Overall Prevalence Of Obesity Research Articles

Obesity in Russia: prevalence dynamics and sex and age structure since the end of the 20th century

Introduction. The growing prevalence of obesity in the world and the accumulated scientific data and practical knowledge have prompted the World Health Organization to declare obesity a global pandemic and a worldwide public health crisis. According to research, in 2015, 603.7 million adults and 107.7 million children worldwide were obese, and the overall prevalence of obesity was 12.0 and 5.0 %, respectively, while overweight caused 4.0 million deaths and 120 million lost years of life. The purpose of the study: to assess trends and age and sex structure of obesity prevalence in Russia according to different sources. Materials and methods. We calculated the prevalence of obesity using data from Rosstat (2018–2023) and the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (1994–2022), as well as the structure of obesity by sex and age groups in dynamics, and the structure of obesity by degree (2022). Results. According to the results of calculations based on Rosstat data, the prevalence of obesity among men increased from 17.8 % in 2018 to 20.9 % in 2023, and among women from 24.5 % to 28.6 %, respectively. According to calculations based on data from the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, the prevalence of obesity among men increased from 8.5 % in 1994 to 16.6 % in 2022, and among women from 21.1 % to 27.5 %, respectively. After 2012, there was no significant increase in obesity prevalence in any of the age groups, with the possible exception of 15–24-year-old men and women aged 65 and older. The data suggests that the obesity epidemic in Russia has stabilized and the increase in the prevalence of obesity in recent years was largely due to the population aging. Also, Rosstat data show an increase in obesity prevalence during the COVID-19 pandemic from 23.0 % in 2019 to 25.0 % in 2021, while the rate remained at the same level (24.9 %) in 2022. In the structure of obesity calculated on the basis of Rosstat data, obesity of the I degree prevails both among men (80.5 %) and women (68.1 %). Conclusion. The growing prevalence of obesity in Russia, given the associated risks of morbidity and mortality, raises concerns and requires appropriate public health measures.

Prevalence of normal weight obesity and its cardiometabolic implications among government doctors in Gujarat, India: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundObesity is rising globally. Normal weight obesity (NWO) and normal weight central obesity (NWCO) despite normal BMI pose added metabolic risks. Limited data on these phenotypes among Indian doctors merits investigation. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of overall obesity, NWO, NWCO, and their associations with cardiometabolic risks among doctors in Gujarat, India.MethodsIt’s a Cross-sectional study among 490 doctors aged 20–60 years at a tertiary hospital. Anthropometry, blood pressure, fasting glucose, and lipids were assessed. NWO was defined as a BMI of 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 with a high body fat percentage. NWCO as normal BMI and increased waist circumference. Body composition was assessed using an Omron body composition analyzer.ResultsThe prevalence of overall obesity was 101 (20%), NWO 239 (48.7%), and NWCO 210 (42.8%). Mean BMI, blood pressure, glucose, and LDL increased from normal weight to NWO/NWCO groups (p < 0.05). NWO and NWCO had significantly higher odds of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and high fasting blood sugar compared to non-obese after adjusting for confounders.ConclusionThe high burden of overall obesity, NWO, and NWCO among doctors highlights the need for lifestyle interventions to mitigate long-term cardiometabolic disease risk.

Global Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adolescents

Overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence is a global health issue associated with adverse outcomes throughout the life course. To estimate worldwide prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents from 2000 to 2023 and to assess potential risk factors for and comorbidities of obesity. MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane. The inclusion criteria were: (1) studies provided adequate information, (2) diagnosis based on body mass index cutoffs proposed by accepted references, (3) studies performed on general population between January 2000 and March 2023, (4) participants were younger than 18 years. The current study was performed in accordance with the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model with Free-Tukey double arcsine transformation was used for data analysis. Sensitivity analysis, meta-regression, and subgroup analysis of obesity among children and adolescents were conducted. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents assessed by World Health Organization, International Obesity Task Force, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or other national references. A total of 2033 studies from 154 different countries or regions involving 45 890 555 individuals were included. The overall prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents was 8.5% (95% CI 8.2-8.8). We found that the prevalence varied across countries, ranging from 0.4% (Vanuatu) to 28.4% (Puerto Rico). Higher prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents was reported in countries with Human Development Index scores of 0.8 or greater and high-income countries or regions. Compared to 2000 to 2011, a 1.5-fold increase in the prevalence of obesity was observed in 2012 to 2023. Substantial differences in rates of obesity were noted when stratified by 11 risk factors. Children and adolescents with obesity had a high risk of depression and hypertension. The pooled estimates of overweight and excess weight in children and adolescents were 14.8% (95% CI 14.5-15.1) and 22.2% (95% CI 21.6-22.8), respectively. This study's findings indicated 1 of 5 children or adolescents experienced excess weight and that rates of excess weight varied by regional income and Human Development Index. Excess weight among children and adolescents was associated with a mix of inherent, behavioral, environmental, and sociocultural influences that need the attention and committed intervention of primary care professionals, clinicians, health authorities, and the general public.

Obesity is linked to disease severity in moderate to severe atopic dermatitis-Data from the prospective observational TREATgermany registry.

There are conflicting data on a potential association between obesity and atopic dermatitis (AD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between obesity and AD disease severity. Patients from the TREATgermany registry cohort were divided into three groups according to their body mass index (BMI). Due to low numbers, underweight patients (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) were excluded from the analysis. Physician- and patient-reported disease severity scores as well as additional phenotypic characteristics were evaluated for association with BMI. Generalized linear mixed models and multinomial logit models, respectively, were applied to investigate the association of BMI, age, sex and current systemic AD treatment with disease severity. This study encompassed 1416 patients, of which 234 (16.5%) were obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). Obesity was associated with lower educational background and smoking. Otherwise, obese and non-obese AD patients had similar baseline characteristics. Increased BMI was associated with higher oSCORAD (adjusted β: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.05-1.46, p = 0.013) and Patient-oriented eczema measure (POEM) (adjusted β: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.01-1.17, p = 0.038). However, the absolute difference in the overall oSCORAD was small between obese and non-obese AD patients (Δ oSCORAD = 2.5). Allergic comorbidity was comparable between all three groups, with the exception of asthma which was more pronounced in obese patients (p < 0.001). In this large and well-characterized AD patient cohort, obesity is significantly associated with physician- and patient-assessed measures of AD disease severity. However, the corresponding effect sizes were low and of questionable clinical relevance. The overall prevalence of obesity among the German AD patients was lower than in studies on other AD cohorts from different countries, which confirms previous research on the German population and suggests regional differences in the interdependence of AD and obesity prevalence.

2023 Obesity Fact Sheet: Prevalence of Obesity and Abdominal Obesity in Adults, Adolescents, and Children in Korea from 2012 to 2021.

The 2023 Obesity Fact Sheet aims to present an updated overview of obesity prevalence across all age groups, including children and adolescents. This study included individuals aged ≥20 years (n=16,941,423 in 2021) who underwent health checkups provided by the Korean National Health Insurance Service between 2012 and 2021. The prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity was standardized by age and sex using data from the 2010 population and housing census. For children and adolescents (6 to 18 years) (n=884 in 2021), we used the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2012 to 2021), and obesity was defined by the corresponding sex- and age-specific body mass index percentile of 95th or greater based on the 2017 Korean National Growth Chart for Children and Adolescents. The overall prevalence of obesity in 2021 is 38.4% (49.2% in men and 27.8% in women), which is a 1.27-fold increase from 30.2% in 2012. The prevalence of obesity has increased across all age groups, particularly among those aged 20, 30, and 80 years. The prevalence of class III obesity substantially increased from 0.35% (men) and 0.42% (women) in 2012 to 1.21% and 0.97% in 2021, with 3.46- and 2.31-fold increases, respectively. This increase was particularly pronounced in young adults. The prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents has surged from 9.7% in 2012 to 19.3% in 2021, with a greater increase among boys. Our study provides information on the current status of obesity prevalence based on the 2023 Obesity Fact Sheet, emphasizing the urgency of implementing timely strategies to reverse this increasing trend.

Investigation of obesity and its related factors among Chinese medical staff: a cross-sectional pilot study

BackgroundMany studies have covered the prevalence of obesity in different populations. However, studies on the prevalence and predictors of obesity among medical staff are lacking. The aim of our study is to investigate the prevalence of obesity among medical staff and to identify the related predictors.MethodsUsing a snowballing recruitment strategy in the form of an electronic questionnaire, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1201 medical staff from cooperative hospitals between January and March 2022. We designed a questionnaire to investigate the participants’ demographic, lifestyle, diet, physical activity, and work status.ResultsThe overall prevalence of obesity was 8.5%, with males (13.7%) having a greater incidence than females (5.7%) (p < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that alcohol drinking (OR, 2.34; 95% CI 1.23–4.42, p = 0.01), sugar-sweetened beverages consumed > 3/week (OR, 2.50; 95% CI 1.02–6.15, p = 0.046), and working a night shift > 1/week (OR, 2.17; 95% CI 1.02–4.61, p = 0.043) were independent predictive factors for obesity in men. For women, having midnight snack having midnight snack (OR, 2.93;95% CI 1.24–6.96, p = 0.015), good sleep quality (OR, 4.47; 95% CI 1.10–21.70, p = 0.038), and working a night shift > 1/week (OR, 3.62; 95% CI 1.73–7.57, p = 0.001) were independently associated with obesity.ConclusionsObesity presented a low prevalence among medical staff. Alcohol drinking, drinking sugar-sweetened beverages > 3/week, and night shift > 1/week predicted a higher risk of obesity in males. In females, having midnight snack, good sleep quality, and night shift > 1/week were independently associated with obesity.Level of evidence: V, descriptive study.

Trends in prevalence of obesity and its association with hypertension across socioeconomic gradients in rural Yunnan Province, China

BackgroundThis study aimed to uncover the changing prevalence of obesity and its association with hypertension across socioeconomic gradients in rural southwest China.MethodsData were collected from two cross-sectional health interviews and surveys from 2011 to 2021 among individuals aged ≥ 35 years in rural China. Each participant’s height, weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure were measured. The overall prevalence of obesity, central obesity, and hypertension was directly standardized by age based on the total population of the two surveys. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the association between obesity and prevalence of hypertension and an individual socioeconomic position (SEP) index was constructed using principal component analysis.ResultsFrom 2011 to 2021, the prevalence of obesity, central obesity, and hypertension increased substantially, from 5.9%, 50.2%, and 26.1–12.1%, 58.0%, and 40.4% (P < 0.01), respectively. These increasing rates existed in all subcategories, including sex, age, ethnicity, education, annual household income, access to medical services, and SEP (P < 0.05). In both 2011 and 2021, lower education level and poor access to medical services correlated with higher prevalence of central obesity, while higher SEP correlated with higher prevalence of obesity and central obesity (P < 0.01). Prevalence of obesity was higher in the Han ethnicity participants and individuals with poor access to medical services than in their counterparts (P < 0.01). Whereas the prevalence of central obesity was lower in Han participants than in ethnic minority participants in 2011 (P < 0.01), this trend reversed in 2021 (P < 0.01). A positive relationship between annual household income and prevalence of obesity and central obesity was only found in 2021 (P < 0.01). Obese and centrally obese participants were more likely to be hypertensive in both survey years (P < 0.01).ConclusionsFuture interventions to prevent and manage obesity in rural China should give increased attention to high income, less educated, poor access to medical services, and high SEP individuals. The implementation of these obesity interventions would also help reduce the prevalence of hypertension.

Сравнительный анализ заболеваемости ожирением детей, проживающих в Московской области

Aim: to conduct a comparative analysis concerning the overall prevalence of obesity in children 0–17 years old living in the Moscow region (MO) for 2012 and 2022. Patients and Methods: a comparative descriptive epidemiological study was conducted based on the data from the annual reporting forms of the Federal Statistical Observation No. 12 "Information on the number of diseases registered in patients residing in the area served by the medical institution" for the child population (from 0 to 17 y.o.) for 2012 and 2022. Results: in 2012, the diagnosis of obesity (ICD-10 code E66 for Overweight and obesity) was established in 13,781 children, including 9,608 children under 14 years old and 4,173 adolescents aged 15–17. In 2022, the diagnosis was established in 19,329 children, including 13,386 children under 14 and 5,943 adolescents aged 15–17. The overall number of children with obesity in 2022 compared to 2012 increased by 4% (from 11.76 to 12.29 cases per 1000 children's population), with the most significant increase observed among adolescents aged 15–17 (23%, from 22.48 to 27.74 per 1000 population), primarily among female patients. An increase in the overall prevalence in 2022 versus 2012 was observed in 18 city districts (38%), and a decrease — in 14 city districts (30%). In 2012, the prevalence rate higher than the average regional level (45%) in the age group of 0–14 y.o. was reported in 21 city districts, in the age group of 15–17 y.o. – in 23 city districts (49%), whereas the lower rate was in 25 (53%) and 24 (51%) city districts, respectively. In 2022, prevalence rates higher than the regional average for children aged 0–14 and 15–17 were observed in 18 city districts (38%), and lower — in 28 (60%) and 29 (61%) city districts, respectively, with a morbidity increase in 2 or more times in some city districts. Comparative epidemiological data on childhood obesity prevalence in different city districts of the MR were characterized by heterogeneity and significant variation in indicators. Conclusion: the overall prevalence of childhood obesity in 2022 versus 2012 has increased on average by 4%. The number of regions with an increase in the overall prevalence of obesity exceeded the number of regions with a decrease in this indicator. KEYWORDS: obesity, children, adolescents, incidence, prevalence, Moscow region. FOR CITATION: Bokova Т.А., Shishulina E.E., Bevz А.S., Kartashova D.A. Comparative analysis concerning the prevalence of childhood obesity in the Moscow region. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2024;7(1):51–57 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430- 2024-7-1-8.

The Double Burden of Obesity and Underweight in Yemeni Adults.

Yemen has a unique low-income population with several sociopolitical challenges and the association between weight disorders and sociodemographic and lifestyle factors is not clearly understood. The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of obesity, overweight and underweight among Yemeni adults, and to identify their associated factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted from 11 January to 25 March 2020, including 561 subjects of Yemen's adult population aged 18 and above, from four Yemeni governorates, who answered a questionnaire including demographic, socio-economic, and physical activity items after getting their signed consent. Height and weight were measured, and body mass index (BMI) was computed. The association between obesity or overweight (BMI ≥ 25.0kg/m2) or underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) and the other variables was analyzed using multinomial logistic regression. A total of 561 subjects aged ≥ 18 years have participated in this survey. The overall prevalence of obesity and overweight was 10.3%, 95% CI [7.7%; 12.8%] and 20.3%, 95% CI [17%; 23.5%] respectively, while the one for underweight was 21.2%, 95% CI [17.8%; 24.5%]. The risk of overweight-obesity increased with age (OR=1.02, 95% CI (1.01-1.03)), living in urban areas (OR= 1.680, 95% CI (1.105-2.552)) and average-high socioeconomic status (SES)(OR= 1.729, 95% CI (1.156-2.587)) while the risk of underweight decreased with the age (OR= 0.981, 95% CI (0.964-0.998)). These findings provide a special case of high prevalence of obesity, overweight, and underweight in Yemen. Therefore, implementing awareness and prevention programs is highly recommended there.

Prevalence of obesity, hypertension and diabetes among people living with HIV in South Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundHIV has become a manageable chronic condition due to the success and scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Globally, South Africa has the highest number of people living with HIV (PLHIV) and research evidence indicates that countries with the highest burden of PLHIV have a substantial burden of obesity, hypertension (HPT) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). We sought to summarize the burden of these three common NCDs among PLHIV in South Africa.MethodsIn this systematic review, multiple databases were searched for articles reporting on the prevalence of obesity, HPT, and T2D among PLHIV in South Africa published since journal inception until March 2022. A meta-analysis was conducted using random-effects models to obtain pooled prevalence estimates of the three NCDs. Heterogeneity was assessed using X2 test on Cochran’s Q statistic.ResultsWe included 32 studies, with 19, 22 and 18 studies reporting the prevalence of obesity, HPT, and T2D among PLHIV, respectively. The overall prevalence of obesity, HPT, and T2D was 23.2% [95% CI 17.6; 29.9], 25.5% [95% CI 15.6; 38.7], and 6.1% [95% CI 3.8; 9.7] respectively. The prevalence of obesity was significantly higher among women (P = 0.034) compared to men, however the prevalence of HPT and T2D did not differ by sex. The prevalence of each of the three NCDs did not differ significantly between rural, urban, and peri-urban areas. The prevalence of obesity and T2D was higher in studies conducted between 2013 and 2022 compared to studies conducted between 2000 and 2012, while the prevalence of HPT was higher between 2000 and 2012 compared to between 2013 and 2022.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that South Africa is experiencing a syndemic of NCDs among people PLHIV highlighting the need to increase cost-effective interventions and management strategies that involve integrated HIV and NCD care in the South African setting.

A study on obesity and risk factors among leisure and polo horses in Kaduna State, Nigeria

Despite the growing concern about the impact of obesity on equine health, little information is available on equine obesity in Nigeria. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of obesity in leisure and polo horses as well as associated risk factors in Kaduna State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was carried out. A total of 116 horses were selected for the study, and the modified Henneke method (1–9 scale) was used to assess body condition scores, with animals having a score of ≥ 7 classified as obese. Information regarding age, breed, and sex was documented, while information regarding feeding and management was obtained from a structured questionnaire. Factors associated with obesity were assessed using logistic regression analysis. The overall prevalence of obesity in horses sampled was 12.1 % (14/116). The prevalence of obesity in leisure horses (21.4 %) was higher than in polo horses (3.3 %). Factors associated with increased odds of obesity were being a local breed of horse (18.6 %), being a stallion (21.4 %), horses not being exercised (66.7 %), horses tethered to a stake in the ground (23.2 %), and horses fed ad libitum on concentrates (21.4 %). Knowing the prevalence of obesity in this population and associated risk factors will enable optimal targeting of owner education regarding management strategies to reduce the prevalence of equine obesity, reducing the risk of conditions such as laminitis and insulin dysregulation.

Secular trends and sociodemographic determinants of thinness, overweight and obesity among Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-18 years from 2010 to 2018.

Most studies have focused on overweight/obesity and its secular trend, with insufficient studies on the factors influencing thinness and trends recently. To examine the trends of prevalence and sociodemographic determinants of thinness, overweight, and obesity among Chinese children and adolescents aged 7 to 18 years from 2010 to 2018. This study was based on cross-sectional data of 11,234 children and adolescents aged 7 to 18 years from the Chinese Family Panel Studies (CFPS) in 2010, 2014, and 2018, including anthropometric and sociodemographic characteristics variables. The nutritional status of each individual was determined according to China and WHO criteria. The demographic characteristics of different subgroups were tested by chi-square, and log-binomial regression was used to analyze the trend of prevalence and the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and different nutritional statuses. After adjusting for age, from 2010 to 2018, the overall prevalence of thinness decreased, and the prevalence of overweight increased in Chinese children and adolescents. The overall prevalence of obesity declined in boys and increased in girls, but in adolescents aged 16-18 years, it increased significantly. Log-binomial regression analysis showed that among all subjects, time (years), 16-18 years were negatively associated with thinness, while 13-15 years, walking to school, large family size, and paternal age at childbirth older than 30 years old were positively associated with thinness; 10-12/13-15/16-18 years, boarding at school, medium and large family sizes, and mother's education at junior middle school/junior high school and above were negatively associated with overweight/obesity, while time (years), boys were positively associated with overweight/obesity in the multivariate model by adjusting for the statistically significant factors (all p < 0.05). Chinese children and adolescents are facing a double burden of malnutrition. Future public health policies and interventions should prioritize high-risk groups specifically young age groups, boys, larger family sizes and so on.

Dietary patterns and child, parental, and societal factors associated with being overweight and obesity in Vietnamese children living in Ho Chi Minh city.

Childhood overweight and obesity are rapidly increasing in urban Vietnam. Dietary patterns are understudied for their association with obesity risk in these children, and it is unclear which parental and societal factors should be targeted in prevention efforts. The study assessed child characteristics, dietary patterns, parental and societal factors for associations with childhood overweight and obesity status in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. A sample of 221 children aged 9-11 years was randomly selected from four Ho Chi Minh City primary schools. Weight, heightand waist circumference were measured using standardized methods. Three 24-hdietary recalls were collected from 124 children, which were used to assess dietary patterns using principal component analysis (PCA). Parents completed a questionnaire about child, parentaland societal factors. The overall prevalence of obesity was 31.7% and of combined overweight and obesity 59.3%. Three main dietary patterns from 10 food groups were identified by PCA: traditional (grains, vegetables, meat and meat alternatives), discretionary (snacks and sweetened beverages), and industrialized (fast food and processed meat). Children with higher discretionary diet scores had higher odds of being overweight. Being a boy, screen time over 2 h/day, parental underestimation of child weight status, father's obesity, and household income in the lowest quintile were positively associated with childhood obesity. Future intervention programmes in Vietnam need to consider targeting children's unhealthy diets and parental perceptions of child weight status, as well as focusing on upstream approaches that reduce inequities contributing to childhood obesity and concomitant dietary patterns.

Prevalence of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in the High Cardiovascular Risk Setting of Rural Western Honduras.

To determine the prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MS) in the population older than 45 years in rural Western Honduras and contribute to the limited literature on MS in Central America. Descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in the District of Copan. The study includes 382 men and women aged 45 to 75 years. With proper consent, anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, blood sugar, and lipid profile were evaluated. MS was diagnosed by using the National Cholesterol Education Program Criteria - Adult Panel Treatment III (NCEP-ATP III). Data were stored in REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) and analyzed with STATA14. Data were collected on 382 patients; of these, 38% were male and 62% female. The prevalence of obesity was 24.1% for both sexes. The prevalence of MS was 64.9%. Prevalence in males and females was 54% and 71%, respectively. Notable parameters were elevated triglycerides (71%), low High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (63.4%), and abdominal obesity (56.8%). In men, the distribution of MS was more homogeneous, with a mean result of 80% amongst all ages. The overall prevalence of obesity and MS is severely underestimated in rural Honduras. The most remarkable parameter for MS was high triglycerides (71%). Sixty-nine percent of the population has above-normal Body Mass Index (BMI). Public health efforts to control comorbidities and tackle risk factors in this population should take utmost priority.

Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in obesity among Korean adolescents: the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBS) 2006 to 2020.

This study investigated recent trends in the prevalence of obesity among Korean adolescents and explored socioeconomic disparities in obesity. This study used annual self-reported data on height, weight, and socioeconomic information from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey from 2006 to 2020. With a 95.8% response rate, the sample consisted of 818,210 adolescents. Obesity prevalence was calculated according to 4 socioeconomic indicators (household income, father's educational attainment, mother's educational attainment, and urbanicity). Socioeconomic inequality was quantified using the relative index of inequality (RII). The overall prevalence of obesity increased, doubling from 5.9% in 2006 to 11.7% in 2020. Boys and high school students showed a higher prevalence. The RIIs in household income and parental educational attainments significantly increased with time, indicating a growing inequality in obesity. Socioeconomic disadvantages had a greater influence on obesity among girls. The most recent RII values for boys were 1.25 for income, 1.79 for the father's education, and 1.45 for the mother's education, whereas the corresponding values for girls were 2.49, 3.17, and 2.62, respectively. These findings highlight growing inequalities in adolescent obesity according to household income and parental educational attainments, especially for girls and middle schoolers.

Examining the prevalence of obesity in school children through an on-site obesity outpatient clinics survey based on student's lifestyles.

The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of obesity, overweight, and risk factors in pediatric patients attending outpatient clinics at a public sector hospital in the central province of Saudi Arabia. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia, between January 2022 and October 2022. The target population was aged 6-15 years. We conducted on-site obesity assessments utilizing questionnaire-based interviews with patients attending outpatient clinics. Data collection was carried out with the help of parents, where required. Using BMI growth charts for Saudi children and teenagers, the weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) of subjects were computed. A total of 576 responses with a response rate of 64% were received and included in the study. In the current study, the majority (41.1%) of the patients were aged between 11 and 12 years old, followed by 37.0% of the students aged between 13 and 15 years old, and 21.9% of students aged between 8 and 10 years old. In the current study, 54.2% of the patients had normal weight, 15.6% of patients were underweight, 16.7% of patients were overweight, and 13.5% were obese. In this study, the prevalence of overall obesity was 2.3 times more prevalent in children aged 11 to 12 years (OR=2.30; p=0.03), followed by ~2 times higher levels in children aged 13 to 15 years (OR=2.30; p=0.03). Moreover, 2.11 times higher prevalence of obesity (OR=2.11; p=0.77) in those who regularly took food (especially lunch) from the school cafeteria. A significant ~2.5 high obesity level was recorded for students who consumed fizzy/soft drinks four or more times per week (OR=2.38; p=0.007). Saudi Arabia still has a high rate of overweight and obesity among children of school-going age, which is a significant public health issue. To properly address and control this issue, policies at the national, local, and individual levels must be implemented. Notably, there was also a high prevalence of being underweight, and this issue needs to be brought up as well.

Abstract P562: Body Size Dissatisfaction is High in African Immigrants With Obesity: Insight From the Africans in America Cohort

Background: In African populations, attitudes towards both optimal body size and healthful weights are evolving. Due to the adverse effect of obesity on health, larger body sizes are beginning to be seen as less ideal. Our goal was to determine body size satisfaction in African immigrants who were obese. Methods: The participants were 326 African-born Blacks enrolled in the Africans in America cohort and living in metropolitan Washington DC (female: 39%, age 40±11y (mean±SD). The African region of origin of the participants were: West: 49% (161/326), Central 12% (39/326) and East: 39% (126/326). Twenty-seven percent (89/326) of the countries of origin were francophone. Enrollees were asked to rank their current body size and ideal body size according to the Stunkard Figure Rating Scale. Body size satisfaction was determined by the difference between perceived and wish body size. Results: BMI was higher in women than men (29.1±4.9 vs. 27.0±3.9 kg/m 2 , P&lt;0.001). The overall prevalence of obesity was 27% (88/326) and higher in women than men (38% vs 20%, P=0.001). Among participants with obesity, there was no difference by sex in degree of dissatisfaction due to high body size (OR 2.14, 95% CI: 0.48, 9.58, P=0.32). Attitudes towards body size in participants with obesity were: 1% (1/88) considered themselves too small, 8% (7/88) just right and 91% (80/88) too large (Figure). These results did not vary by African region of origin or francophone status. Conclusions: The majority of African immigrants with obesity were dissatisfied with their high BMI. To optimize health, risk factors associated with weight gain and body size dissatisfaction should be addressed.

Trends in obesity prevalence and cardiometabolic risk factor control in US adults with diabetes, 1999-2020.

Trends in obesity prevalence and trends in control of cardiometabolic risk factors among National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants with diabetes from 1999 through 2020 were analyzed. Adults who were 20 years or older and who reported having received a diagnosis of diabetes from a physician were included. The prevalence of overall obesity, obesity class II, and obesity class III increased from 46.9%, 14.1%, and 10.3% in 1999 to 2002 to 58.1%, 16.6%, and 14.8% in 2015 to 2020, respectively. The prevalence of participants who achieved glycemic control (HbA1c <7%) increased from 42.5% in 1999 to 2002 to 51.8% in 2007 to 2010, then decreased to 48.0% in 2015 to 2020. The prevalence of participants who achieved blood pressure control (<140/90 mmHg) or achieved non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol control (<130 mg/dL) increased throughout the study periods. The prevalence of participants who met all three risk factor goals increased from 8.3% in 1999 to 2002 to 21.2% in 2011 to 2014and then decreased to 18.5 in 2015 to 2020. Participants with obesity showed worsening glycemic control and lipid control than participants with normal weight. There were increasing trends in prevalence of obesity, blood pressure control, and lipid control from 1999 to 2002 to 2015 to 2020. Participants with obesity showed worsening glycemic control and lipid control than normal-weight participants.

Masticaticatory muscles characteristics in relation to adiposity and general muscular fitness: a population-based study

There is still considerable controversy surrounding the impact of mastication on obesity. The aim of this study was to identify the interplay between the masticatory muscles, teeth, and general muscular fitness and how they contribute to body adiposity in a general German population. This cross-sectional study included 616 participants (300 male, 316 female, age 31–93 years) from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania. The cross-sectional areas of the masseter, medial and lateral pterygoid muscles were measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), muscular fitness assessed by hand grip strength (HGS) and body fat distribution was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and MRI. The overall prevalence of obesity was high in our cohort. The cross-sectional area of the masseter muscles was positively associated with the number of teeth, body mass index (BMI) and HGS, and negatively associated with the BIA-assessed body fat when adjusted for age, sex, teeth, and BMI. Especially the correlation was strong (p < 0.001). Analogous relationships were observed between the masseter, HGS and MRI-assessed subcutaneous fat. These associations were most pronounced with masseter, but also significant with both pterygoid muscles. Though the masticatory muscles were affected by the number of teeth, teeth had no impact on the relations between masseter muscle and adiposity. Physical fitness and masticatory performance are associated with body shape, controlled and directed by the relevant muscles.

S-25-3: TRENDS IN SOCIOECONOMIC INEQUALITIES IN OBESITY AMONG KOREAN ADOLESCENTS: THE KOREA YOUTH RISK BEHAVIOR WEB-BASED SURVEY (KYRBS) 2006 TO 2020

Objective: Studies reported the plateau of the rates of adolescent obesity and its masked socioeconomic inequality in developed countries. However, the burden of pediatric obesity continued to increase in Korea and its socioeconomic disparity remains poorly described. This study aims to investigate the recent trends of prevalence and socioeconomic disparity in obesity among Korean adolescents from 2006 to 2020. Design and method: We used annual data of self-reported height, weight, and socioeconomic information from the nationwide survey, Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBS), from 2006 to 2020. Adolescent obesity was defined as a sex-specific BMI for age of 95 percentile or greater among children aged between 12 and 19 years. Obesity prevalence was calculated according to each of four socioeconomic indicators (household income; parental education attainment; urbanicity). Also, socioeconomic inequality in it was quantified and compared using Relative Index of Inequality (RII). Identical analyses were repeated for the subgroups by sex or stage of school along with the total study population. The trend analyses of prevalence and inequalities were conducted using linear regression model with the variable of survey year. Results: The analytic sample consisted of 818,210 students, representing approximately 64% of adolescents in Korea. The overall prevalence of obesity continued to increase and doubled during the study period. Male and high school students showed higher absolute figures. Inverse relationships between obesity and socioeconomic status were observed across all subgroups. RIIs in household income and parental education attainments significantly increased with time. These socioeconomic disadvantages exercised greater influence on obesity among female and middle school students. Conclusions: This study showed increasing prevalence and widening inequality in obesity among Korean adolescents. These findings highlight parental educational attainments to understand socioeconomic disparities in adolescent obesity, along with household economic status. Relevant policymaking and intervention should focus on not only lowering the absolute figures among boys and high school students but also narrowing the gap among the disadvantaged girls and middle school students.