Overlapping Area Research Articles

Spatial Conflict of Mining Land in Tolitoli District -Province of Central Sulawesi

Spatial planning is supposed to be applied in the use of space, so there will be no overlapping space utilization. In fact, there are still overlapping uses of land, between the area of mining and plantation, as well as with forest areas. The purpose of this study was to find out the conflicts that occured due to overlapping permits given to mining and plantation companies, and also to forest status. The method used was by overlaying the maps of Mining Business Permit with that of Plantation Business Permit, and also with Forest Area Map. In Tolitoli District there were 23 mining business permit holders with 7 types of mining commodities, covering total areaof 81,503.54 Hectare. In addition, there were 5 companies holding plantation business permits, mostly on palm oil, and only 2 companies with rubber and sengon wood business commodities, with a total area of 80,005.35 Hectare. From the result of spatial analysis, it was found that there was an overlapping area of 22,869.70 Hectare, while the area of 118,072.93 Hectare did not overlap. The Mining Business Permit overlapped with the Plantation Business Permit covering an area of 18,853.32 Hectare, and 4,301.77 Hectare were located in Forest Protected Area and Nature Reserve.

Inspection method of images' overlap of UAV photogrammetry based on features matching

The overlapping degree of UAV aerial imagery is an important parameter in judging the quality of aerial photography. This paper applies the technology of image feature matching to realize the automatic inspection of low-altitude UAV aerial image overlap. It utilizes the feature point matching and homography transformation model, which can accurately identify the overlapping area of the image and overcome the defect caused by the large rotation angle of UAV's images and irregular overlap area. We use various feature-extracting algorithms to verify the practicability of this method. It shows that it can calculate the overlapping degree of adjacent aerial images efficiently and accurately, which improve the production efficiency of aerial photogrammetry.

Spatiotemporally Representative and Cost-Efficient Sampling Design for Validation Activities in Wanglang Experimental Site

Spatiotemporally representative Elementary Sampling Units (ESUs) are required for capturing the temporal variations in surface spatial heterogeneity through field measurements. Since inaccessibility often coexists with heterogeneity, a cost-efficient sampling design is mandatory. We proposed a sampling strategy to generate spatiotemporally representative and cost-efficient ESUs based on the conditioned Latin hypercube sampling scheme. The proposed strategy was constrained by multi-temporal Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) imagery, and the ESUs were limited within a sampling feasible region established based on accessibility criteria. A novel criterion based on the Overlapping Area (OA) between the NDVI frequency distribution histogram from the sampled ESUs and that from the entire study area was used to assess the sampling efficiency. A case study in Wanglang National Nature Reserve in China showed that the proposed strategy improves the spatiotemporally representativeness of sampling (mean annual OA = 74.7%) compared to the single-temporally constrained (OA = 68.7%) and the random sampling (OA = 63.1%) strategies. The introduction of the feasible region constraint significantly reduces in-situ labour-intensive characterization necessities at expenses of about 9% loss in the spatiotemporal representativeness of the sampling. Our study will support the validation activities in Wanglang experimental site providing a benchmark for locating the nodes of automatic observation systems (e.g., LAINet) which need a spatially distributed and temporally fixed sampling design.

Impact of the Overlap Region Between Acoustic and Electric Stimulation

Patients with residual hearing in the low frequencies and ski-slope hearing loss with partial deafness at medium and high frequencies receive a cochlear implant treatment with electric-acoustic stimulation (EAS, "hybrid" stimulation). In the border region between electric and acoustic stimulation a superposition of the 2 types of stimulation is expected. The area of overlap is determined by the insertion depth of the stimulating electrode and the lower starting point of signal transmission provided by the CI speech processor. The study examined the influence of the variation of the electric-acoustic overlap area on speech perception in noise, whereby the width of the "transmission gap" between the 2 different stimulus modalities was varied by 2 different methods. The results derived from 9 experienced users of the MED-EL Duet 2 speech processor show that the electric-acoustic overlapping area and with it the crossover frequency between the acoustic part and the CI should be adjusted individually. Overall, speech reception thresholds (SRT) showed a wide variation of results in between subjects. Further studies shall investigate whether generalized procedures about the setting of the overlap between electric and acoustic stimulation are reasonable, whereby an increased number of subjects and a longer period of acclimatization prior to the conduction of hearing tests deemed necessary.

Comparison with Overlap Area of Scapular and Lung Field according to Position on Chest Radiography

Background/Objects: The purpose of this study is to compare a representative position and two positions what are used clinically at Chest PA examination. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The first position is generally known for minimizing overlap of lung fields and scapulae, and the other 2 positions are mainly used in actual clinics. 3 Radiologic technologists with an average of 7 years' experienced reviewed the images. The overlapping area was measured by connecting the overlapping part of the lung field and the scapula in the radiograph with dots and lines. Findings: We compared the incidence of overlap of scapulae and lung fields depending on sex and age. There were no statistically significant differences between males and females in CP (p>0.05). However, in IRP and HP, there were meaningful differences in the incidence of overlap depending on sex (p0.05). CP showed the least overlapping area followed by HP and IRP. Regarding the ratio of overlapping area, CP had the highest ratio and IRP had the least ratio, but this difference was not statistically meaningful according to Kruskal-Wallis H examination. For reference, a value closer to 1 in this test indicates less of an overlap between the scapula and lung field. Therefore, a position with a value closer to 1 is more useful in separating the scapula and the lung field when conducting Chest PA. Applications/Improvement: The research revealed that both positions are useful in minimizing the overlap between the lung field and scapula.

Cost–Benefit Analysis and Microclimate-Based Optimization of a RWIS Network

AbstractThe Road Weather Information System (RWIS) has been applied as an effective tool to collect weather and road surface temperature information and to assist operational decisions for snow and ice control activities. Current practices on siting regional RWIS stations rely on the knowledge and experiences of maintenance and operation personnel, which is subjective and inefficient. A two-stage sequential model is developed in this paper. The Stage-1 model optimizes the number and locations of RWIS stations, which intends to maximize spatial coverage with the least overlapping area, considering the variation of regional weather severity. The deployment of the optimized RWIS sites can be prioritized by the Stage-2 model, which maximizes the lifecycle profit subject to limited budget. The proposed methodology is applied to optimize a RWIS network for the State of New York.

Differences in olfactory species recognition in the females of two Australian songbird species

Although birds have recently been shown to possess olfactory abilities and to use chemical cues in communication, limited effort has been made to demonstrate the use of odorants in social contexts. Even less is known regarding the use of odorants in species recognition. The ability to recognize conspecifics should be more pronounced in social species. This study investigated the importance of olfactory cues in species recognition in females of two estrildid finch species with different levels of sociality. Combining odor preference tests with chemical analyses, we surveyed whether female zebra finches and diamond firetails are able to distinguish between the species based on volatile traits and whether individuals exhibit species-specific differences in body odorants. Zebra finches are more social than diamond firetails; nevertheless, both species have an overlapping distribution area. Applying an experimental Y-maze paradigm, we showed that zebra finches can use differences in their species odor fingerprints and displayed a significant preference for the odor of conspecifics over that of heterospecifics, whereas diamond firetails did not reveal a preference. Using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, we demonstrated that body odorants of the two species were significantly different in relative composition. This finding demonstrates the potential importance of olfactory cues in species recognition, at least in social bird species. Even these two closely related species displayed remarkable differences in their responsiveness to similar chemical cues, which might be caused by species-specific differences in ecology, physiology, or evolution.

An Improved Feature Selection Based on Effective Range for Classification

Feature selection is a key issue in the domain of machine learning and related fields. The results of feature selection can directly affect the classifier's classification accuracy and generalization performance. Recently, a statistical feature selection method named effective range based gene selection (ERGS) is proposed. However, ERGS only considers the overlapping area (OA) among effective ranges of each class for every feature; it fails to handle the problem of the inclusion relation of effective ranges. In order to overcome this limitation, a novel efficient statistical feature selection approach called improved feature selection based on effective range (IFSER) is proposed in this paper. In IFSER, an including area (IA) is introduced to characterize the inclusion relation of effective ranges. Moreover, the samples' proportion for each feature of every class in both OA and IA is also taken into consideration. Therefore, IFSER outperforms the original ERGS and some other state-of-the-art algorithms. Experiments on several well-known databases are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of multi-pass friction stir processed aluminum alloy 6063

The effect of overlapping between consecutive passes of Friction Stir Processing (FSP) was examined on the microstructure, microtexture, and mechanical properties of Al 6063. FSP was carried out at three overlapping (OL) percentages, i.e. 25, 50, and 75, and at constant rotational and traverse speeds of the FSP tool. Microstructural analysis based on grain boundary misorientation distribution, grain size and microtexture were made by Electron Back Scattered Diffraction (EBSD), while mechanical properties were evaluated by microhardness and tensile tests. For the three OL percentages, similar grain refinement (in the range of 3–6μm) occurred in the processed zone. The microtexture measurements in the OL area show the formation of shear texture, having a stronger intensity of B/B¯ component by increasing the OL percentage. On the other hand, the tensile and microhardness tests indicate a reduction in the strength and microhardness of FSP samples with increasing the OL percentage due to the dissolution of the hardening precipitates. The overlapping effect was further evaluated on the thermal stability of microstructure, microtexture, and mechanical properties of FSP samples by applying solution heat-treatment and aging (SHTA). The results show that SHTA led to grain growth with an average grain size of 35μm. However, it caused limited weakening of the shear texture in the OL area with no sign of recrystallization. In addition, SHTA led to precipitate formation and thus restoring the strength and microhardness to the levels of the base metal.

Reliability in the location of hindlimb motor representations in Fischer-344 rats

The purpose of the present study was to determine the feasibility of using a common laboratory rat strain for reliably locating cortical motor representations of the hindlimb. Intracortical microstimulation techniques were used to derive detailed maps of the hindlimb motor representations in 6 adult Fischer-344 rats. The organization of the hindlimb movement representation, while variable across individual rats in topographic detail, displayed several commonalities. The hindlimb representation was positioned posterior to the forelimb motor representation and posterolateral to the motor trunk representation. The areal extent of the hindlimb representation across the cortical surface averaged 2.00 ± 0.50 mm(2). Superimposing individual maps revealed an overlapping area measuring 0.35 mm(2), indicating that the location of the hindlimb representation can be predicted reliably based on stereotactic coordinates. Across the sample of rats, the hindlimb representation was found 1.25-3.75 mm posterior to the bregma, with an average center location approximately 2.6 mm posterior to the bregma. Likewise, the hindlimb representation was found 1-3.25 mm lateral to the midline, with an average center location approximately 2 mm lateral to the midline. The location of the cortical hindlimb motor representation in Fischer-344 rats can be reliably located based on its stereotactic position posterior to the bregma and lateral to the longitudinal skull suture at midline. The ability to accurately predict the cortical localization of functional hindlimb territories in a rodent model is important, as such animal models are being increasingly used in the development of brain-computer interfaces for restoration of function after spinal cord injury.

Reorganization of laryngeal motoneurons after crush injury in the recurrent laryngeal nerve of the rat

Motoneurons innervating laryngeal muscles are located in the nucleus ambiguus (Amb), but there is no general agreement on the somatotopic representation and even less is known on how an injury in the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) affects this pattern. This study analyzes the normal somatotopy of those motoneurons and describes its changes over time after a crush injury to the RLN. In the control group (control group 1, n = 9 rats), the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) and thyroarytenoid (TA) muscles were injected with cholera toxin-B. In the experimental groups the left RLN of each animal was crushed with a fine tip forceps and, after several survival periods (1, 2, 4, 8, 12 weeks; minimum six rats per time), the PCA and TA muscles were injected as described above. After each surgery, the motility of the vocal folds was evaluated. Additional control experiments were performed; the second control experiment (control group 2, n = 6 rats) was performed labeling the TA and PCA immediately prior to the section of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), in order to eliminate the possibility of accidental labeling of the cricothyroid (CT) muscle by spread from the injection site. The third control group (control group 3, n = 5 rats) was included to determine if there is some sprouting from the SLN into the territories of the RLN after a crush of this last nerve. One week after the crush injury of the RLN, the PCA and TA muscles were injected immediately before the section of the SLN. The results show that a single population of neurons represents each muscle with the PCA in the most rostral position followed caudalwards by the TA. One week post-RLN injury, both the somatotopy and the number of labeled motoneurons changed, where the labeled neurons were distributed randomly; in addition, an area of topographical overlap of the two populations was observed and vocal fold mobility was lost. In the rest of the survival periods, the overlapping area is larger, but the movement of the vocal folds tends to recover. After 12 weeks of survival, the disorganization within the Amb is the largest, but the number of motoneurons is similar to control, and all animals recovered the movement of the left vocal fold. Our additional controls indicate that no tracer spread to the CT muscle occurred, and that many of the labeled motoneurons from the PCA after 1 week post-RLN injury correspond to motoneurons whose axons travel in the SLN. Therefore, it seems that after RLN injury there is a collateral sprouting and collateral innervation. Although the somatotopic organization of the Amb is lost after a crush injury of the RLN and does not recover in the times studied here, the movement of the vocal folds as well as the number of neurons that supply the TA and the PCA muscles recovered within 8 weeks, indicating that the central nervous system of the rat has a great capacity of plasticity.

Severity of End-stage Liver Disease in Liver Transplant Candidate; Comparison of KONOS Status with MELD Score

Dong Jin Joo, M.D., Myoung Soo Kim, M.D., Soon Il Kim, M.D., Kyung Ok Jeon, R.N., Kyu Ha Huh, M.D., Gi Hong Choi, M.D. and Jin Sub Choi, M.D.. J Korean Soc Transplant 2012;26:112-9. https://doi.org/10.4285/jkstn.2012.26.2.112

Patterns of fMRI Activity Dissociate Overlapping Functional Brain Areas that Respond to Biological Motion

Accurate perception of the actions and intentions of other people is essential for successful interactions in a social environment. Several cortical areas that support this process respond selectively in fMRI to static and dynamic displays of human bodies and faces. Here we apply pattern-analysis techniques to arrive at a new understanding of the neural response to biological motion. Functionally defined body-, face-, and motion-selective visual areas all responded significantly to "point-light" human motion. Strikingly, however, only body selectivity was correlated, on a voxel-by-voxel basis, with biological motion selectivity. We conclude that (1) biological motion, through the process of structure-from-motion, engages areas involved in the analysis of the static human form; (2) body-selective regions in posterior fusiform gyrus and posterior inferior temporal sulcus overlap with, but are distinct from, face- and motion-selective regions; (3) the interpretation of region-of-interest findings may be substantially altered when multiple patterns of selectivity are considered.

Fault growth, displacement transfer and evolution of the Jiugongkou fault overlap zone on the southern marginal fault zone of the Guangling‐Yuxian Basin, North China

If two normal faults overlap each other in an extensional direction, the overlapping faults and their overlapping area can comprise a fault overlap zone. Fault overlap zones with a separation greater than several kilometres are usually considered to be segment boundaries in the study of earthquake rupture segmentation. The Jiugongkou fault overlap zone located on the southern marginal fault zone of the Guangling‐Yuxian Basin provides an atypical example. The Jiugongkou fault overlap zone has 7 km of overlap length and 2.2–5.7 km of overlap separation. A Late Pleistocene alluvial fan is deposited within the overlap area. Geological and geomorphologic investigation has provided evidence for growth of fault, including abandonment of the Late Pleistocene alluvial fan, vertical displacement of the fan gravels, deposition of fault‐scarp‐derived colluvial deposits, intrusion of dacite magma along the fault, occurrence of antithetic faults, and fracture cleavage developed in loess. Throw analysis indicates that no displacement deficit has occurred within the overlap zone, but that interaction and displacement transfer have occurred between the overlapping faults. These are expressed as asymmetrical throw profiles for both of the main overlapping faults, a symmetrical composite throw distribution for all the fault traces characterised by a single fault, and a significant increase in the throw within the overlap zone. Moreover, dating of the faulted materials shows that the fault growth and displacement transfer occurred in the same time period, starting between 27.4 ± 2.2 ka BP and 26.0 ± 2.1 ka BP, and continuing until after 18.7 ± 1.5 to 13.1 ± 1.0 ka BP. For the overlap zone the displacement transfer can be guaged by two mechanisms, magmatic activity and tectonic tilting, while two evolutionary stages, offset and overlap, are evident. The overlap zone, however, has not yet been breached or linked. Results of research undertaken on the Jiugongkou fault overlap zone indicate that fault overlap zones on normal fault zones are temporary features. These results can be of great importance in assessing seismic hazards, especially in determining the magnitude of potential earthquakes based on calculation of fault lengths, and in carrying out earthquake probability predictions in terms of geological data.

Sound, Vorticity, Entropy

Up to recent times acoustics was primarily concerned with small amplitude irrotational motion of a compressible medium and fluid mechanics dealt with incompressible flow, consequently there was no overlapping area between those two disciplines. Presently, however, the importance of understanding both compressible flow and large amplitude waves in the presence of important viscous and heat conduction effects created a real need for a single unified discipline that includes both small amplitude irrotation waves and incompressible flow as special limiting cases. The full Navier-Stokes equations of a viscous heat conductive gas are strongly nonlinear. For weak fields, however, the solutions reduce to three independent “modes” and those can be identified as vorticity, sound waves, and entropy spots. A second-order theory indicates interaction between all the modes and the familiar examples such as sound generation by vorticity, sound scattering on entropy nonuniformities, heat convection by turbulence, etc., can all be accounted for by a single unified theory.