Overflow Water Research Articles

The Study on Water Balance in Mlech Reservoir Under Climate Change Effects, Kampot Province

The Mlech Water Treatment Plant (WTP) has produced 2,000 m3/day of drinking water using raw water from Mlech, Kampot province. Since water demand would be increased in the future, so that the extension water treatment capacity will be the main challenges in correspondence with the development of planning of PPWSA. The water balance estimation is also the critical point in order to make a good decision on extension WTP at existing area. Therefore, the objectives of this study aimed to analyse the water balance in Mlech reservoir by using data from 2002 to 2011, in 2030s and in 2050s. The Rational Method was applied for estimating the streamflow into the reservoir. Water balance was computed following hydrological concept. SWAT and HEC-HMS models were performed to predict the future streamflow. The future climatic data were projected from 2012 to 2050 under climate change scenario RCP 4.5 with three general circulation models (GCMs) including IPSL-CM5A-MR, GISS-E2-R-CC and GFDL-CM3. As a result, the water balance remains about 11.40 Mm3/year in reservoir in baseline. In 2030s, the water quantity will be approximately 58.70 Mm3/year, 62.09 Mm3/year and 59.58 Mm3/year under model IPSL-CM5A-MR, GISS-E2-R-CC and GFDL-CM3, respectively. In addition, the water quantity will be slightly changed in 2050s comparing to 2030s. According to the scenario of extension WTP capacity, this study found that the water flow into downstream will be decreased to 37.14 Mm3/year to 33.84 Mm3/year when WTP’s capacity increased from 2,000 m3/day to 14,000 m3/day,respectively. Furthermore, the volume of water overflow to downstream for irrigation uses is 30.32 Mm3/year when WTP’s capacity increased to 12,000 m3/day in 2050s. Irrigation water need is about 28.00 Mm3/year. In recommendation, the total WTP’s capacity should be extended from 2,000 m3/day to 10,000m3/day from Mlech reservoir based on the future water demand.

Topographic effects on buoyancy driven flows along the slope

The flow and descent of dense water masses formed in shallow regions of the ocean is an important leg in the global overturning circulation. The dense overflow waters tend to flow along the continental slopes as geostrophically balanced gravity plumes, but may be steered downslope by canyons and ridges cross-cutting the slopes. In that process, entrainment and mixing will be greatly enhanced. Ilicak et al. (Ocean Model 38:71–84, 2011) propose a parameterization to include the effects of corrugations in large scale models by increasing the vertical mixing locally. We re-visit the problem using the terrain-following Bergen Ocean Model and a DOME-inspired idealized topography. It is shown that the applied corrugations can move the core of the plume 800 m down the slope, while enhanced mixing raises the center of gravity by only 1–200 m. The overall effect of a corrugation is hence to lower the center of gravity, suggesting that the parameterization proposed by Ilicak et al. (Ocean Model 38:71–84) will act in the wrong vertical direction, if used on its own. A comparison of two bottom drag parameterizations, show that a parameterization consistent with a no-slip boundary condition is needed to correctly represent Ekman drainage, and that the Ekman drainage contribution to plume descent is comparable to that of the corrugation. Ridges are more effective in steering dense water downward than canyons, and we compare the dynamics between the two settings to explain the difference.

Deep through-flow in the Bight Fracture Zone

Abstract. Iceland–Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW) is exported from the Nordic Seas into the Iceland Basin to feed the lower limb of the Meridional Overturning Circulation. The Bight Fracture Zone (BFZ) is known to be a major route for ISOW toward the Irminger Sea, but the role of this gateway in the evolution of ISOW properties over the subpolar gyre is unclear. A combination of ship-based and Deep-Argo data gathered between 2015 and 2018 allows us to investigate the pathways and hydrographic evolution of ISOW as it flows through the BFZ, as well as its influence on the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) properties in the Irminger Sea. The ISOW flow through the BFZ amounts to 0.8 ± 0.2 Sv and is mainly fed by the lighter part of the ISOW layer flowing west of 29–30∘ W as part of the East Reykjanes Ridge Current in the Iceland Basin. In the rift valley of the BFZ, between an eastern and a western sill, the bathymetry of the BFZ shapes a cyclonic circulation along which the ISOW layer is homogenized. The largest changes in ISOW properties are however observed downstream of the western sill, at the exit of the BFZ. There, ISOW is mixed isopycnally with comparatively fresher NADW circulating in the Irminger Sea. Hence, our analysis reveals the key role of the BFZ through-flow in the salinification of the NADW in the Irminger Current.

THE CAPABILITY OF SENTINEL 1 (SAR) FOR FLOOD MAPPING: A CASE STUDY IN SERANG WATERSHED, KULONPROGO REGENCY

Floods are the most common natural disaster in Indonesia, with high intensity than any other natural disaster. A flood is a condition where an area is inundated due to an overflow of water that exceeds the water disposal capacity in a room, resulting in physical, social, and economic losses. The Serang watershed (DAS) belongs in the Priority I (critical) watershed condition, so it is necessary to determine flood-prone areas in future management. Sentinel 1 Remote Sensing Image (SAR) can record at any time, day or night, and in all weather conditions, making it suitable for flood analysis. This study aimed to determine the ability of Sentinel 1 Image (SAR) in determining the inundation flood area in Serang watershed, Kulonprogo Regency, Indonesia. The method used was the Otsu algorithm with threshold determination by measuring and evaluating the variance between classes of a threshold at a certain level calculated from the normalized histogram of the image. Floods in the Serang watershed, Kulonprogo Regency, mainly occur in agricultural areas. The ability of Sentinel images to obtain land surface data in all conditions can be used for flood analysis where passive sensor images cannot record it. In addition, the withdrawal of inundation areas on Sentinel 1 imagery using the Otsu algorithm can determine a threshold to separate inundated and unflooded areas with a confusion matrix of 77%.Keywords: Flood, Sentinel 1 (SAR), Otsu Algorithm

On the Representation of Mediterranean Overflow Waters in Global Climate Models

Abstract Accurate representation of the Atlantic–Mediterranean exchange in climate models is important for a reliable simulation of the circulation in the North Atlantic Ocean. We evaluate the performance of 10 global climate models in representing Mediterranean Overflow Water (MOW) over the recent period 1986–2005 by using various performance metrics. The metrics are based on the representation of the climatological mean state and the spatiotemporal variability of temperature, salinity, and volume transports. On the basis of analyses and observations, we perform a model ranking by calculating absolute, relative, and total relative errors Ej over each performance metric and model. The majority of models simulate at least six metrics well. The equilibrium depth of the MOW, the mean Atlantic–Mediterranean exchange flow, and the dominant pattern of the MOW are represented reasonably well by most of the models. Of those models considered, MPI-ESM-MR, MPI-ESM-LR, CSIRO Mk3.6.0, and MRI-CGCM3 provide the best MOW representation (Ej = 0.14, 0.19, 0.19, and 0.25, respectively). They are thus likely to be the most suitable choices for studies of MOW-dependent processes. However, the models experience salinity, temperature, and transport biases and do not represent temporal variability accurately. The implications of our results for future model analysis of the Mediterranean Sea overflow are discussed.

Perancangan Alat Otomatisasi Sistem Monitoring Dan Kontroling Tinggi Permukaan Air Sungai Sebagai Peringatan Dini Terjadinya Banjir

The frequent occurrence of floods caused by overflows of river water indicates a lack of supervision of water level activities, even though the impact of the flood is very detrimental to the community. Therefore we need a business that can monitor and control water capacity, one form of business that can be made is by designing a device that can monitor and control the water level using sensors and microcontrollers. The way this tool works is as a means of detecting water level distances using an SRF 05 sensor by sending a signal to the Arduino uno microcontroller to process the data and then output from the LCD in the form of letters and numbers, the LED indicator which indicates the water level is a warning sign for this system. This system has three levels of water activity levels, namely at level 1 marked with a green LED then at level 2 marked with a blue LED then at level 3 marked with a red LED, the LED connected to the buzzer will provide a warning sign in the form of a siren/alarm that the water has been at the highest level and the relay has come alive with a red color. The design of an automated monitoring and control system for water level using sensors and microcontrollers has been successfully carried out. The purpose of this research is to design a tool that can monitor the water level in real time and is also based on a microcontroller. The calibration results show that the SRF 05 sensor has an average water level measuring instrument accuracy of 99.67% and has an average relative error of 0.33%. The results of this study indicate that the design of the tool that has been made has worked well as a monitoring and control system for water level using the Arduino Uno microcontroller.

SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF BED LOAD TRANSPORT IN MAHAP RIVER OF NANGA MAHAP SUB-DISTRICT, SEKADAU REGENCY, INDONESIA

Sedimentation is a crucial factor when it comes to river problems. Sediment can cause silting of the river so that its capacity be reduced and can cause overflow of water to the surface. Every year, Districts of Nanga Mahap at Sekadau Regency always experiences flooding and the problem is still happening up until now. One of the causes of the occurrence of flooding in Nanga Mahap District is the overflow of the Mahap River. This study aims to determine the characteristics and rates of bottom sediment transport rate in the downstream of the Mahap River. Sediment collection was carried out on 8 segments of the estuary. In the study, laboratory tests were carried out regarding specific gravity and grain size of sediment particles refers to the texture classification by USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture) and freight rate calculations Basic Sediment with Duboys Method. Based on characteristic analysis Mahap River sediments obtained the average D50 sediment grain diameter value from all research points that is equal to 1.63 mm, the results of testing the specific gravity the average obtained is 2.754 gr/cm3 so that it can be classified in the form of coarse grains with a type of sand sediment. The largest base sediment transport rate of bed load occurred at point 2 of 8.816 tons/day and the smallest was at point 7, which is 0.154 tons/day. From the calculation, result shows that if the velocity of falling particles is greater than the velocity of the flow of river water, therefor the sediment particles will settle.

SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF BED LOAD TRANSPORT IN MAHAP RIVER OF NANGA MAHAP SUB-DISTRICT, SEKADAU REGENCY, INDONESIA

Sedimentation is a crucial factor when it comes to river problems. Sediment can cause silting of the river so that its capacity be reduced and can cause overflow of water to the surface. Every year, Districts of Nanga Mahap at Sekadau Regency always experiences flooding and the problem is still happening up until now. One of the causes of the occurrence of flooding in Nanga Mahap District is the overflow of the Mahap River. This study aims to determine the characteristics and rates of bottom sediment transport rate in the downstream of the Mahap River. Sediment collection was carried out on 8 segments of the estuary. In the study, laboratory tests were carried out regarding specific gravity and grain size of sediment particles refers to the texture classification by USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture) and freight rate calculations Basic Sediment with Duboys Method. Based on characteristic analysis Mahap River sediments obtained the average D50 sediment grain diameter value from all research points that is equal to 1.63 mm, the results of testing the specific gravity the average obtained is 2.754 gr/cm3 so that it can be classified in the form of coarse grains with a type of sand sediment. The largest base sediment transport rate of bed load occurred at point 2 of 8.816 tons/day and the smallest was at point 7, which is 0.154 tons/day. From the calculation, result shows that if the velocity of falling particles is greater than the velocity of the flow of river water, therefor the sediment particles will settle.

A Cycle of Wind-Driven Canyon Upwelling and Downwelling at Wilmington Canyon and the Evolution of Canyon-Upwelled Dense Water on the MAB Shelf

Submarine canyons provide a conduit for shelf-slope exchange via topographically induced processes such as upwelling and downwelling. These processes in the Wilmington Canyon, located along the shelf-break of the Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB), have not been previously studied, and the associated hydrographic variability inside the canyon and on the adjacent shelf are largely unknown. Observations from an underwater glider deployed in Wilmington Canyon (February 27 - March 8, 2016), along with wind and satellite altimetry data, showed evidence for a wind-driven canyon upwelling event followed by a subsequent downwelling event. Next, a numerical model of the MAB was developed to more fully represent these two events. Modeled results showed that under upwelling-favorable winds during February 25 - March 3, sea level increased seaward, shelf currents flowed northeastward, and canyon upwelling developed. Then under downwelling-favorable winds during March 4-7, sea level increased landward, shelf currents flowed southwestward, and canyon downwelling developed. Modeling experiments showed that canyon upwelling and downwelling were sub-tidal processes driven by winds and pressure gradients (associated with SSH gradients), and they would occur with or without tidal forcing. During the upwelling period, slope water originating from 150-215 m depths within the canyon (75 m below the canyon rim), was advected onto the shelf, forming a cold and dense canyon-upwelled slope-originated overflow water at the bottom of the outer shelf (75-150 m isobaths). The dense overflow current flowed was directed northeastward and expanded in the cross-shelf direction. It was 5-20 km wide and 10-30 m thick. The estimated volume of the plume overflow water exceeded 6×109 m3 at peak. The density front at the shoreward side of the dense overflow water caused a subsurface baroclinic frontal jet, which flowed northeastward and along-shelf with maximum speed exceeding 0.5 m/s. In the ensuing downwelling event, a portion of the previously upwelled dense water was advected back to the canyon, and then flowed down-slope in the upper canyon in ~0.3 m/s bottom-intensified currents. Dynamical investigation of the overflow current showed that its evolution was governed by unbalanced horizontal pressure gradient force in the cross-shelf direction and that the current was geostrophic.

What Would Happen to a Fusion Power Plant in the Case of Plasma Disruption? A Dynamic Model Simulation

It is a widespread view in the fusion community that steady-state, water-cooled fusion power plants can utilize the power generation systems of conventional pressurized water reactor (PWR) fission plants as is. However, what would happen to a fusion power plant in the case of plasma disruption? The authors constructed a dynamic simulation model of a water-cooled ceramic breeder blanket fusion power plant model on Modelica language [300.0-MW(electric) electrical output/1138-MW(thermal) fusion output] and evaluated the applicability of a PWR power generation system. Simulation results suggest that while the PWR system would function as intended during steady-state operation, the conventional system may not be able to cope with a sudden loss of energy influx in the event of plasma disruption without modification: The PWR system’s steam generator experienced a water overflow in less than 150 s from the plasma disruption.

Theoretical Foundations for Calculating the Erosion of Soil Dams during Overflow of Water over the Ridge

Large-scale hydraulic engineering construction associated with the erection and operation of large dams and reservoirs has an impact on the ecosystem and physical and geographical characteristics of the construction area. In addition, during the passage of catastrophic floods and high waters, the danger of a hydrodynamic accident increases, i. e. overflow of reservoirs, overflow of masses over the ridge of an earthen dam and its destruction, accompanied by the formation of a closure channel and the outflow of an unsteady water flow through it into the lower reaches in the form of a breakthrough wave. The process of erosion of an underground dam due to the overflow of water over the ridge can be divided into two stages. During the first one, the lower slope is eroded, along which the water moves as if by a rapid current. The profile of the dam, initially trapezoidal, by the end of the erosion takes a shape close to triangular, and the ridge mark on the side of the upper slope remains constant. The second stage is characterized by an intensive reduction of the ridge; the dam quickly takes the form of a practical profile spillway, which persists until the end of erosion. At the same time, there is an intensive expansion of the closure channel. As the analysis showed, the existing mathematical models used to calculate the dynamics of the erosion of the dam, especially its first stage before the expansion of the closure channel, are not perfect. The article presents a refined methodology developed by the authors for modeling the process of erosion of ground dams during water overflow over the ridge. The calculations made in accordance with this methodology make it possible to construct a flow hydrograph in the location of the eroded dam. The methodology can be used in the development of project documentation at the first stage of dam design, as well as in determining the forecast quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the water regime of reservoirs.

HERO: Hybrid Effortless Resilient Operation Stations for Flash Flood Early Warning Systems.

Floods are the most frequent type of natural disaster. Flash floods are one of the most common types of floods, caused by rapid and excessive rainfall. Normally, when a flash flood occurs, the water of the upstream river increases rapidly and flows to the downstream watersheds. The overflow of water increasingly submerges villages in the drainage basins. Flash flood early warning systems are required to mitigate losses. Water level monitoring stations can be installed at upstream river areas. However, telemetry stations face several challenges because the upstream river areas are far away and lack of public utilities (e.g., electric power and telephone lines). This research proposes hybrid effortless resilient operation stations, named HERO stations, in the flash flood early warning system. The HERO station was designed and developed with a modular design concept to be effortlessly customized and maintained. The HERO station adapts its working operation against the environmental changes to maintain a long working period with high data sensing accuracy. Moreover, the HERO station can switch its communication mode between the centralized and decentralized communication modes to increase availability. The network of the HERO stations has already been deployed in the northern part of Thailand. It results in improvements of the telemetry station’s availability. The HERO stations can adapt to environmental changes. The flash flood early warning messages can be disseminated to the villagers to increase the flood preparation time and to reduce flash flood damage.

Warming‐to‐Cooling Reversal of Overflow‐Derived Water Masses in the Irminger Sea During 2002–2021

AbstractShipboard hydrography along the A25‐Ovide section (2002–2018) is combined with a high‐resolution mooring array (2014–2020) and a regional fleet of Deep‐Argo floats (2016–2021) to describe temperature changes of overflow‐derived water masses in the Irminger Sea. Removing dynamical influences enables to identify a new statistically significant trend reversal in Iceland Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW) and Denmark Strait Overflow Water (DSOW) core temperatures in the mid‐2010s. A basin‐wide cooling trend of −16 ± 6 m°C yr−1 during 2016–2021—but reaching as strong as −44 ± 13 m°C yr−1 for DSOW in recent years—is found to interrupt a warming phase that was prevailing since the late 1990s. The absence of an apparent reversal in the Nordic Seas and the faster changes detected in DSOW compared to ISOW point out the entrainment of subpolar signals within the overflows near the Greenland‐Iceland‐Scotland sills as a most likely driver.

Stochastic Determination of Combined Sewer Overflow Loads for Decision-Making Purposes and Operational Follow-Up

Characterizing the emissions and impact of combined sewer overflows (CSOs) remains one of the key challenges in the field of urban wastewater. Considering the large number of existing CSOs, decision-makers need a pragmatic approach that allows fairly easy, hands-on determination of emissions (particularly loads) without compromising accuracy. This philosophy is incorporated in the Cockle tool presented here, which uses stochastically processed input from a vast amount of pre-registered water quality data (pollutant concentrations) in combination with spill flow time series either generated from hydrodynamic models or converted from monitored overflow water levels. Uncertainty is intrinsically covered by the statistical output range of the reported results. As a fully automated tool, Cockle allows to readily assess emissions within a chosen time frame, facilitating more accurate guidance for further remediation actions and/or mapping of the current state for operational follow-up.

An exceptional record of millennial-scale climate variability in the southern Iberian Margin during MIS 6: Impact on the formation of sapropel S6

The study of planktic and benthic δ18O at site U1389 in the Gulf of Cadiz allowed us to reconstruct climate variability during the penultimate glacial period at an unprecedented millennial scale resolution. Hereby, a sequence of interstadial-stadial episodes similar to the Dansgaard-Oeschger events recorded during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS)3, were recognized in MIS6. After a detailed correlation with millennial-scale variability recorded along the Iberian margin and the North Atlantic we were able to link the millennial changes next to the Iberian Peninsula with Antarctic climate variability due to the interhemispheric seesaw response of the Atlantic circulation. The straight coupling at site U1389 of a) the planktic δ18O that reflects climate change in the Atlantic with b) the benthic δ18O, which records the temperature and oxygen isotope composition of the mixture of Mediterranean Outflow and Atlantic intermediate water, indicates that millennial climate variability also had a strong impact on the eastern Mediterranean. The detailed analysis of the benthic δ13C and the fine sand content in the sediments from site U1389 led us to recognize the response of the Mediterranean overflow water (MOW) to millennial scale changes in Mediterranean overturning circulation during the penultimate glaciation. Both Mediterranean Overturning Circulation and MOW strength increased at times of cool and arid climates and weakened during warm and more humid episodes, similar to what has been described for MIS3. The tuning of MOW weakening events occurring at times of precession minima with eastern Mediterranean sapropels and enhanced Asian monsoon allowed the elaboration of a new chronology for MIS6. It was compared with the Epica Dome C time scale, which was also based on the tuning of atmospheric δ18O with Asian Monsoons speleothem records.Mediterranean overturning during MIS6 was also strongly affected by freshwater perturbations occurring at times of insolation maxima, leading to the formation of the “glacial sapropel” S6. Two major drops in seawater δ18O centered at 175 and 150 ky were observed near the entrance of the Mediterranean that were related to meltwater released from the ice sheets, coinciding with periods of insolation maxima. The entry of this meltwater anomaly through the Strait of Gibraltar is clearly registered in the western and eastern Mediterranean, especially at the onset of sapropel S6, suggesting that it was a major component of the freshwater that initiated the buoyancy gain preceding deep water stagnation.

Совершенствование методов эколого-экономической оценки процессов добычи и переработки железной руды корпораций арктической зоны России на основе математического моделирования

Iron ore production traditionally performs an important function in providing the world's manufacturing industry with raw materials and semi-finished products, and plays an important role in the socio-economic development of the regions of the North of Russia. One of the key issues of field operation remains the current, accumulated and potential environmental damage to the territories of location associated with the accumulation of waste from primary processing of raw materials stored in tailings. The development of raw material extraction technologies makes it possible to increase the time horizon for the exploitation of deposits, but requires measures to increase the capacity of the tailings storage facility, modernization of hydraulic structures serving it. In the article, on the basis of forecast data on the development of tailings facilities of the ‘Karelsky Okatysh’ JSC for the period up to 2043, a model for calculating the occupancy of a tailings pond in the event of a new dam break is constructed. At the moment, within the framework of the development of tailings facilities at the specified enterprise, the organization of the construction of a tailings dump on the site of an alluvial beach is being carried out. One of the bases of decision-making is risk assessment, which includes an assessment of emergency situations. 2 scenarios of accidents at the GTS are considered: the loss of static stability of the dam, i.e. the break of the dam wall during normal operation (A1) and the erosion of the body of the dam as a result of the overflow of water over the crest, i.e. the overflow of water over the top of the dam with subsequent destruction of the wall (A2). The assessment of the capacity of the new and old tailings dam (settling pond) and the capacity of new and old hydraulic structures and the analysis of the possibility of using a settling pond and a system of spillway structures, depending on the degree of construction of the tailings pond. The conclusion is made about the necessary measures to improve this system for the localization of man-made accidents in various scenarios.

Rapidly Increasing Artificial Iodine Highlights Pathways of Iceland-Scotland Overflow Water and Labrador Sea Water

Iceland-Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW) and Labrador Seawater (LSW) are major water masses of the lower Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Therefore, the investigation of their transport pathways is important to understand the structure of the AMOC and how climate properties are exported from the North Atlantic to lower latitudes. There is growing evidence from Lagrangian model simulations and observations that ISOW and LSW detach from boundary currents and spread off-boundary, into the basin interior in the Atlantic Ocean. Nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities of Sellafield and La Hague have been releasing artificial iodine (129I) into the northeastern Atlantic since the 1960ies. As a result, 129I is supplied from north of the Greenland-Scotland passages into the subpolar region labelling waters of the southward flowing lower AMOC. To explore the potential of 129I as tracer of boundary and interior ISOW and LSW transport pathways, we analyzed the tracer concentrations in seawater collected during four oceanographic cruises in the subpolar and subtropical North Atlantic regions between 2017 and 2019. The new tracer observations showed that deep tracer maxima highlighted the spreading of ISOW along the flanks of Reykjanes Ridge, across fracture zones and into the eastern subpolar North Atlantic supporting recent Lagrangian studies. Further, we found that 129I is intruding the Atlantic Ocean at unprecedented rate and labelling much larger extensions and water masses than in the recent past. This has enabled the use of 129I for other purposes aside from tracing ISOW. For example, increasing tracer levels allowed us to differentiate between newly formed 129I-rich LSW and older vintages poorer in 129I content. Further, 129I concentration maxima at intermediate depths could be used to track the spreading of LSW beyond the subpolar region and far into subtropical seas near Bermuda. Considering that 129I releases from Sellafield and La Hague have increased or levelled off during the last decades, it is very likely that the tracer invasion will continue providing new tracing opportunities for 129I in the near future.

Design and Implementation of Level Control Management: Level Manager

Water is one of the basic needs of all living beings. Wastage of water is one of the most significant reasons for water shortage around the world. At the household level, overflow of water from the overhead tanks may happen without our knowledge. Hence to prevent this and to save water at least for a certain extent, implementation of an automatic water level manager can be a solution. Significance of the proposed system is that the device can detect the level of water in the overhead tank and according to the level of water, the motor pump is switched on/off automatically by Arduino. Level of water in the sump can also be monitored. The information is sent to the controller for a decision whether water has to be pumped to the overhead tank. Additionally, the system senses continuous flow of water, if present, as possible leakage and issues alarm.

Smart water tank system using WIFI-based microcontroller unit

The water system infrastructure in the Philippines can be classified into: Stand-alone water points, piped water with a communal water point, and piped water supply with a private water point. At certain times of the year, households face the dilemma of an overflowing tank when the water pressure from the local water district is high. Conversely, the water tank goes empty during the dry season when the water supply from the local service provider is low. It is during the dry season that households stay up late at night or until early morning to watch and/or fill their water reservoir. When the water pump is turned on and left unattended, water overflows. Filling in the water tank manually results in water waste. Thus, there is a need for a solution to automate the turning off of the water tank when the full level is reached. This study presents a design and a prototype of a WiFi-based device called Smart Water Tank System (SWaTS). This system includes a hardware interface module. Its functional features are programmed using the Arduino IDE which provides a library of functions supporting a wide array of sensors and actuators. The functional test on SWaTS proved that it can provide a solution by real time water level monitoring. The water pump will automatically start when the water hits a critical low level and will automatically turn off when it reaches a near full level. With this, the tank will neither be empty nor overflow.

Using Top-of-Froth Conductivity to Infer Water Overflow Rate in a Two-Phase Lab-Scale Flotation Column

The metallurgical performance of a flotation machine is largely defined by phenomena occurring in the froth zone. The water content in the froth affects recovery by influencing froth stability and mobility and, at the same time, reduces grade by mechanical entrainment of gangue particles in the overflow water. Efficient operation requires a compromise between the water carried by bubbles from the collection zone and that which overflows. It is believed that the most suitable operating strategy could be based on the measurement of froth water content, as a strong correlation with water overflow is anticipated. This work reports the testing results of an in situ electrical conductivity sensor continuously measuring the froth zone water content in a laboratory-scale flotation column. The test program included simultaneous measurement of froth conductivity and water overflow rates for changes in gas flow rate and frother concentration. The results show a stronger dependence of the measured top-of-froth water content on frother concentration than on the gas flow rate. A relatively linear trend was shown between top-of-froth water content and water overflow rate for a given air rate and frother.