Overall Prevalence Of MetS Research Articles

Metabolic syndrome and associated factors among H. pylori-infected and negative controls in Northeast Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study.

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in patients infected with Helicobacter pylori, and the factors associated with it are not well understood. This study evaluates MetS and its associated factors among both H pylori-positive and H pylori-negative individuals in Northeast Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted between 1 March 2022 to 30 May 2022.A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical variables. A total of 228 subjects were randomly selected. Blood and stool samples were collected from each subject to measure fasting blood glucose and lipid profiles, and to identify H. pylori infection. Data were entered into Epi. Data 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Logistic regression analysis and the Mann-Whitney U-test were performed to determine associated factors and compare median and interquartile ranges. Of the 228 participants, 114 were H. pylori positive, and 114 were H. pylori negative. Participants (50.9% female) ranged in age from 18 years to 63 years, with a median age of 31 (IQR, 22, 40) years. The overall prevalence of MetS among the participants was 23.2%. We found a statistically significant association between MetS and fasting blood glucose level (AOR, 15.965; 95% CI, 7.605-33.515, p<0.001). Furthermore, there was a statistically significant difference in the median serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p<0.001), triglycerides (p=0.036), systolic blood pressure (<0.001), and total cholesterol (p<0.001) between H. pylori-positive and H. pylori-negative participants. MetS was prevalent among study participants. There was also a statistically significant association between fasting blood sugar and MetS. In addition, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein levels were significantly different between H. pylori-positive and H. pylori-negative individuals.

Investigation of metabolic syndrome among people living with HIV: insight from a comparative study

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among people living with HIV (PLWHIV) considering a comparative study.Design/methodology/approachA comparative cross-sectional study was carried out with 247 respondents which include 123 HIV patients and 124 people without HIV (PWoH) recruited using a simple random sampling method. Anthropometric measurements were taken using the standard procedures and instruments. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was measured in all the subjects. The lipid level and blood glucose were obtained using a vacutainer method to collect at least 5 ml of venous blood into a heparin-containing bottle and fluoride bottle, and a chemical pathology analysis was conducted at the pathology laboratory.FindingsUsing the International Diabetes Federation criteria, the overall prevalence of MetS was 21.1%, while 27.6% and 14.5% prevalence were observed among the PLWHIV and PWoH, respectively. In all, 4% of the respondents were underweight, 40.9% had normal body mass index, 29.6 were overweight and 18.6 were obese I. The mean total cholesterol and triglycerides (TG) for PLWHIV and controls were 162.59 ± 37.80, 177.54 ± 34.23, 91.62 ± 51.74 and 69.59 ± 33.87 mg/dl, respectively. There was no significant association between gender and MetS. Of all the determinants of MetS, central obesity has the highest prevalence (71.5%, 65.3%) among the PLWHIV and the controls. Raised TGs were the components of MetS with the least prevalence (9.8% and 4.8%) among PLWHIV and PWoH. There was a significant association between reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (p = 0.001) and raised blood pressure (p = 0.001) of PLWHIV and PWoH. This study reveals that the burden of MetS among PLWHIV is higher than apparently healthy individuals.Research limitations/implicationsThis study could not measure the association between specific antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens and MetS because all the PLWHIV in the study are on one regimen Tenofovir disoproxil/lamivudine/dolutegravir. Therefore, longitudinal studies on the extent of ART on MetS should be carried out while using newly diagnosed HIV patients who are not yet on ART as controls.Practical implicationsPrevalence of MetS and its components toward the high range among PLWHIV compared to the PWoH who are apparently healthy individuals was found. Higher prevalence of central obesity and reduced HDL-C among PLWHIV was also found. Overall, MetS is high among PLWHIV, and this might predispose them to adverse metabolic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and kidney diseases among others. Therefore, screening for metabolic risk factors should be adopted as part of routine HIV care.Originality/valueThe findings reveal the magnitude of MetS among PLWHIV compared to the apparently healthy individuals.

Prevalence of metabolic sy ndrome and its risk factors among medical undergraduates at Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its associated factors among medical undergraduates of Northern Border University. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 200 medical undergraduates of Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia from August 2023 to October 2023. Data on demographic details and anthropometric measurements were collected. Complete lipid profile and blood glucose levels were measured after at least 8-h fast. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) recommendations were utilized for diagnosing MetS. The data obtained were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20.0. Group differences were analyzed using Chi-square test and Post hoc analysis. Results: The estimated overall prevalence of MetS was 21.5 %. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was more prevalent among older students (37.36 %) and obese students (45.28 %) than among younger and non-obese students. Female students had a higher prevalence of MetS (29 %) than their male counterparts (14 %). The most frequent risk factors for MetS were elevated waist circumference (36 %) and low HDL levels (33 %). The majority of students (76.7 %) with high waist circumference had 2 or more risk factors for MetS. Students with a positive family history of hypertension and obesity showed greater prevalence of MetS. Conclusion: The study has demonstrated a high prevalence of MetS among young adults in Arar, Saudi Arabia. High prevalence of obesity and elevated waist circumference suggests that early and targeted interventions are required to prevent the development of MetS and cardiovascular risk in later life.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome Among Patients With Hypertension

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a serious public health and clinical concern since its prevalence has been rising over the past few decades and is now approaching epidemic levels. Objective: To estimate the prevalence and risk factors of MetS in Jordanian adults with confirmed diagnoses of hypertension. Method: This is a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted among Jordanian patients with hypertension who were followed at outpatient clinics at King Hussien Medical Center. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed based on International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Data on socio-demographic, clinical, and anthropometric characteristics were collected from 336 hypertensive patients from June to October 2023. Descriptive analysis was utilized to assess the prevalence of MetS, and binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine independent risk factors for MetS. Result: The overall prevalence of MetS was 33.6% (33.6% in males and 66.4% in females). Advanced age (OR = 2.006, 95% CI: 1.280 - 2.913), increased waist circumference (OR = 2.864, 95% CI: 1.534 - 4.322), increased systolic blood pressure (OR = 1.073, 95% CI: 1.041 - 1.105), overweight (OR = 5.522, 95% CI: 1.371 - 7.422), and obesity (OR = 7.521, 95% CI: 4.520 - 9.016) were associated factors that increased the risk of Mets (P&lt;0.05). Meanwhile, high physical activity (OR = 0.321, 95% CI: 0.107–0.961) decreased the risk of MetS (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: One-third of the hypertensive patients had MetS, thus highlighting the necessity of early screening and vigorous treatment of all hypertensive individuals to reduce the occurrence of cardiovascular events.

The Association between Uric Acid and Metabolic Syndrome in a Middle-Aged and Elderly Taiwanese Population: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a prevalent health condition in Taiwan that places individuals at higher risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and stroke. Therefore, the identification of risk factors associated with MetS is crucial. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of uric acid and MetS in a Taiwanese community with a middle-aged and elderly population. This cross-sectional study enrolled residents aged 50-90 years living in one community. All of the subjects received a standardized personal interview, including a structured questionnaire, anthropometric measurements, and blood samples were collected for laboratory testing. MetS was defined as excess waist circumference, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high serum triglycerides, and low serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Multiple logistic regression models were used to evaluate uric acid tertiles associated with MetS. A total of 400 subjects were enrolled in the analysis. The overall prevalence of MetS was 35.8%. The prevalence of MetS increased gradually with increasing serum uric acid levels (p value < 0.001). A significant association between uric acid and cardiometabolic risk factors was confirmed, with a Pearson's correlation coefficient for waist circumference of 0.30 (p < 0.001), a coefficient for systolic blood pressure of 0.13 (p = 0.01), a coefficient for triglycerides of 0.33 (p < 0.001), and a coefficient for high-density lipoprotein of -0.30 (p < 0.001). The adjusted odds ratio (OR) of the high uric acid tertile level for MetS was 2.48 (95% CI = 1.31-4.71, p = 0.01). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for uric acid in predicting MetS was 0.621 (p < 0.001). The prevalence of MetS in our study population is high. High serum uric acid levels are independently associated with the presence of MetS among the middle-aged and elderly Taiwanese population.

Optimal cut-off values of visceral fat area for predicting metabolic syndrome among patients with ischemic stroke: a cross-sectional study.

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among patients with ischemic stroke is relatively high. The visceral fat area (VFA) is a predictor of MetS. This study aimed to estimate sex-specific optimal cut-off values of VFA and MetS risk factors among patients with ischemic stroke. A cross-sectional study including 851 patients with ischemic stroke was conducted between March 2019 and January 2020 in a tertiary hospital in the northeast of China. VFA was measured using the dual bioelectrical impedance method. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to investigate MetS risk factors, and the VFA cut-off value was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The overall prevalence of MetS was 43.4%. After adjusting for potential confounders, female sex (odds ratio [OR] = 2.86, p < 0.001), the presence of visceral obesity according to VFA (OR = 7.45, p < 0.001), being overweight (OR = 2.75, p < 0.001) or obesity (OR = 6.00, p < 0.001) were associated with an increased risk of MetS. The correlation between VFA and MetS in patients with ischemic stroke was strongest with cut-off values of 104.3 cm2 (sensitivity 73.0%, specificity 83.1%) for men, and 94.1 cm2 (sensitivity 70.9%, specificity 72.9%) for women. MetS affected approximately a half of patients with ischemic stroke. Female sex, visceral obesity, and body mass index were independent risk factors for the development of MetS. Sex-specific reference values for VFA are proposed for the prediction of incident MetS in patients with ischemic stroke.

Metabolic Syndrome, Hyperlipidemias, and Associated Clinical Markers Among Military Airmen

BACKGROUND: Due to the increased overweight and obesity prevalence in Colombia, the aim of this study is to determine the frequency of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among Colombian Air Force military aviators, crews, remote piloted aircraft operators, and air traffic controllers and relationships with clinical markers. METHODS: Operationally active Columbian Air Force military personnel examined periodically at the Colombian Air Force Aerospace Medical Directorate were chosen for a cross-sectional study performed among 2179 subjects. Medical history, anthropometrics, and laboratory results were analyzed and frequencies, correlations, and odds ratios were calculated. RESULTS: Overall prevalence of MetS was 21.7%; in subjects with BMI ≥25, frequency increased to 36% vs. those with BMI &lt;25. Hypertriglyceridemia was present in 31%, impaired fasting glucose 12.5%, hypertension (≥130/85 mmHg) 14.4%, low HDL-C 35.2%, and increased waist circumference 46.2%. Those with three criteria were 14.6%, four criteria 5.8%, and five criteria 1.2%. Pilots had a significantly lower prevalence of MetS at 17.7% and an adjusted OR of 0.61 (0.49–0.76) than other crew; hyperuricemia was three times more likely (3.2–5.1) and hypercholesterolemia OR was 2.3 (1.9–2.9). Subjects with MetS had a significantly higher fat percentage, waist circumference, low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), uric acid, and white blood cell (leukocyte) count, and a lower estimated glomerular filtration rate. There is a linear relationship of the AIP and waist circumference, BMI, uric acid, and white blood cell count. DISCUSSION: MetS prevalence among Colombian Air Force aviators is lower than the general population, higher than other countries, and displays worse lipid profiles that increase cardiovascular and diabetes mellitus risk within the military. Malpica D. Metabolic syndrome, hyperlipidemias, and associated clinical markers among military airmen. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2023; 94(8):604–609.

Adherence to a healthy diet and odds of metabolic syndrome: A cross-sectional study

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a major health concern around the world. Dietary factors, including diet quality, play a significant role in its pathophysiology. Healthy Eating Index (HEI) is a tool used as a valid measurement of the individual's diet quality. We aimed at investigating the relationship between diet quality as assessed by HEI-2015 and the risk of MetS and its components in a cross-sectional sample of suburban individuals from PERSIAN Kavar cohort study (PKCS), Fars province, Iran. 2225 individuals meeting the eligibility criteria participated in the study. The relevant data were obtained from the baseline phase of PKCS. MetS was defined according to cut-offs presented by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III). HEI-2015 was calculated for the included individuals. Odds ratios were estimated. P-values <0.05 were considered as significant. The overall prevalence of MetS was 27.3%. Individuals with lower HEI-2015 scores had higher odds for MetS and its components. We observed that those who were categorized as the top HEI-2015 tertile had 42% (OR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.38-0.90) lower odds of high blood pressure in the overall population. Also, the odds of high serum triacylglycerol was lower (OR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.57-0.90) in those with the highest HEI-2015 scores. We found that higher dietary quality measured by HEI will decrease the risk of developing MetS, hypertension, and hypertriglyceridemia among Iranian adults. However, future interventional studies are required to further elucidate the issue.

Chronic spontaneous urticaria and metabolic syndrome: a relationship conundrum.

Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are associated with low-grade inflammation. Despite intensive research and various hypothesis, there is lack of specific pathomechanisms of urticaria. Previous studies have suggested low-grade inflammation in obesity which may be linked to urticaria. However, there is limited literature on association of MetS and CSU. So, this study was conducted to evaluate the association of MetS and its components in patients with CSU. This was a hospital-based and cross-sectional cohort study in which 481 patients of CSU and 240 age- and gender-matched controls were recruited. MetS was defined using the revised National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, plasma insulin, and lipid profile were measured after overnight fasting. Pearson's Chi-squared test was used to calculate significance. Logistic regression analysis was done to assess MetS as a predictor of CSU. All patients were started on antihistamines according to the severity of the disease. CSU patients comprised 220 men (45.7%) and 261 women (54.3%) with 97 patients (20.12%) qualifying criteria for metabolic syndrome compared with 73 (30.42%) controls without any significant difference (p = 0.177). CSU was significantly associated with a higher prevalence of central obesity (p = 0.003) but CSU patients with central obesity did not have a higher urticaria activity score (p = 0.727) or serum IgE levels (p = 0.359). In conclusion, our study found an increased association of central obesity with CSU that was not related to the severity of urticaria. This is of significance as obesity is the most prevalent and first component of MetS to be developed. There was no increase in the overall prevalence of MetS in patients with CSU. The increased association of obesity and urticaria in our study can be partially explained by the role of antihistamines in modulation of metabolic pathway and appetite. Future research into the same can give better insights and thus can aid in better management options in CSU patients.

Investigation of the relationship between sleep-related parameters and metabolic syndrome (MetS) among youths in the Southeast of Iran

Background and aimThere are few studies and inconsistent findings on the role of sleep-related parameters in the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among youths. In this study, we aim to investigate the relationship between sleep-related parameters and MetS among youths in a large sample size in Rafsanjan, a region in the southeast of Iran.MethodsThe current cross-sectional study was performed on 3,006 young adults aged 15–35, who registered for Rafsanjan Youth Cohort Study (RYCS), as part of Rafsanjan Cohort Study (RCS)). In fact, RCS is a branch of the prospective epidemiological research studies in Iran (PERSIAN). In the present study, we included 2,867 youths after excluding some subjects with missing information on MetS components. MetS was diagnosed based on Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria. Besides, data on sleep-related parameters were collected by self-report questionnaires.ResultsThe overall prevalence of MetS was 7.74% among the participants. In addition, bedtime, wake time, napping, night shift work, and sleep duration per night and day had no association with the higher odds of having MetS. In contrast, long sleep duration at night was associated with the lower odds of high waist circumference (WC) (OR: 0.82,95% CI :0.67–0.99).ConclusionIn the present study, long sleep duration at night was associated with lower odds of central obesity. However, more longitudinal studies with the objective measurement of sleep-related parameters are needed to verify the associations reported in the current study.

Gender Differences Relevant to Metabolic Syndrome in a Working Population in Phetchaburi Province, Thailand

Background: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is increasing in the Thai working population. Thus, there is a need for an analysis of factors relevant to metabolic syndrome comparing the differences between females and males to improve, prevent, and reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome in the working population. Objective: To investigate the factors and the prevalence to identify gender-specific risk factors for MetS. Materials and Methods: The authors performed a cross-sectional study of 2,076 working adults living in the Phetchaburi Province in Central Thailand, defining MetS according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria. The authors used a self-administered structured questionnaire to collect the data, and calculated odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) stratified by gender. Results: The median age of participants was 50 years. The overall prevalence of MetS was higher in females (28.13%) than males (22.25%). MetS was associated with high body mass index (BMI), education, and exercise in both genders. Advanced age was a MetS risk factor in males (adjusted OR 3.22, 95% CI 1.42 to 7.32, p=0.005). The main MetS protective factors in females were nutrition literacy (adjusted OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.99, p=0.046) and behavior (adjusted OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.62, p&lt;0.001). Conclusion: MetS risk factors are gender specific. Therefore, gender-specific public health strategies are required to prevent MetS. Keywords: Metabolic syndrome; Gender differences; Thai working

Sex-Specific Cut-Offs of Single Point Insulin Sensitivity Estimator (SPISE) in Predicting Metabolic Syndrome in the Arab Adolescents.

The Single Point Insulin Sensitivity Estimator (SPISE) is a novel surrogate marker for insulin sensitivity and was found comparable to the gold standard clamp test as well as for predicting the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) in several populations. The present study aimed to assess for the first time, the validity of SPISE in predicting MetS among Arab adolescents. In this cross-sectional study, 951 Saudi adolescents aged 10−17 years were randomly recruited from different schools across Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Anthropometrics were measured and fasting blood samples were collected for the assessment of glucose, lipid profile, adipokines, C-reactive protein and 25 hydroxyvitamin (OH) D. MetS was defined using the National Cholesterol Education Program’s (NCEP) criteria with age-specific thresholds for adolescents. The SPISE as well as insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) indices were calculated. The over-all prevalence of MetS was 8.6% (82 out of 951). SPISE index was significantly lower in MetS than non-MetS participants in both sexes (5.5 ± 2.5 vs. 9.4 ± 3.2, p < 0.001 in boys and 4.4 ± 1.4 vs. 8.6 ± 3.2, p < 0.001 in girls). The SPISE index showed a significant inverse correlation with resistin, leptin, and C-reactive protein, and a significant positive correlation with adiponectin and 25(OH) D. Areas under the curve (AUC) revealed fair and good accuracy for predicting MetS 84.1% and 90.3% in boys and girls, respectively. The sex-specific cut-off proposed was SPISE index ≤6.1 (sensitivity 72.2% and specificity 83.9%) for boys and ≤6.46 (sensitivity 96.3% and specificity 73.4%), for girls. This study suggests that the SPISE index is a simple and promising diagnostic marker of insulin sensitivity and MetS in Arab adolescents.

Socioeconomic status and metabolic syndrome in Southwest Iran: results from Hoveyzeh Cohort Study (HCS)

BackgroundSocioeconomic status (SES) strongly predicts morbidity and premature mortality, especially for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). However, the effect of these factors on Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is not clear yet. This study was conducted to assess the relationship between socioeconomic indicators and MetS.MethodsIn this prospective cohort study, 10,009 people aged 35–70 enrolled from May 2016 to August 2018. The MetS was defined according to The Standard National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)—adult treatment panel III (ATP III) or NCEP-ATP III criteria. Demographics and socioeconomic data were gathered face-to-face through trained interviews. Also, lab, anthropometrics, and blood pressure measurements were assayed for participants. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between SES and MetS, adjusted for the potential confounding factors.ResultsThe overall prevalence of MetS in the participants was 39.1%. The crude odds ratios were statistically significant for all the assessed variables (p < 0.05). After adjustment for age, sex, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol use as potential confounders, the results indicated significant direct independent associations between skill level (p = 0.006) and Townsend index (p = 0.002) with MetS. In contrast, no significant associations between educational level and wealth status with MetS.ConclusionThe results of our study showed that SES is related to MetS. Among the four assessed SES indicators, skilled levels and Townsend score are strongly associated with MetS. We recommend considering people's SES when interventional programs are planned and conducted on MetS in similar communities.

Changes in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults after the COVID-19 outbreak.

This study sought to reveal changes in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) after the start of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and to identify the groups showing the greatest changes. We compared the prevalence of MetS between 2017-2019 (i.e., the 3-year period before the COVID-19 pandemic) and soon after the initial outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020 among 24,564 adults ≥ 19 years of age using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The prevalence of MetS increased steadily between 2017 and 2020 (29.4 to 35.3%, p for trend < 0.001), with annual percent changes of 2.0%p, 2.2%p, and 1.7%p, respectively. Compared to 3 years before the COVID-19 pandemic, the prevalence of MetS significantly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in males (6.2%p; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.5 to 8.9) compared to females (1.5%p; 95% CI, -1.2 to 4.1). The age groups with the greatest increases in MetS prevalence after the COVID-19 pandemic were those in their 40s (4.6%p; 95% CI, 0.9 to 8.4) and 50s (5.8%p; 95% CI, 2.2 to 9.4). By educational background, the increase in MetS prevalence was greatest among those with a college degree or higher (5.1%p). The prevalence of MetS in high-income (5.3%p) and low-income (4.6%p) groups significantly increased. The increasing trend in the overall prevalence of MetS continued during the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, the prevalence of MetS among adult males in their 40s and 50s increased significantly after the COVID-19 outbreak in Korea.

Association of metabolic syndrome with carotid atherosclerosis in low-income Chinese individuals: A population-based study.

BackgroundThis study aimed to explore the association of the presence and number of components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) with carotid atherosclerosis by measuring the presence of carotid plaque and total plaque area (TPA) in a population from a low-income area with high incidence of stroke of northern China.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in a rural area of Tianjin, China from April 2014 to January 2015. The presence of plaque and TPA measurement was determined by carotid ultrasound. The presence and number of components of MetS was ascertained using the modified International Diabetes Federation criteria for the Asian population.ResultsAmong a total of 3,583 individuals aged ≥ 45 years, the overall prevalence of MetS was 54.5%. MetS and its components were related to the presence of carotid plaque as well as TPA. Multivariate analysis showed MetS was associated with a 20% higher risk of carotid plaque presence (95% confidence interval: 1.01, 1.42; P = 0.036) and an 18% increase in TPA (95% confidence interval: 0.08, 0.27; P < 0.001). The number of MetS components showed an increasing trend with the risk of carotid plaque presence and increased TPA. Among single components of MetS, high BP accounted for the largest proportion and was an independent risk factor of carotid plaque and increased TPA.ConclusionsAmong individuals aged 45 years or more, we confirmed MetS and its components were associated with carotid atherosclerosis in a low-income population of northern China. The presence of MetS and a higher number of MetS components exacerbated the risk of carotid atherosclerosis; among the five MetS components, high blood pressure was associated with the greatest risk. Targeted atherosclerosis prevention and intervention should include identification and treatment of MetS, especially high blood pressure.

Metabolic syndrome in patients with first-ever ischemic stroke: prevalence and association with coronary heart disease

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been well linked with coronary heart disease (CHD) in the general population, but studies have rarely explored their association among patients with stroke. We examine prevalence of MetS and its association with CHD in patients with first-ever ischemic stroke. This hospital-based study included 1851 patients with first-ever ischemic stroke (mean age 61.2 years, 36.5% women) who were hospitalized into two university hospitals in Shandong, China (January 2016–February 2017). Data were collected through interviews, physical examinations, and laboratory tests. MetS was defined following the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) criteria, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria, and the Chinese Diabetes Society (CDS) criteria. CHD was defined following clinical criteria. Data were analyzed using binary logistic regression models. The overall prevalence of MetS was 33.4% by NECP criteria, 47.2% by IDF criteria, and 32.5% by CDS criteria, with the prevalence being decreased with age and higher in women than in men (p < 0.05). High blood pressure, high triglycerides, and low HDL-C were significantly associated with CHD (multi-adjusted odds ratio [OR] range 1.27–1.38, p < 0.05). The multi-adjusted OR of CHD associated with MetS defined by the NECP criteria, IDF criteria, and CDS criteria (vs. no MetS) was 1.27 (95% confidence interval 1.03–1.57), 1.44 (1.18–1.76), and 1.27 (1.03–1.57), respectively. In addition, having 1–2 abnormal components (vs. none) of MetS was associated with CHD (multi-adjusted OR range 1.66–1.72, p < 0.05). MetS affects over one-third of patients with first-ever ischemic stroke. MetS is associated with an increased likelihood of CHD in stroke patients.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Risk Factors Among Chinese Adults: Results from a Population-Based Study - Beijing, China, 2017-2018.

What is already known about this topic?Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is one of the most easily available health indicative markers for cardiovascular diseases, and it has become a major public health problem worldwide due to increasing urbanization and aging populations. The prevalence of MetS increased dramatically in China, however, there are no records of MetS defined by the 2017 Chinese Diabetes Society for Beijing by far.What is added by this report?In this study, the data of 24,412 participants aged 18–74 years from a large population-based study in Beijing was collected. The overall prevalence of MetS among Beijing residents was 24.5%. The prevalence was 35.2% in males and 15.4% in females.What are the implications for public health practice?Effective public health strategies should target males, people with older age, lower education, higher body mass index, smokers, those who drink alcohol, those who are unemployed or retired, and those who live in rural areas on MetS prevention and control.

Comparison of Inflammatory Markers in the Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome in Hemodialysis Patients: A Multicenter Observational Study

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to observe the correlation between high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in hemodialysis patients, determine its optimal cut-off point value, and compare the diagnostic ability of different inflammatory markers for MetS.MethodsThis cross-sectional study finally included 860 long-term hemodialysis patients (male 524, average age 61.5 years) from seven dialysis centers in Shanghai, China. The International Diabetes Federation metabolic syndrome guidelines were used to define MetS, including high waist circumference, elevated blood pressure, elevated fasting blood glucose, elevated triglycerides, and reduced HDL cholesterol. Serum hs-CRP was determined by the immunonephelometric assay. The association with MetS was observed according to the quartile of inflammatory markers, and then the optimal cut-off point value of the hs-CRP was determined by ROC analysis.ResultsThe overall prevalence of MetS was 55.1% (46.6% in males and 68.5% in females). In the final logistic regression model, there was a significant, graded positive association between hs-CRP and MetS (p for trend = 0.010). The traditional inflammatory markers leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were not associated with MetS. The results of the ROC analysis showed that the optimal cut point value of hs-CRP for the diagnosis of MetS was 1.58 mg/L. In the components of MetS and hs-CRP was significantly positively associated with high waist circumference, elevated TG and low HDL (p < 0.05).ConclusionThe increase in hs-CRP concentration is significantly associated with the risk of MetS, and the diagnostic ability of hs-CRP for MetS is better than traditional inflammatory markers.

Self-Reported Sedentary Behavior and Metabolic Syndrome among Children Aged 6-14 Years in Beijing, China.

(1) Objective: This study aimed to examine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children aged 6–14 years in Beijing, and to determine whether sedentary behavior is a risk factor. (2) Methods: Using a multistage stratified cluster random sampling method, 3460 students were selected for the Nutrition and Health Surveillance in Schoolchildren of Beijing (NHSSB). Data on children’s sedentary behavior time and MetS indicators were collected using the questionnaires, physical measurements, and laboratory tests. MetS was defined according to the CHN2012 criteria, and logistic regression analysis was used to compare the effects of different sedentary time on MetS and its components. (3) Results: The overall prevalence of MetS among children aged 6–14 in Beijing was 2.4%, and boys, suburban children, and older age were associated with a higher prevalence (χ2 values were 3.947, 9.982, and 27.463, respectively; p < 0.05). In boys, the prevalence rates of abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, high triglycerides (TG), and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were higher in the high-level sedentary behavior group than those in the low-level sedentary behavior group (p < 0.05); and in girls, the prevalence rates of high TG, low HDL-C, and MetS were higher in the high-level sedentary behavior group than those in the low-level sedentary behavior group (p < 0.05). After adjusting for confounding factors, the multivariate logistic regression results showed that compared with children with low-level sedentary behavior, the risks of abdominal obesity and low HDL-C were higher in boys with high-level sedentary behavior (odds ratio (OR) 1.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10–2.07, p = 0.011; OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.06–4.76, p = 0.034, respectively); while the risk of abdominal obesity was higher in girls with medium and high-level sedentary behavior (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.01–2.27, p = 0.043; OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.04–2.43, p = 0.032, respectively). (4) Conclusions: Higher sedentary behavior time was related to the higher risk of MetS components among children aged 6–14 in Beijing. Reducing sedentary behavior may be an important method for preventing metabolic diseases.

Joint association of meal frequency and diet quality with metabolic syndrome in Iranian adults

BackgroundMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is a common complication that has been shown in various studies to be related to the frequency and timing of eating. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between meal timing and frequency with diet quality and prevalence of MetS.Study designCross-sectional.MethodsWe analyzed data from 850 adults (20 to 59 years) and divided the participants into different categories in terms of frequency of eating occasions (EO) (5 ≥ , 6–7 and 7 <), meal (2 ≥ and 3) and snack (2 ≥ , 3 and 4 ≤) in a day. Daily food consumption was assessed using the structured three 24-h recalls. The quality of diet we calculated using the food quality score (FQS). Metabolic syndrome was defined based on the guidelines of the national cholesterol education program adult treatment panel III (ATP III). The covariates-adjusted relationships between exposures and outcomes were investigated using a logistic regression test and two-way ANOVA.ResultsThe overall prevalence of MetS in participants was 34.2%. The average FQS was 28.0. Increased frequency of EOs and snacks was related to the higher prevalence of MetS ((OR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.24, 2.37; P < 0.01) and (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.07, 1.68; P, 0.01), respectively). The adjusted mean of FQS was not significantly different between the EO as well as meals and snack categories. The joint association of EO frequency and snack frequency with diet quality showed a higher chance of having MetS ( (OR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.19, 4.66; P, 0.01 and (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.06, 2.68; P,0.02), respectively). Also, we observed a higher mean of high density level cholesterol in people with the highest FQS and lowest EO frequency (P,0.02).ConclusionOur findings suggest that the EO and snack frequency may be associated with the higher chance of MetS. We also found when the frequency of EO increases, the beneficial associations of the diet quality were overshadowed. To confirm our findings, well designed randomised clinical trials are needed.