. Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed through disk diffusion method and ECOFFs were generated, for interpretation, based on resulting inhibition zone diameters.ResultsThe overall Arcobacter frequency was higher in Ghana (7.0%, n = 111) than in Tanzania (2.0%, n = 21). The frequency of Arcobacter in commercial farms in Ghana was 10.3% (n/N = 83/805), while in Tanzania, it was 2.8% (n/N = 12/430). Arcobacter was detected in only 3.6% (n/N = 28/780) of the samples from smallholder farms in Ghana and 1.5% (n/N = 9/617) of the samples from Tanzania. For commercial farms, in Ghana, the presence of Arcobacter was more abundant in pigs (45.1%, n/N = 37/82), followed by ducks (38.5%, n/N = 10/26) and quails (35.7%, n/N = 10/28). According to MALDI-TOF-based species identification, Arcobacter butzleri (91.6%, n/N = 121/132), Arcobacter lanthieri (6.1%, n/N = 8/132), and Arcobacter cryaerophilus (2.3%, n/N = 3/132) were the only three Arcobacter species detected at both study sites. Almost all of the Arcobacter from Ghana (98.2%, n/N = 109/111) were isolated during the rainy season. The inhibition zone diameters recorded for penicillin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol allowed no determination of an epidemiological cut-off value. However, the results indicated a general resistance to these three antimicrobials. Multidrug resistance was noted in 57.1% (n/N = 12/21) of the Arcobacter isolates from Tanzania and 45.0% (n/N = 50/111) of those from Ghana. The type of farm (commercial or smallholder) and source of the sample (poultry or livestock) were found to be associated with multi-drug resistance.ConclusionsThe high levels of MDR Arcobacter detected from farms in both countries call for urgent attention and comprehensive strategies to mitigate the spread of antimicrobial resistance in these pathogens.

Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Proteus mirabilis Bacteria from Poultry Meat in the Iraqi Market and a Study of their Resistance to some Antibiotics

The study included the collection of (30) samples of local poultry meat in the Iraqi markets, to isolate and diagnose the p.mirabilis bacteria contaminated with them. Several microscopic, morphological and biochemical tests were conducted on the bacteria, including the catalase and oxidase test, the urea test, the lactose sugar fermentation test, and the indol test, then confirmed the final bacterial diagnosis using the Vietek2 technique. The results showed positive bacteria for catalase, negative for the oxidase test, unable to ferment the sugar lactose, negative for the indole test, and positive for the urease test.. A bacterial resistance test was conducted for a number of antibiotics, as the bacteria showed high resistance to many of the following antibiotics (Amoxicillin\\Clavulanic acid, Azithromycin, Cefotaxime, Cefixime), and the bacteria showed high sensitivity by bacteria to many antibiotics, namely (Amikacin, Ciprofloxacin, Imipenem, meropenem).

Chemical and Molecular Detection of New Strains of Xanthomonas Campestris pv. Vesicatoria and Pseudomonas putida Associated with Tomato Crop

The lack of research on bacterial diseases and the infrequency of discovering new strains in Iraq prompted the current investigation to examine the occurrence and seriousness of bacterial spot disease on tomatoes in certain areas of Najaf City during the 2022 agricultural season. Additionally, the aim was to isolate and identify the bacterial species Pseudomonas putida. The results from the pathogenicity test revealed that the Xanthomonas Campestris pv. vesicatoria isolate, X. Campestris 2, demonstrated a higher level of disease severity (74%) on tomatoes compared to other isolates, whereas X. Campestris 18 exhibited the lowest pathogenicity (30.76%). The bacterial isolates were confirmed to be X. Campestris pv. vesicatoria species based on diagnostic keys. Microscopic and macroscopic examination confirmed the presence of Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria with circular, yellow colonies on NA medium, while on YDC medium, the bacterial growth appeared as shiny, yellow, and moist colonies. The results of biochemical tests indicated that X. Campestris pv. vesicatoria tested positive for certain tests including the Catalase test, Gelatin Hydrolysis, Motility test, and Aesculin Hydrolysis. However, it tested negative for the Oxidase test, Arginine Hydrolysis, KOH Solubility, and Starch hydrolysis. As for P. putida, microscopic examination revealed Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria. On King’s B agar, the macroscopic examination showed creamy-colored growth, and the bacteria displayed a bright blue color. The test results indicated positive outcomes for the Catalase test, Oxidase test, Arginine Hydrolysis, Motility test, and fluorescence under UV light, appearing as a bright blue color. The bacteria tested negative for Starch hydrolysis, Indole test, Gelatin liquefaction, and KOH Solubility. Molecular diagnosis based on the 16S rRNA gene confirmed the presence of new strains in the analyzed isolates, which were deposited in NCBI with Accession Numbers: OM966903 for X. Campestris bacteria and OM988185 and OM988186 for P. putida isolates. Furthermore, treatment with P. putida 1 exhibited the highest rate of inhibition against the growth of X. Campestris 2, with a diameter of 26.67 mm, followed by P. putida 2 with an inhibition rate of 16.33 mm, compared to the control treatment, which showed no inhibition (0.00 mm).

Isolation and Identification of Staphylococcus-aureus Bacteria from Local Meat Samples and Study of their Antibiotic Resistance

The study included the collection of (50) samples of local red meat in the Iraqi markets, to isolate and diagnose the s-aureus bacteria contaminated with them. Several microscopic, morphological and biochemical tests were conducted on the bacteria, including the catalase and oxidase test, the urea test, the mannitol sugar fermentation test, and the plasma coagulation test, then confirmed the final bacterial diagnosis using the Vietek2 technique. The results showed positive bacteria for catalase, urea production, ability of bacteria to ferment mannitol sugar and plasma coagulation, but it was negative for oxidase test. A bacterial resistance test was conducted for a number of antibiotics, as the bacteria showed high resistance to many of the following antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin, Amoxicillin\\Clavulanic acid, Pipepracillin, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxon), and the bacteria showed high sensitivity by bacteria to many antibiotics, namely (Amikacin, Vancomycin, Imipenem, meropenem).

Isolation and Diagnosis of the Bacterium Pectobacterium Caratovorium, the Causative Agent of Soft Rot Disease on Potatoes, Macroscopically and Biochemically

This study aimed to isolate the bacterium Pectobacterium sp., the causal agent of soft rot disease on potato tubers, and to test its pathogenicity on potato tuber slices. It was also aimed to diagnose it macroscopically and biochemically to the species level. The isolation results showed that 40 bacterial isolates were obtained from potato stems, tubers, and soils collected from potato cultivation fields and storage facilities for the 2021 agricultural season from the areas of Yusufiyah, Radwaniyah, Abu Ghraib, Taji, Madaen, and Alwa Jamila. The results of the pathogenicity test for 40 isolates on potato slices showed that they had different pathogenicity in damaging potato slices, with three isolates (Pc1, Pc4, and Pc11) significantly outperforming the remaining isolates and the control treatment. The three isolates (Pc1, Pc4, and Pc11) were diagnosed to the species level based on morphological characteristics, ability to grow on some selective and differential media, and biochemical reactions as Pectobacterium carotovorum. The microscopic examination of samples from bacterial growth showed short rod-shaped cells, single or paired, negative for Gram staining, and motile. The biochemical reaction results showed that they had the ability to hydrolyze artificial pectin and reduce sucrose, were negative for oxidase test, methyl red test, Fox-Proskauer test, and phenylalanine deaminase test, and positive for free oxygen test, tolerance to salinity, production of ammonia from peptone, production of gas from glucose, hydrolysis of starch, ability to consume simple sugars, hydrolysis of gelatin, and ability to grow at 38°C.

Identifikasi Bakteri Pada Pasien Infeksi Luka Operasi (ILO) Pasca Bedah Orthopedi Di RS X Pekalongan

Surgical wound infection (SSI) is an infection caused by pathogenic microorganisms that contaminate surgical wounds during surgery or after surgery. ILO can occur, among other things, in cases of orthopedic surgery. ILO after orthopedic surgery generally occurs within 30 days after surgery (if not using implants) or within 1 year (if using implants). Based on medical record data from Hospital This research is a descriptive study with the aim of finding out the types of bacteria found in ILO isolates after undergoing orthopedic surgery. Samples were taken using census sampling techniques during March 2023. The total number of samples obtained was 5 samples. The research was carried out by identifying bacterial findings based on biochemical properties. The results of the study showed that from the 5 specimens examined, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were found with gram positive characteristics, MSA test (+) mannitol fermenter, sensitive to novobiocin, positive catalase, and positive CPT. Other bacteria found were Escherichia coli with gram negative characteristics, lactose fermenting MCA, metallic red colonies, and a positive indole test. Achromobacter sp with gram negative characteristics, non-lactose fermenter MCA, positive citrate, and positive oxidase test. It can be concluded that from ILO isolates after orthopedic surgery at Hospital

Isolation and characterization of Pinibacter soli sp. nov., and in silico genome mining of Pinibacter for biosynthetic gene cluster prediction

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile and non-flagellated novel bacterial strain, designated MAH-24T, was isolated from the rhizospheric soil of a pine garden. The colonies were observed to be orange-coloured, smooth, spherical and 0.4–0.8 mm in diameter when grown on Reasoner's 2A agar medium for 2 days. Strain MAH-24T was found to be able to grow at 10–35 °C, at pH 6.0–9.0 and in the presence of 0–1.0 % NaCl (w/v). The strain was found to be positive for the catalase and oxidase tests. The strain was positive for hydrolysis of aesculin and l-tyrosine. According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, the isolate was identified as a member of the genus Pinibacter and to be closely related to Pinibacter aurantiacus MAH-26T (99.2 % sequence similarity). The novel strain MAH-24T has a draft genome size of 5 918 133 bp (13 contigs), annotated with 4613 protein-coding genes, 47 tRNA and three rRNA genes. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between strain MAH-24T and the closest type strain P. aurantiacus MAH-26T were in the range of 85.3 and 29.9 %, respectively. In silico genome mining revealed that both novel strain MAH-24T and P. aurantiacus MAH-26T have a significant potential for the production of novel natural products in the future. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 41.0 mol%. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone-7. The major fatty acids were identified as C15:0 iso, C15:1 iso G and C17:0 iso 3OH. On the basis of dDDH, ANI, genotypic, chemotaxonomic and physiological data, strain MAH-24T represents a novel species within the genus Pinibacter , for which the name Pinibacter soli sp. nov. is proposed, with MAH-24T (=KACC 19747T=CGMCC 1.13659T) as the type strain.

Isolation and Characterization of Bacteriophage against Drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most successful pathogens due to its vast arsenal of virulence factors, including anchor proteins, secreted toxins and enzymes, polysaccharides, and immune system modulators. Bacteriophages are viruses that specifically target and infect bacterial cells. Bacteriophage is studied widely to improve the safety of foods and prevent food borne diseases of bacterial etiology, as well as to reduce the use of antibiotics in livestock. Besides, therapeutic applications of bacteriophage in human and the usage of phages in veterinary medicine and agriculture are also highly assessed. Hence, the present study aimed to isolate and to characterize Staphylococcus aureus specific bacteriophage. Bacteriophages were isolated from various environmental water samples. After incubation growth occurred in MSA and NA plate. On Staphylococcus aureus, antibiotic discs showed some useful identifying zones. It was performed with the use of five antibiotics: Penicillin, Oxacillin, Tetracyclin, Gentamycin and Cefoxitin. Penicillin, Oxacillin are showing no zones, for that reason showed resistant pattern. Environmental phages were then selected based on the size and clarity of their plaques. Bacteriophage produce some clear zone against bacteria. The isolated bacteriophages were found to be able to lyse the Staphylococcus aureus. S. aureus was isolated on nutrient agar media and mannitol salt agar media and confirmed by biochemical test like catalase test, coagulase test and oxidase test. Drug-resistant S. aureus also form some specific zones in the nutrient agar plates. Then allowed to compare this two specific zones stability.

Sphingobium agri sp. nov., isolated from rhizospheric soil of eggplant.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, short rod-shaped and motile bacterial strain, designated MAH-33T, was isolated from rhizospheric soil of eggplant. The colonies were observed to be yellow-coloured, smooth, spherical and 0.1-0.3 mm in diameter when grown on TSA agar medium for 2 days. Strain MAH-33T was found to be able to grow at 10-40 °C, at pH 5.0-10.0 and at 0-3.0 % NaCl (w/v). The strain was found to be positive for both oxidase and catalase tests. The strain was positive for hydrolysis of tyrosine and aesculin. According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, the isolate was identified as a member of the genus Sphingobium and to be closely related to Sphingobium quisquiliarum P25T (98.4 % similarity), Sphingobium mellinum WI4T (97.8 %), Sphingobium fuliginis TKPT (97.3 %) and Sphingobium herbicidovorans NBRC 16415T (96.9 %). The novel strain MAH-33T has a draft genome size of 3 908 768 bp (28 contigs), annotated with 3689 protein-coding genes, 45 tRNA and three rRNA genes. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain MAH-33T and closely related type strains were in the range of 79.8-81.6 % and 23.2-24.5 %, respectively. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 62.2 %. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone 10. The major fatty acids were identified as C16 : 0 and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c and/or C18 : 1 ω6c). The polar lipids identified in strain MAH-33T were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, sphingoglycolipid, phosphatidylcholine; one unknown phospholipid and one unknown lipid. On the basis of digital DNA-DNA hybridization, ANI value, genotypic analysis, chemotaxonomic and physiological data, strain MAH-33T represents a novel species within the genus Sphingobium, for which the name Sphingobium agri sp. nov. is proposed, with MAH-33T (=KACC 19973T = CGMCC 1.16609T) as the type strain.

Exploring the Efficacy of Bacillus oceanisediminis Ba9 from Asian Seabass Cage Sediment in Saline Wastewater Treatment

Preventing toxicity in aquaculture systems from ammonia and nitrite is important. This study isolated the salt-tolerant Bacillus sp. strain Ba9 from bottom sediment under an Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer) cage cultivating at Koh Yor, Songkhla, Thailand. Morphological characteristics showed that strain Ba9 was rod-shaped, endospore-forming, and Gram-positive. Strain Ba9 grew well at a salinity of 1.5 to 4.0% NaCl. The catalase test of the isolate was positive, while the oxidase test was negative. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing data and phylogenetic tree analysis, strain Ba9 was identified as B. oceanisediminis with 97% similarity (strain HQB337T). The result showed that the ammonium removal efficiency of Ba9 in a high ammonium medium was 64.24%. The nitrite and nitrate production were 0.10% and 0.08%, respectively. Consequently, sucrose had been the optimal carbon source for Ba9, which showed ammonium removal was 61.05%. Ammonium sulfate is the most suitable for ammonium oxidation, with 50.53% for the nitrogen source. The optimal C/N ratio of strain Ba9 was 8, with 71.15% ammonia removal. For wastewater improvement, strain Ba9 was inoculated into artificial wastewater for 14 days. The result showed that the ammonium removal efficiency of Ba9 was 96.87%. In addition, the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal efficiency of Ba9 was 90.86%. From this result, the salt-tolerant B. oceanisediminis Ba9 has a high potential as a microbial product for water quality management in marine aquaculture.

Index of Proteolytic Bacterial Activity in Rice-Fish Farming System

Rice-fish farming system cultivation is one of the developments in fisheries cultivation technology that can increase the economic value of society. However, fish farming activities carried out in rice-fish farming system ponds will produce organic waste from metabolic waste and inedible feed. The organic waste in the water is used to grow and reproduce bacteria. This study aimed to determine the number of bacteria and the proteolytic bacterial activity index in the water of rice cultivation ponds. Purposive sampling method was employed in the study, namely by taking water samples in each rice-fish farming system cultivation pond at predetermined points and representing the population. Bacterial isolation was conducted on general bacterial media and skim milk agar media. Then Gram, catalase, and oxidase tests were conducted and the proteolytic activity index was calculated. The results obtained from this study were bacterial counts ranging from 0.18-0.8 x 104 CFU/mL. Pond A's proteolytic bacterial activity index at the inlet point was 0.22, the middle was 1, and the outlet was 0.54. The results of the proteolytic activity index for the Pond E at the inlet point was 0.84, middle, and it was 1.2, and outlet 0.84. Apart from that, the average proteolytic activity index, in Pond A it was 0.5, and in Pond E the average proteolytic activity index was 0.9.

Isolation and Identification of Bacteria Present on Spectacles

The human eyes have a special anatomy that makes them vulnerable to infectious agents, including bacteria, as well as direct environmental exposure. The eyelids, conjunctiva, and cornea are the main parts of the eyes that are most frequently infected. The numerous microorganisms have been linked to eye infections caused by microbial contamination and colonization of eyeglasses. A study reported the presence of bacterial contaminants on spectacles used by students at Shri Shivaji Science and Arts College Chikhli, in July 2023 to August 2023, Such as Pseudomonas sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Bacillus sp. Total 40 samples are collect from different students such as 14 samples are collected from 11th Students, 12 samples are collected from 12th Students, 08 samples are collected from B.Sc. Students and 06 Samples collected from M.Sc. Students were taken by using sterile cotton swabs that had been moistened with sterile distilled water. After that it was inoculated on the Blood agar and MacConkey agar by streak plate method and incubated for 24 hours at 37°C. After incubation for 24 hours at 37°C, for confirmed the growing microorganism by using different tests such as Gram Staining, Hanging-Drop method, IMViC test, Carbohydrate fermentation, Enzyme production (Catalase Test and Oxidase Test), and Triple Sugar Iron Agar test are performed as per required for confirmation. All samples shows positive results, when we examined results, it shows different bacteria are present such as Bacillus sp. (55%), Pseudomonas sp. (42.50%), Staphylococcus aureus (22.50%), and Staphylococcus epidermidis (12.50%). The results shows that the there was contamination by pathogenic bacteria on spectacles used by the students of Shri Shivaji Science and Arts College Chikhli. It means spectacles provide suitable condition for survive of pathogenic bacteria then its leads to the cause of eyes infection.