Overnight Feeding Research Articles

Potentially clinically toxic concentrations of whole blood manganese in a patient fed enterally with a high tea consumption

This report describes a 37-year-old female patient who after seven years on intermittent overnight enteral feeding supplementation was noted to have an increased whole blood manganese concentration. Manganese toxicity is well documented after pathological absorption through inhalation via the lungs, or after intravenous administration to patients on long-term total parenteral nutrition. A dietary history revealed high tea consumption. The association between high blood manganese concentrations and enteral/oral nutrition does not appear to have previously been described.

Home enteral feeding audit 1 year post‐initiation

OBJECTIVE To determine the practical problems that families of children on home enteral tube feeds (HETF) experience in the first year post-hospital discharge. METHODS Thirty parents/carers of children (0-16 years) completed a multiple choice/short answer questionnaire by interview 12 months after discharge from hospital. Issues addressed included: home delivery of feed and equipment; pump usage; tube changes; and overnight feeding. The main problems identified were: sleep disturbance (75%); frequent tube dislodgement (46%); tube blockages (41%); inability of some home delivery companies (HDC) to provide all the paediatric special feeds required (43%); and pump inaccuracy (23%). Conclusions Children on long-term HETF and their families experience significant problems with sleep disturbance, tube dislodgement and tube blockage. In addition, accuracy of pumps and obtaining feed and equipment was a source of stress. Dietitians and community nurses urgently need to explore solutions to the common problems associated with overnight feeding. Furthermore, regular home reviews are necessary in long-term HETF to continue to identify and minimize problems.

Structure–activity relationship of linear tetrapeptides Tic-DPhe-Arg-Trp-NH 2 at the human melanocortin-4 receptor and effects on feeding behaviors in rat

The melanocortin subtype-4 receptor (MC4R) has been implicated in the control of feeding behavior and body weight regulation. A series of tetrapeptides, based on Tic-DPhe-Arg-Trp-NH 2—a mimic of the putative message sequence “His-Phe-Arg-Trp” and modified at the DPhe position, were prepared and pharmacologically characterized for potency and selectivity. Substitution of His with Tic gave peptides with significant increases in selectivity. The effects of the substitution pattern of DPhe were investigated and it has significant influences on potency and the level of the maximum cAMP accumulation. Intracerebroventricular administration of peptide 10 induced significant inhibition of cumulative overnight food intake and feeding duration in rats.

Synthesis and activity of 4,5-diarylimidazoles as human CB1 receptor inverse agonists

Structure–activity relationship studies directed toward the optimization of 4,5-diarylimidazole-2-carboxamide analogs as human CB1 receptor inverse agonists resulted in the discovery of the two amide derivatives 24a and b (hCB1 IC 50 = 6.1 and 4.0 nM) which also demonstrated efficacy in overnight feeding studies in the rat for reduction in both food intake and overall body weight.

Effect of Aphid Behavior on Efficiency of Transmission of Soybean mosaic virus by the Soybean-Colonizing Aphid, Aphis glycines.

The soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) was a poor vector (0.83% transmission) when the aphids were allowed overnight acquisition feed on Soybean mosaic virus (SMV)-infected soybean leaves. However, A. glycines was shown to be a very efficient vector (34.72% transmission) when individual aphids were allowed a 1-min acquisition probe on the same infected leaves used for the feeding treatment. Similar results were obtained with Myzus persicae and tobacco in transmission experiments of the potyviruses Tobacco etch virus (feeding: 1.36%; probing: 45.5%) and Tobacco vein mottling virus (feeding: 2.0%; probing: 47.5%). A reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was developed to detect SMV in single soybean aphids using a pair of primers designed to amplify a 469-bp PCR fragment in the coding region of SMV coat protein. In contrast to the low transmission rate obtained with the soybean aphids that acquired virus through overnight feeding, RT-PCR detected SMV in 100% of these aphids. Interestingly, the rate of SMV detection by RT-PCR in aphids that were allowed a 1-min acquisition probe (31.67%) coincided with percent transmission (34.72%). The practical application of RT-PCR in detecting nonpersistently transmitted viruses and its implications for virus epidemiology are discussed.

Depletion of host-derived cyanide in the gut of the eastern tent caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum.

Using a colorimetric procedure, we assessed the HCN-p of black cherry leaves (Prunus serotina) ingested by the eastern tent caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum, and the cyanide content of the bolus as it passed thorough the caterpillar's digestive tract and into the detritus pool. The mean HCN-p of leaves in our study area was 1902 +/- 174 (SE) ppm. Young leaves found at the tips of growing branches, which the caterpillars preferred, had a significantly higher HCN-p (3032 +/- 258 ppm) than older leaves found at the middle (1542 +/- 243 ppm) or base of the shoot (1131 +/- 159 ppm). Following a bout of overnight feeding on young leaves, the cyanide content of the foregut and midgut boluses of early sixth-instar caterpillars averaged 631 +/- 161 ppm, and 14 +/- 3 ppm, respectively, indicating that host-derived cyanide is rapidly depleted as the bolus transits the gut. Some cyanide, however, remains. In three studies, the mean cyanide content of fresh fecal pellets ranged from approximately 20 to 38 ppm, while the dried, compacted pellets ranged from 63 to 85 ppm. Food in the foreguts of mature caterpillars dispersing over the ground in search of pupation sites had 417 +/- 99 ppm cyanide. The potential impact of this egested and caterpillar-transported cyanide on the consumer and detritivore communities is discussed.

Bioluminescent Determination of Lactose Secretion: A Measure of the In Vitro Performance of Mammary Acini from Lactating Rats

A culture system for lactating rat mammary acini was evaluated, where the primary indicator of performance was lactose secretion, measured by a sensitive bioluminescence assay. Lactose secretion was reduced by half (p<0.01) over the first 6 h of culture by overnight feed withdrawal (FW) from tissue donors but was sensitive to increased glucose concentration in the culture media (p<0.001) up to 30 mM. Lactose production of cells from fed donors over the first 6 h in culture in 30 mM glucose was 8.9 fmol/cell/h -a rate calculated to be about half that in vivo. No significant difference was shown in lactose secretion by cells from fed or FW rats over 6-24 h. Lactose secretion was 3.6 fmol/cell/h by cells from fed animals in 40 mM glucose concentration media over the 6-24 h culture period. Addition of insulin to the culture media had no effect on rates of lactose secretion while addition of prolactin and hydrocortisone, with or without insulin, significantly (p<0.001) decreased lactose production over both 0-6 h and 6-24 h culture periods. Lactose synthesis in vitro was significantly enhanced by aeration of the media during collagenase digestion of mammary tissue (p<0.05). No improvement in lactose secretion was effected by shaking of cells during culture, Matrigel coating of culture dishes or change in cell density over a range up to 2.5 million cells per ml.

Effect of pre-slaughter overnight feed withdrawal on pig carcass and muscle quality

The effects of three feed withdrawal treatments (unfasted, 15 h overnight fast at the abattoir, 15 h overnight fast at the piggery) and three additional abattoir lairage times (0–1, 2–3 or 4–5 h) on pig carcass and non-carcass body component yields and on muscle quality characteristics were evaluated. Liveweight yield was lower (P &lt; 0.05) for pigs fasted in the abattoir (by 17 g kg–1) and the piggery (by 22 g kg–1) than for unfasted pigs given a 2–5 h abattoir lairage. Of this decrease, 40–50% was attributed to a lower carcass yield, while the remainder was attributed to a decrease in yield of non-carcass components, especially the gastrointestinal tract. Feed withdrawal decreased (P &lt; 0.05) the amount of distension of the intestinal tract, and increased (P &lt; 0.05) the amount of carcass skin damage due to fighting. It had no effect (P &gt; 0.05) on carcass lean yield, amount of shrink during the chilling process, yield of wholesale cuts, yields of dissected lean, fat and bone in the wholesale cuts, or moisture, fat and protein levels in the longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle. The overnight fast had little impact on LT muscle quality with the exception of slight darkening of the colour of muscles of pigs from which feed was withdrawn at the piggery. Feed withdrawal has the potential to reduce the problem of disposal of gut contents and the risk of carcass contamination as a result of nicking the gastrointestinal tract, and to slightly darken muscle tissue without affecting other meat quality traits. These benefits must be balanced against a decreased carcass yield and an increase in skin damage due to fighting. Key words: Feed restriction, fasting, gastrointestinal tract, gut fill, carcass yield, pork quality

Management factors affecting activity and aggression in dynamic group housing systems with electronic sow feeding: a field trial

AbstractA series of 24-h video studies on four commercial Danish pig herds investigated the behaviour of pregnant sows kept in dynamic groups (72 to 200 sows) with electronic sow feeding (ESF). The herds mainly differed with respect to provision of a layer of unchopped straw as bedding material, the frequency of introduction/removal of animals, space allowance in the lying area, group size and number of feeding stations, and starting times for the feeding cycle. All herds had one feeding cycle per 24 h. Six 24-h video recordings in the most settled period with respect to rank relationships (2 to 12 days after the last introduction) were collected from each herd and analysed according to activity and aggressive interactions. In two of the four herds recordings were collected in two separate periods with different starting times for the feeding cycle. In all herds peaks of activity in the morning and in the afternoon were evident. Furthermore, the diurnal variation was overlaid by an increase in activity at the start of the feeding cycle. The activity and aggression in the feeding area as well as the duration per sow of the period with high feeder occupation were lowest in herds where a layer of straw bedding was provided. Changing feeding start from day time to night time was accompanied by a reduced feeder occupation in the period following start of the feeding cycle. However, in herd 1 (characterized by no litter, high stocking density and high frequency of grouping) the level of aggression was reduced, whereas it was increased in herd 2 (characterized by straw in lying area, low stocking density, low frequency of regrouping). Number of regroupings and space allowance apparently had no obvious effects on the average frequency of aggression or the aggression per sow at risk in periods between introduction of new animals, but space allowance may have improved social function by weakening the association between activity and aggression. Due to the small number of herds included the present results were descriptive rather than conclusive. However, the study supports the suggestions that provision of unchopped straw as bedding material and starting the feeding cycle in the evening for overnight feeding may improve behaviour in dynamic group housing systems with ESF. However, the benefits of starting the feeding cycle in the evening may depend on low disturbance in daytime from other management procedures.

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy feeding in patients with cystic fibrosis

BackgroundMalnutrition is a common management problem in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Various approaches to supplemental nutrition by both parenteral and enteral routes have been used.AimTo analyse the efficacy and...

Plasma Cholecystokinin-8 in Pigs With Divergent Genetic Potential for Feed Intake and Growth

Plasma cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8) was studied in pigs with divergent genetic potential for feed intake. Differences in feed intake resulted from selection for either fast (line F) or slow (line S) postweaning gain. The hypothesis was that the relatively lesser feed intake in S versus F may be attributable, in part, to greater circulating concentrations of the putative satiety hormone CCK-8. In Experiment 1, barrows from F ( n = 23) and S ( n = 19) were used to determine changes in CCK-8 associated with ad libitum feed consumption. Blood samples were collected after overnight feed deprivation, then periodically during a 2-hr feeding period. Averaged across sampling times, concentration of CCK-8 tended to be greater (P = 0.07) in S (6.70 pmol/l) than in F (5.06 pmol/l). Concentration of CCK-8 per unit of feed consumed (CCK-8/cumulative feed intake) was greater (P < 0.01) in S than in F during the first 30 min of the feeding period. In Experiment 2, plasma concentrations were determined for nine pairs (F, S) of the same barrows allowed an amount of feed equal to the previous ad libitum intake of the S barrow in the pair. Averaged across times, the difference between CCK-8 concentrations of S (11.65 pmol/l) and F (7.94 pmol/l) barrows was not significant (P = 0.18). A greater concentration of CCK-8 per unit of feed consumed in S than in F supports the hypothesis that satiety effects of CCK-8 may play a role in genetic differences between the lines for feed intake.

Localization of enzymes involved in metabolism of glycyrrhizin in contents of rat gastrointestinal tract.

Most digested food 2 h after overnight feeding in rat remained in the stomach, duodenum, upper small intestine, lower small intestine, cecum and colon, all of which indicated pH between 4 and 7 and had glycyrrhizin (GL) hydrolyzing activity. This enzyme activity was highest in the cecal and colonic contents among all gastrointestinal contents. Also, 3 alpha-hydroxyglycyrrhetic acid (3 alpha-hydroxyGA) and 3 beta-hydroxyglycyrrhetic acid (3 beta-hydroxyGA) oxidizing enzymes were localized in the same cecal content. Namely, rat gastrointestinal bacteria had the ability to hydrolyze GL to 3 beta-hydroxyGA by glycyrrizin beta-D-glucuronidase and to oxide 3 beta-hydroxyGA and 3 alpha-hydroxyGA to 3-oxoGA by 3 beta-hydroxyglycyrrhetinate dehydrogenase and 3 alpha-hydroxyglycyrrhetinate dehydrogenase, respectively. In medium of pH 1 to pH 10, metabolites 3 beta-hydroxyGA, 3-oxoGA and 3 alpha-hydroxyGA obtained from the metabolism of GL were the highest in pH 8. The intestinal contents of pH 6 or pH 7 were able to produce metabolites 3 beta-hydroxyGA in the metabolism of GL. However, the stomach content at pH 4.2 was lowest in metabolite 3 beta-hydroxyGA. It is unknown whether or not GL is metabolized to 3 beta-hydroxyGA by the stomach content in vivo.

Role of Feeding–Induced Plant Volatiles in Aggregative Behavior of the Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

The hypothesis that feeding-induced plant volatiles are responsible for aggregation of Japanese beetles, Popillia japonica Newman, on leaves was tested using clonal grape plants, Vitis Labrusca L. The attractiveness of undamaged vines, undamaged vines with nonfeeding beetles, vines with fresh feeding damage, and vines with overnight feeding damage was compared in replicated field trials by placing the treatments in the field in the morning and counting the number of beetles that landed on the plants throughout the day. Many more beetles were recruited to vines with overnight feeding damage than to any of the other treatments, indicating attraction to feeding-induced volatiles. Furthermore, the low number of beetles attracted to vines with nonfeeding beetles or freshly damaged vines provided evidence against the existence of a putative aggregation pheromone. Subsequently, we examined the emission of volatiles from grape vines in situ. During the period of peak emission (1200–1500 hours), emission from vines with overnight feeding damage was almost 65 times higher than from undamaged vines. Aliphatic compounds and terpenoids were the major classes of compounds emitted by the beetle-damaged vines. The implications of feeding-induced volatiles in host-finding and mate location by this polyphagous insect are discussed.

Effect of halothane genotype, breed, feed withdrawal, and lairage on pork quality of belgian slaughter pigs.

A total of 434 Belgian Landrace (B) or Piétrain x B (PB) pigs, of known halothane genotype (NN, Nn, and nn), were slaughtered in a commercial abattoir. Pigs were either fed until loading or deprived of food overnight before delivery. Upon arrival at the abattoir, pigs were slaughtered after different lairage times (within 1 h after arrival, after 2 to 3 h lairage, or 4 to 5 h lairage). Meat quality traits were measured on the carcass, as well as on a piece of loin. Halothane genotype was the predominant factor determining meat quality traits related to the PSE condition (P < .001 for pH 40 min after death, internal reflectance, color L value; P < .01 for drip losses, transmission value). For these traits, nn pigs were always significantly different from Nn and NN pigs. Depending on the specific trait, Nn pigs were intermediate between NN and nn pigs, or close to NN pigs. For pH 40 min after death and drip losses, Nn and NN pigs were significantly different, whereas the difference between Nn and NN pigs was not significant for internal reflectance, color L value, and transmission value. Shear force and intramuscular fat content were apparently not related to the PSE condition and were not influenced by the halothane genotype (P > .05). Differences in meat quality between B and PB pigs and between gilts and barrows were rather unimportant compared with the effect of halothane genotype. Overnight feed withdrawal had no effect on meat quality (P > .05 for all PSE-related traits). On the other hand, holding pigs a few hours in lairage improved meat quality compared with immediate slaughtering (P < .05 for pH and temperature in the loin 40 min after death, internal reflectance, color L value, transmission value, drip losses). This effect was more pronounced in stress-susceptible pigs than in stress-resistant pigs.

Use of egg custard augmented with cod liver oil and Moina micrura on production of freshwater prawn postlarvae

Use of egg custard augmented with cod liver oil (CLO) fed during the day, and of an overnight feed with Moina micrura, were evaluated in terms of its effects on production of freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) postlarvae (PL). Four levels of CLO (0, 1,3 and 5%) were tested. Significantly higher mean (sd) productions, ranging from 11.27 (1.16) to 13.02 (1.70) PL l−1, were obtained for larvae fed egg custard enriched with CLO compared with that of 7.83 (1.58) PLl−1 for larvae fed egg custard without CLO. The development and survival of larval stages were also higher for the CLO diets. The ω-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) in egg custard increased with increasing CLO level (0–5%). The fatty acid composition of postlarvae reflected the composition of the diet.

Splanchnic Insulin Dynamics and Secretion Pulsatilities in Abdominal Obesity

Insulin secretion, clearance dynamics, and their relationship to peripheral plasma insulin and glucose levels were monitored during three 12-h periods of overnight rest, intake of three meals, and continuous enteral feeding of mixed nutrients. The low-frequency ultradian and the high-frequency insulin secretion pulsatility characteristics during the steady-states of overnight rest and continuous enteral feeding were also examined. In abdominally obese subjects, the insulin secretion rate was consistently higher than normal by 2.3-fold. Peripheral plasma insulin levels were increased by 3.4-fold during the overnight period and by 4- to 5-fold during the two fed states. Endogenous insulin clearance was significantly reduced during feeding. Both low- and high-frequency insulin secretory pulsatilities were detected in the abdominally obese subjects. Pulse periods were within the normal range. Pulse maxima, nadirs, and absolute amplitudes were increased concomitant with the increase in insulin secretion. Ultradian relative pulse amplitudes, however, were blunted. A significantly higher pulse-to-pulse variability was observed in the abdominally obese subjects compared with normal subjects. Furthermore, a significantly higher level of interindividual variability in the nutrient-stimulated insulin secretion and in the ultradian pulse characteristics was observed. Thus in abdominal obesity, the increase in pancreatic insulin output is limited and the secretory pulsatilities are aberrant, suggesting a defect in the insulin secretory process. Diminished insulin clearance contributes to the degree of peripheral hyperinsulinemia compensating for the insulin resistance characteristic of this form of obesity.

The attendance and absence of adult Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla from the nest site during the chick stage

In recent years there have been indications that the attendance of Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla at the nest whilst containing young has changed, possibly influenced by food shortage. This paper examines the attendance of parents at the nest at North Shields, England, at a time when the breeding success was high and there was no indication of food shortage. It was evident that there was considerable variation in the attendance of individual parents, and chicks were left alone for the first time between 9 and over 40 days after hatching. Chicks were left alone overnight more frequently than during the day; this is related to the much longer overnight feeding trips by the parents.The recording method used in this study gave a continuous trace of the presence of each adult, and it has been used to calculate the errors made from spot observations.

Use of Moina micrura (Kurz) as an Artemia substitute in the production of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) post-larvae

Five different overnight feeding regimes of Artemia and Moina micrura, either solely or in combination, were tested for their effects in the production of Macrobrachium rosenbergii post-larvae. Significantly higher ( P<0.05) production of 16.83±2.49 PL/1 with a corresponding survival rate of 56.09±8.30% was obtained for the larvae fed with a 50:50 combination of Artemia and Moina than that with Artemia alone (13.21±0.90 PL/1 with a corresponding survival rate of 44.20±2.99%). A diet of Moina alone resulted in the production of 9.81±1.38 PL/1 with a corresponding survival rate of 32.69±4.60% which was significantly lower than that for larvae fed the diet of Artemia alone. Howerver, Artemia alone did not show diet superiority over any of the combined diets. The maximum mortality and significantly lower development in larvae fed Moina were observed during the first half of the culture period. However, in the later period, mean larval stage development as well as the growth of post-larvae fed the Moina diet equalled that of larvae fed with other diets.

Fate of the blood meal in force-fed, diapausing Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae).

Diapausing Culex pipiens L. do not display host-seeking behavior and can be induced to take blood only by being placed in contact with or in proximity to a host for prolonged periods. Such "force-fed" females do not use the blood for lipogenesis, and only some of them use the blood to initiate vitellogenesis. Diapausing Cx. pipiens that are induced to feed eject an average of 4.2-4.6 microliters of blood during overnight feeding periods compared with an average of 0.1 microliters for nondiapausing controls. The reduced avidity of diapausing females for blood, even under optimum conditions, and the ejection by fed females of blood volumes in excess of volumes usually retained indicate that such females are not physiologically programmed for taking and retaining blood. Data for uric acid and hematin excretion and bloodmeal volumes retained by diapausing females are positively correlated with diapause termination and yolk deposition. The occurrence of gonotrophic dissociation need not be invoked to explain the failure of some diapausing females to initiate vitellogenesis following a blood meal. Instead, this is explained by retention of small quantities of blood followed by incomplete digestion and is the expected result of a dose-dependent phenomenon determined by threshold blood volumes. Our data support the concept that the overwintering strategy of Cx. pipiens is limited to gonotrophic concordance in which overwintering females in nature do not take blood or develop eggs until diapause is terminated.

A Comparison of three energy levels in straw mixes used for partial storage feeding of dairy cows

Partial storage feeding (grazing during the daytime and housing overnight) is becoming an established management system after turnout in the spring. Ad libitum grass silage is the most common overnight feed. However, some farmers do not have adequate silage available and a straw mix is a possible alternative feed. There is little information available concerning the optimum energy content of straw mixes (or other forages) used for partial storage feeding. In this experiment 3 straw mixes were fed with different energy contents.In a continuous design experiment lasting 8 weeks (18 April to 12 June 1985) 60 autumn calving Friesian dairy cows and heifers were set stocked together during the daytime at 10 cows/ha. They were housed overnight and straw mixes, with low (L), medium (M) or high (H) metabolisable energy (ME) contents, were fed ad libitum each to 20 cows. In addition an average of 2.3 kg concentrates were offered daily. The grazing area was a perennial ryegrass ley which received 224 kg N, 13 kg P2O5 and 13 kg K2O/ha. The mean composition of the straw mixes, herbage and concentrate are given in Tables 1 and 2.