Overall Prevalence Of Obesity Research Articles

Assessment of obesity among children aged 4’17 years using waist-to-height ratio and its correlation with blood pressure

Background: A tool to detect overweight and obesity among children should be simple, reliable, valid, and cost-effective. There is a need to monitor obesity among children in different populations. For this, there should be only one tool that is accepted worldwide or nationally which can be used to detect and compare the trends in different population settings.Objective: To assess obesity among children aged 4–17 years using waist-to-height ratio and to study its correlation with blood pressure.Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out among 261 children aged 4–17 years. Different variables such as age, sex, residence, parent's education and occupation, total family income per year, total family members, height, weight, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were considered.Results: The mean age was 8.05 ± 2.75 years. The mean height was 122.71 ± 16.06 cm. The mean waist-to-height ratio was 0.45 ± 0.05. Males were more than females. Children from rural areas were more. The prevalence of obesity based on waist-to-height ratio was 19.2%. Waist-to-height ratio was significantly correlated with age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), DBP, father education, mother education, and mother occupation. SBP was not correlated with waist-to-height ratio, but DBP was significantly correlated. As waist-to-height ratio increased by one unit, DBP increased by 0.157 mmHg. Age and weight were significantly associated with waist-to-height ratio.Conclusion: The overall prevalence of obesity using waist-to-height ratio was 19.2%. Waist-to-height ratio was significantly correlated with age, height, weight, BMI, DBP, waist circumference, father education, mother education, and mother occupation. Age and body weight were significantly associated with waist-to-height ratio.

Prevalence and associated risk factors of overweight and obesity among adult population in Dubai: a population-based cross-sectional survey in Dubai, the United Arab Emirates

ObjectiveTo study the prevalence of overweight and obesity and determine the associated risk factors among adults in Dubai.Design and settingA cross-sectional survey with a multistage, stratified random sampling design was...

The Prevalence of Obesity Among Children With Type 2 Diabetes

The childhood obesity epidemic is presumed to drive pediatric type 2 diabetes (T2D); however, the global scale of obesity in children with T2D is unknown. To evaluate the global prevalence of obesity in pediatric T2D, examine the association of sex and race with obesity risk, and assess the association of obesity with glycemic control and dyslipidemia. MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched from database inception to June 16, 2022. Observational studies with at least 10 participants reporting the prevalence of obesity in patients with pediatric T2D were included. Following the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology reporting guideline, 2 independent reviewers in teams performed data extraction and risk of bias and level of evidence analyses. The meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model. The primary outcomes included the pooled prevalence rates of obesity in children with T2D. The secondary outcomes assessed pooled prevalence rates by sex and race and associations between obesity and glycemic control and dyslipidemia. Of 57 articles included in the systematic review, 53 articles, with 8942 participants, were included in the meta-analysis. The overall prevalence of obesity among pediatric patients with T2D was 75.27% (95% CI, 70.47%-79.78%), and the prevalence of obesity at diabetes diagnosis among 4688 participants was 77.24% (95% CI, 70.55%-83.34%). While male participants had higher odds of obesity than female participants (odds ratio, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.33-3.31), Asian participants had the lowest prevalence of obesity (64.50%; 95% CI, 53.28%-74.99%), and White participants had the highest prevalence of obesity (89.86%; 95% CI, 71.50%-99.74%) compared with other racial groups. High heterogeneity across studies and varying degrees of glycemic control and dyslipidemia were noted. The findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that obesity is not a universal phenotype in children with T2D. Further studies are needed to consider the role of obesity and other mechanisms in diabetes genesis in this population.

Abstract 13823: Impact of Obesity on Inpatient Mortality and Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Cannabis Use Disorder: A Population-Based Analysis in the United States

Background: Cannabis use disorder (CUD) is growing more prevalent, particularly among the young, and has the potential to increase cardiac/ cerebrovascular disease risk. We sought to determine how obesity affects cardiovascular outcomes in young cannabis users. Methods: Using 2019's National Inpatient Sample and relevant ICD-10 codes, we identified and compared young (18-44 years) obese vs. non-obese patients hospitalized with CUD. The risks of all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE- all-cause mortality, AMI, cardiac arrest, and stroke) and sex/racial disparities were assessed in young CUD admissions with and without obesity after adjusting for confounders Results: Overall prevalence of obesity among the young CUD cohort (n:539125, Mean age 30 years) was 10.3 % (55725/ 539125). The obese cohort was relatively older (mean age 32 vs 30 years) and often had females (58.6 vs 42.2%), blacks (33.6 vs. 23.1%), patients from the lowest income quartile (0-25th) (43.2 vs 39.7%), western hospitals (23 vs 20.1%) with lower non-elective admissions (85.3 vs 88.2%). Hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, PVD, prior MI, TIA/Stroke were more frequently seen in the CUD-Obese cohort. The young obese cohort with CUD had significantly higher adjusted odds of MACCE (aOR1.41, 95%CI 1.25-1.60, p<0.001) even after controlling other confounders. Males (aOR 1.63, 95%CI 1.39-1.90, p<0.001) but not females, whites (aOR 1.56, 95%CI 1.29-1.89, p<0.001) and blacks (aOR 1.30, 95%CI 1.06-1.58, p=0.011) with obesity had a higher risk of MACCE vs. the non-obese cohort. However, all-cause mortality was not found to be significantly higher in the young obese cohort with CUD (aOR 1.14 95%CI 0.80-1.63, p=0.473) [Table 1] . Conclusions: Obese cannabis users are 41% more likely to have a MACCE event during hospitalizations. Prospective studies are needed to examine cardiovascular consequences in cannabis users with established CVD risk factors.

Sarcopenia, obesity and sarcopenic obesity among community-dwelling and institutionalized female older woman in Caxias do Sul, Brazil

Introduction: Sarcopenia, obesity, and sarcopenic obesity are considered risk factors for the health of the elderly, which may cause or worsen the reduction in functional capacity. Objective: To determine the prevalence of sarcopenia, obesity, and sarcopenic obesity among community-dwelling and institutionalized female elderly in Caxias do Sul, Brazil. Methods: Observational epidemiological study, with cross-sectional design. 423 elderly women (≥60 years old) institutionalized and community-dwellers, participated in the study. Sarcopenia was identified according to the criteria established by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP). The gait speed test estimated low skeletal muscle mass (SMM) by bioimpedance, low handgrip strength using a hand dynamometer, and low physical performance. Obesity was defined as Body Mass Index ≥27.0kg/m² and sarcopenic obesity by the simultaneous occurrence of obesity and sarcopenia. The Chi-Square test was performed, with a 5% significance level. Results: The overall prevalence of obesity was 53.9%. Sarcopenia was observed in 16.3% of the total sample, affecting 7.5% of the elderly in the community and 25.1% in institutions (p≤0.0001). Regarding sarcopenic obesity, 0.9% of the community and 3.8% of institutionalized elderly presented the dysfunction. Non-sarcopenic elderly women had a high prevalence of obesity. In the elderly of both groups, sarcopenia was more frequent in those with advanced age. Conclusion: Institutionalized elderly women had a higher prevalence of sarcopenia, emphasizing the importance of paying attention to the health of this population and highlighting the need for preventive measures.

Association between Obesity and Metabolic Anomalies in a Population in Eastern Algeria

Obesity is defined by an excess of fat and can be considered as a heterogeneous, multifactorial phenotype, determined by genetic factors, environmental factors, and gene-environment interaction. A high body mass index is an important risk factor in the development of much comorbidity dominated by metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this work was to describe the obesity (BMI≥30 kg/m2) and metabolic profile of adults in Constantine. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted and anthropometric and clinical examinations were performed. Biochemical assays (fasting glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol) were performed. In total, 1,143 subjects participated, with the sample comprised of 41.3% men and 58.7% women. The mean body mass index was 27.22, and the overall prevalence of obesity in the sample was 30.9%. Abdominal obesity by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) was present in 68.15% (83.5% women vs. 46.4% men). The incidence of type 2 diabetes was 42% in the obese subjects. The average number of metabolic complications was greater in the obese than non-obese subjects. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that in men the association between hypercholesterolemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertriglyceridemia was the same, regardless of the participants’ BMI. This association increased with BMI in women. With regard to hyperglycemia, the association increased with BMI in men but much more in women. Metabolic abnormalities are more frequent in obese people, increasing their cardiovascular risk, and thus urgent preventive actions need to be taken.

The Role of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Predicting COVID-19 Outcome.

BackgroundPublished data regarding the impact of obesity on COVID-19 outcomes are inconsistent. However, in most studies, body composition was assessed using body mass index (BMI) alone, thus neglecting the presence and distribution of adipose tissue. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the impact of body and visceral fat on COVID-19 outcomes.MethodsObservational, prospective cohort study included 216 consecutive COVID-19 patients hospitalized at University Clinical Center Kragujevac (Serbia) from October to December 2021. Body composition was assessed using the BMI, body fat percentage (%BF), and visceral fat (VF) via bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). In addition to anthropometric measurements, variables in the research were socio-demographic and medical history data, as well as admission inflammatory biomarkers. Primary end-points were fatal outcomes and intensive care unit (ICU) admission.ResultsThe overall prevalence of obesity was 39.3% according to BMI and 50.9% according to % BF, while 38.4% of patients had very high VF levels. After adjusting odds ratio values for cofounding variables and obesity-related conditions, all three anthropometric parameters were significant predictors of primary end-points. However, we note that % BF and VF, compared to BMI, were stronger predictors of both mortality (aOR 3.353, aOR 3.05, and aOR 2.387, respectively) and ICU admission [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 7.141, aOR 3.424, and aOR 3.133, respectively].ConclusionObesity is linked with COVID-19 mortality and ICU admission, with BIA measurements being stronger predictors of outcome compared to BMI use alone.

Prone spine surgery in a morbidly obese patient: Anesthesia challenges and management

India is seeing a rapid epidemiological transition from underweight to overweight, with an overall prevalence of obesity reported to be 40.3%. Anesthesiology concerns in an obese patient are well known. We elaborate on the anesthesia management in a 68-year-old male patient with a body mass index of 66.3 kg/m2 who underwent spine surgery in prone position. Challenges faced ranged from the size of the table to the difficult airway, difficulty in positioning, maintenance of airway and ventilation, maintaining a free abdomen, and anesthesia management with meticulous use of anesthetic drugs for an uneventful recovery.

Anthropometric predictors of dyslipidemia among adults in Saudi Arabia


 Background: dyslipidemia and obesity are key independent modifiable risk factors for many non communicable chronic diseases. Patterns of association between these factors may help prevention and control. This study aims to assess the association between lipids profile and obesity among adults in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and identify anthropometric predictors of dyslipidemia.
 Methods: data were collected and analyzed from a cross-sectional study using WHO STEPwise approach that included 4 990 Saudi adults aged 15- 64 years selected by stratified, multistage, cluster random sampling technique. Lipid profiles (cholesterol categories and triglycerides) were determined spectrophotometrically by colorimetric biochemical methods. Obesity was determined by calculation of body mass index (BMI=Kg/m2), waist and hip circumferences and ratio and waist to height ratio.
 Results: the overall prevalence of obesity ranged from 33.8 to 44.4 % and the overall dyslipidemia prevalence ranged from about 25 to 44% depending on type of dyslipidemia and anthropometrics used. Prevalence of dyslipidemia and mean concentration of lipids profile were generally significantly higher in obese than non obese. The indicator waist/height ratio was the significant predictor for all types of dyslipidemia and all levels of serum lipids.
 Conclusions: the prevalence dyslipidemia and obesity are high and they are positively associated. Waist/height ratio was the most important predictor of dyslipidemia among adults.

Prevalence and Determinants of Sarcopenic Obesity in Older Adults: Secondary Data Analysis of the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) Wave1 Survey (2017-18).

Sarcopenic obesity (SO) represents the confluence of two epidemics-an aging population and an increasing rate of obesity. The two diseases may act synergistically, and SO may significantly affect morbidity and mortality. However, the burden is not defined to drive the policy changes. Hence the present study was done to estimate the prevalence and predictors of SO in India. We did a secondary data analysis of the 72,250 older adults who participated in the first wave of the Longitudinal Aging Study in India (2017-18). Possible sarcopenia was defined as per the guidelines by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) criteria. The modified criterion of overweight and obesity for Asian adults was used to categorize obesity. Presence of both sarcopenia and obesity depicted SO. Weighted analysis was done to estimate the prevalence of SO, and multinomial bivariate logistics regression was used to identify the predictors of SO. The overall prevalence of obesity, sarcopenia, and SO was 27.1%, 41.9%, and 8.7%, respectively. The mean age, weight, body mass index (BMI), and blood pressure of adults with SO were significantly higher compared to others. Higher age, urban residence, west and south regions of India, consumption of tobacco or alcohol, no physical activity, and presence of diabetes contribute to SO. The burden of SO seems to be less but amounts to a massive number in an aging country. We stress increased screening of the geriatric age group and advocate increased physical activity and dietary modifications to realize the concept of healthy aging.

The Prevalence of Obesity in Iranian Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background: The prevalence of childhood obesity has been on an increasing trend in the world during the past decades, with studies in Iran showing different and inconsistent prevalence rates. Objectives: This study was done to determine the prevalence of obesity in children through a meta-analysis approach. Methods: This study was done to determine the prevalence of obesity in children through a meta-analysis approach from January 2000 to January 2021. Articles related to the subject were obtained by searching Scopus, ScienceDirect, SID, Magiran, Barakat Knowledge Network System, Medline (PubMed), and Google Scholar databases. The heterogeneity of the studies was evaluated using the I2 index and the data were analyzed by Comprehensive Meta-analysis software. Results: In a study on 2,637,912 individuals aged 2-15 years, the overall prevalence of obesity in Iranian children was 11.4% (95% CI: 9.4-13.7%) based on a meta-analysis. Also, in order to investigate the effects of potential factors (sample size and year of study) on the heterogeneity of obesity prevalence in Iranian children, meta-regression was used. It was reported that the prevalence of obesity in Iranian children decreased and increased with increasing sample size and increasing years of the study, respectively, and both were significantly different from each other (P<0.05). Conclusions: Considering the high prevalence of obesity in Iranian children, it is necessary for health policymakers to take effective educational measures.

Obesity Among Industrial Workers in Brazil: A Cross-sectional Study on Prevalence and Associated Factors.

Estimate the prevalence of obesity and its associated factors among industrial workers. This is a cross-sectional study of secondary data from workers aged 18 to 59 years in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A total of 20,820 workers (12,372 men and 8448 women) were investigated. The overall prevalence of obesity was 14.6% (95% CI [confidence interval]: 14.2 to 15.1), 16.4% (95% CI: 15.6 to 17.2) among women and 13.5% (95% ci: 12.9 to 14.1) among men. After adjusting, obesity was significantly associated with increasing age, living with a partner, lower education, and ex-smoking status in both sexes. However, it was associated with lower income in women, and higher income and physical inactivity in men. Obesity was prevalent among Brazilian industrial workers and sociodemographic characteristics are important factors related to obesity.

Гипертония и ожирение у взрослых сельских жителей Пашима

Background. Obesity is considered a major health problem in both developed and developing coun-tries. Both hypertension and obesity are accountable for the increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, and often they occur together. The objective of the present study was to know the prevalence of overall obesity (BMI≥25.0) and hypertension among rural adults. The present study determined the age trend on obesity and hypertension among rural adults of Daspur I block, Paschim Medinipur. Materials and methods. A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 805 rural adults (Males=396; Females=409) of Daspur I block, Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal, from August to December 2019. Results. In the present study, the total prevalence of overall obesity was 22.4% (19.7% in males and 24.9% in females) and hypertension was 36.8% (32.8% in males and 40.6% in females). The prevalence of both obesity and hypertension was much higher in case of female participants. Obesity was more among middle-aged males and females. There was a significant association between obesity and blood pressure. Conclusion. Our study revealed a high prevalence of obesity and hypertension among rural adults. In overall, the risk of obesity and hypertension was greater in females. There was a significant association be-tween age and being obese and hypertensive.

Sports participation, activity, and obesity in children who have undergone the Fontan procedure.

Children with CHD are at risk for obesity and low levels of activity. These factors are associated with an increased risk of poor outcome. Participation in organised sports is an important avenue for children to maintain physical activity, though the relationship between sports participation and obesity has not been examined in the Fontan population. We performed a cross-sectional study of children aged 8-18 who had been evaluated between January 1, 2015 and October 1, 2019 at the Doernbecher Children's Hospital outpatient paediatric cardiology clinic and had previously undergone a Fontan. Patients were excluded if they were unable to ambulate independently or if they had undergone a heart transplant. Patient characteristics were recorded from the electronic medical record. Parents were interviewed via a telephone survey and asked to describe their child's activity levels and sports participation. Our final cohort included 40 individuals, 74% were male. The overall prevalence of obesity (CDC BMI >95% for sex/age) in the cohort (23%) was significantly higher in non-athletes (33%) than athletes (0) (p = 0.02). There was no difference in cardiac complications or comorbidities between athletes and non-athletes. Athletes were more likely to meet daily activity recommendations (p = 0.05). Fontan patients who do not participate in sports are significantly more likely to be obese and less likely to be active than those who do. This is the first study to demonstrate the association between competitive sports participation and decreased likelihood of obesity in the Fontan population.

Prevalence of Obesity and Hypertension among Rural School Adolescents: A School Based Pilot Study in Kerala, India

Aim: The prevalence of hypertension and obesity is increasing worldwide. Recent data on sustained hypertension and obesity among school-going children and adolescents from the state of Kerala, India are limited. The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of obesity and hypertension among apparently healthy school going adolescents.
 Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 252 school going adolescents aged 11-16 years (173 boys and 79 girls) selected from two private aided rural schools of Thrissur, District, Kerala, India. Measurements like height, weight, and blood pressure were done using standard guidelines. Guidelines of Indian Academy of Pediatrics and standard guidelines of blood pressure measurement using gender height specific blood pressure percentile charts were used to identify the overweight/obese and pre-hypertensive/ hypertensive adolescents respectively. Analysis was done using SPSS version 27.0. Gender wise differences were checked using chi-square and t-test.
 Results: Among 252 adolescents, 83 (20.7%) were either overweight or obese and pre-hypertensive or hypertensive. The overall prevalence of obesity and overweight was found to be 9.5% and 15.1% respectively. The overall prevalence of hypertension and prehypertension was found to be 15 (6.0%) and 24 (9.5%) respectively. Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure was found to be statistically lower (P<0.001) among those with normal BMI, than those with overweight or obesity. The mean systolic and diastolic BP was slightly more among boys than girls and it was not statistically significant.
 Conclusion: The high prevalence of hypertension, obesity and the strong association between obesity and high blood pressure seen among school-going adolescents necessitates immediate attention. Strategies should be designed and implemented for prevention, early identification, and treatment of pediatric obesity and hypertension in forestalling the morbidity/mortality from non communicable diseases and its complications.

Prevalence, Distribution and Determinants of Obesity among South African Adults with Hypertension and Diabetes

Background: There is paucity of epidemiological data on the prevalence and determinants of obesity among South African adults with co-morbidities. This study therefore examined the prevalence, distribution, and determinants of obesity among South African adults with co-morbidities of hypertension and diabetes. Methods: A total of 614 South African adults attending chronic care for diabetes mellitus and hypertension were recruited. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 30.0kg/m2 and morbid obesity was defined as BMI ≥40 kg/m2. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the significant determinants of obesity and morbid obesity. Results: Two-thirds of all participants were females [n = 461]. The overall prevalence of obesity among the study participants was 58.31%, of whom 15.15% were categorised as morbidly obese. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, female sex [AOR=2.33; 95%CI 1.49-3.64], primary education [AOR=1.53, 95%CI 1.04-2.26], and LDL-C ≥2.6 mmol/L [AOR=0.64 95% CI 0.43-0.95] were independently associated with obesity. Also, women were almost six times more likely to be morbidly obese than men. Conclusion: A high prevalence of obesity attributed to sex, primary education and dyslipidaemia was found among the study participants. Aggressive and culturally sensitive obesity management and prevention strategies across the country need to be implemented to lower the incidence of cardiovascular diseases.

A descriptive analysis on body mass index distribution in adult twin pairs in China

Objective: To describe the differences in body mass index (BMI) distribution in adult twins registered in Chinese National Twin Registry (CNTR), and provide evidence for the risk factor analysis and prevention and control of overweight or obesity. Methods: A total of 32 725 twin pairs aged 18 years and above who completed the questionnaire survey during 2010-2018 and had complete registered information in CNTR and normal body weight and length were included in the analysis on the population and region specific distributions of BMI of twin pairs and the difference in BMI in twin pairs. Results: The twin pairs included in the analysis were aged (34.6±12.4) years, the twin pairs of same gender accounted for 79.7%. The average BMI was 22.5 kg/m2. The overall prevalence of obesity and overweight was 4.9% and 23.7%, respectively. Participants who were men, 50-59 years old, married, had lower education level, and lived in northern China had higher overweight rate and obesity rate (P<0.001). The difference in overweight or obesity prevalence between monozygotic (MZ) twin pars and dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs was not significant, but firstborn twin pairs had slightly higher rates of overweight and obesity than later-born twin pairs (P<0.05). The analysis in same gender-twin pairs indicated that the difference in BMI was associated with age (trend test: P<0.001), and the difference was more obvious in DZ twin pair in MZ pair and this difference increased with age. The concordant rate of BMI was higher in MZ twin pairs than DZ twin pairs (P<0.05). Conclusion: The distribution of BMI of twin pairs varied with population and region and BMI varied with age due to its genetic nature.

Obesity Prevalence and Risks Among Chinese Adults: Findings From the China PEACE Million Persons Project, 2014-2018.

China has seen a burgeoning epidemic of obesity in recent decades, but few studies reported nationally on obesity across socio-demographic subgroups. We sought to assess the prevalence and socio-demographic associations of obesity nationwide. We assessed the prevalence of overall obesity (body mass index ≥28 kg/m2) and abdominal obesity (waist circumference ≥85/90 cm for women/men) among 2.7 million community-dwelling adults aged 35 to 75 years in the China PEACE Million Persons Project from 2014 to 2018 and quantified the socio-demographic associations of obesity using multivariable mixed models. Age-standardized rates of overall and abdominal obesity were 14.4% (95% CI, 14.3%-14.4%) and 32.7% (32.6%-32.8%) in women and 16.0% (15.9%-16.1%) and 36.6% (36.5%-36.8%) in men. Obesity varied considerably across socio-demographic subgroups. Older women were at higher risk for obesity (eg, adjusted relative risk [95% CI] of women aged 65-75 versus 35-44 years: 1.29 [1.27-1.31] for overall obesity, 1.76 [1.74-1.77] for abdominal obesity) while older men were not. Higher education was associated with lower risk in women (eg, adjusted relative risk [95% CI] of those with college or university education versus below primary school: 0.47 [0.46-0.48] for overall obesity, 0.61 [0.60-0.62] for abdominal obesity) but higher risk in men (1.07 [1.05-1.10], 1.17 [1.16-1.19]). In China, over 1 in 7 individuals meet criteria for overall obesity, and 1 in 3 for abdominal obesity. Wide variation exists across socio-demographic subgroups. The associations of age and education with obesity are significant and differ by sex. Understanding obesity in contemporary China has broad domestic policy implications and provides a valuable international reference.

Association of Body Composition with Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Chart Review Study.

This study analyzed the body composition of individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). In this retrospective chart review study, body composition was measured through multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (InBody 770). Body composition assessments were conducted in individuals with T2DM, who were aged ≥18 years. The parameters included body mass index (BMI), body fat mass (BFM), fat-free mass (FFM), visceral fat area, percent body fat (PBF), appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM), and skeletal muscle index (SMI). One-way ANOVA and independent t-tests were used to calculate differences in body composition distribution by age and sex. A total of 2404 participants were recruited. The prevalence of overall low muscle mass and sarcopenic obesity was 28.0% and 18.7%, respectively, which increased with age. The overall prevalence of obesity when PBF was used was 71.5%, which was higher than that when BMI was applied (32.4%). The normal BMI group exhibited a prevalence of low muscle mass of 55.6% and sarcopenic obesity of 34.8%. For both men and women, bodyweight, BFM, FFM, ASM, and SMI all decreased with age. The prevalence of low muscle mass and sarcopenic obesity was high in older adults and people with normal BMI. Using BMI to assess obesity and determine insufficient muscle mass underestimates the prevalence of obesity and neglects the problems of sarcopenia and high body fat in people with normal BMI.

Prevalence of obesity and associated cardiovascular risk factors in the Spanish population: the ENPE study

Introduction and objectivesObesity is a significant public health problem associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of overweight and abdominal obesity (AO) in the Spanish population aged ≥ 3 years and to analyze the influence of sociodemographic and lifestyle factors and their association with CVRF. MethodsThe sample was drawn from the ENPE study (n=6800). The study protocol included individual anthropometric measurements, sociodemographic factors, food intake (food frequency questionnaire), physical activity, lifestyles, and health problems. ResultsThe estimated overall prevalence of obesity (22.0%; 95%CI, 21.0-23.0) and AO (64.7%; 95%CI, 63.5-65.8) was higher in men, in persons aged ≥ 65 years, and in those with a lower socioeconomic level or from southern regions. Lifestyle pattern was significantly associated with obesity and AO (P=.011), which were less likely in people with an active lifestyle pattern (P <.0001). Obesity (OR, 1.85; 95%CI, 1.24-2.78) and AO (OR, 2.16; 95%CI, 1.1-4.24) were positively associated with CVRF. Clustering of CVRF with obesity and/or AO was higher in women (12.6%; 95%CI, 11.4-13.9) and in persons aged ≥ 65 years (32.7%; 95%CI, 30.0-35.4). ConclusionsThe prevalence of obesity and AO in the Spanish population is high; it is higher in men, increases with age, and is inversely related to socioeconomic status. A lifestyle pattern combining a higher level of physical activity, moderate sedentariness and a Mediterranean dietary pattern is associated with a lower probability of obesity, AO, and CVRF.