Abstract
BackgroundMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is a common complication that has been shown in various studies to be related to the frequency and timing of eating. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between meal timing and frequency with diet quality and prevalence of MetS.Study designCross-sectional.MethodsWe analyzed data from 850 adults (20 to 59 years) and divided the participants into different categories in terms of frequency of eating occasions (EO) (5 ≥ , 6–7 and 7 <), meal (2 ≥ and 3) and snack (2 ≥ , 3 and 4 ≤) in a day. Daily food consumption was assessed using the structured three 24-h recalls. The quality of diet we calculated using the food quality score (FQS). Metabolic syndrome was defined based on the guidelines of the national cholesterol education program adult treatment panel III (ATP III). The covariates-adjusted relationships between exposures and outcomes were investigated using a logistic regression test and two-way ANOVA.ResultsThe overall prevalence of MetS in participants was 34.2%. The average FQS was 28.0. Increased frequency of EOs and snacks was related to the higher prevalence of MetS ((OR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.24, 2.37; P < 0.01) and (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.07, 1.68; P, 0.01), respectively). The adjusted mean of FQS was not significantly different between the EO as well as meals and snack categories. The joint association of EO frequency and snack frequency with diet quality showed a higher chance of having MetS ( (OR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.19, 4.66; P, 0.01 and (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.06, 2.68; P,0.02), respectively). Also, we observed a higher mean of high density level cholesterol in people with the highest FQS and lowest EO frequency (P,0.02).ConclusionOur findings suggest that the EO and snack frequency may be associated with the higher chance of MetS. We also found when the frequency of EO increases, the beneficial associations of the diet quality were overshadowed. To confirm our findings, well designed randomised clinical trials are needed.
Highlights
Simultaneous occurrence of cardiovascular risk factors is known as metabolic syndrome (MetS), which increases the risk of heart disease and diabetes and other diseases such as bone and joint problems, cancers and fatty liver [1]
Our findings suggest that the eating occasions (EO) and snack frequency may be associated with the higher chance of Metabolic syndrome (MetS)
When we examined the joint association of EO or snack frequency and diet quality with MetS, we observed that EO and snack frequency rather than diet quality had a
Summary
Simultaneous occurrence of cardiovascular risk factors is known as metabolic syndrome (MetS), which increases the risk of heart disease and diabetes and other diseases such as bone and joint problems, cancers and fatty liver [1]. This syndrome means the presence of at least three of the following: 1).
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