Ovarian Cancer Incidence Rates Research Articles

Bilateral Oophorectomy Prevalence Among U.S. Women.

Background: Bilateral oophorectomy has been linked to numerous health outcomes, some of which can have a long latency period. Limited data are available on bilateral oophorectomy prevalence among U.S. women. Methods: The National Health Interview Survey fielded measures of bilateral oophorectomy most recently in 2010 and 2015. We pooled these 2 data years to present bilateral oophorectomy prevalence estimates by age-group, race, ethnicity, geographic region, and hysterectomy status. Results: Our study found bilateral oophorectomy was common among older women. Among women aged 70-79 years, 29% reported a bilateral oophorectomy, compared with <1% for women aged 20-29 years. By geographic region, bilateral oophorectomy prevalence among women 20-84 years was 12.3% in the South, 10.8% in the Midwest, 9.4% in the West, and 8.0% in the Northeast. Small numbers limited our ability to generate age-specific estimates for American Indian and Alaska Native women and subgroups of Asian and Hispanic women. Nearly half of women who had a bilateral oophorectomy reported their procedure occurred more than 20 years ago. Among women aged 20-84 years who reported a hysterectomy, 57% reported they also had both of their ovaries removed. Conclusion: Standard measures of incidence rates for ovarian cancer are not adjusted for oophorectomy status. These findings suggest that ovarian cancer incidence rates may be underestimated among older women. Continued monitoring of bilateral oophorectomy prevalence will be needed to track its potential impact on ovarian cancer incidence and numerous other chronic health outcomes.

Impact of the oral contraceptive pill on the rate of ovarian cancer incidence in different races of women.

10521 Background: The rate of ovarian cancer incidence has drastically decreased over the years, though it is the fifth most leading cause of cancer death in women. Oral contraceptive pills (OCP) are a major cause for the decline due to decreasing the number of ovulations in a woman’s lifetime. In fact, women who have ever used OCPs have a 30-50% lower risk of ovarian cancer incidence compared to women who have never used OCP. This study compares the use of OCP in different races of women and its effect on the decline in incidence of ovarian cancer. Methods: The average rate of incidence per 100,000 cases per year for ovarian cancer in White, Asian and Black females was obtained from the National Program of Cancer Registries and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program SEER*Stat Database: NPCR and SEER Incidence – U.S. Cancer Statistics 2001–2019 Public Use Research Database. The National Center for Health Statistics, National Survey of Family Growth was used to find ever use of OCP among sexually experienced women ages 15–49 in the United States for 2002 and 2015-2019. Results: White women, in the year 2002 and 2019 had a rate of ever OCP use of 87% and 87.5% respectively. During that same time period, they had the most drastic decrease in ovarian cancer incidence of 43%, compared to Black and Asian female population. In 2002, the incidence rate of ovarian cancer for White women was 14.6 per 100,000. 17 years later, in 2019, it dropped to 10.2 per 100,000. Black women had the second highest ever use of OCP and the second highest rate of change for ovarian cancer incidence. In 2002, 79.1% of Black women had ever used OCPs compared to 73% in 2019. In 17 years, the incidence rate per 100,00 decreased 39% for Black women. Incidence rate per 100,000 in 2002 was 10.4 and incidence rate in 2019 was 7.5 per 100,000. Asian women comparatively had the lowest ever use of OCP and the lowest rate of change for ovarian cancer incidence. Data was not available for 2002, but in 2019, Asian women’s ever use of OCP was 65.6%. Incidence of ovarian cancer for Asian women decreased by 21% between the years 2002 to 2019. Rate per 100,000 was 10.8 in 2002 and decreased to 8.9 per 100,000 in 2019. Conclusions: The oral contraceptive pill was made available in the year 1960. Since then, it has been a large factor as to why ovarian cancer incidence has declined. Healthcare disparities and cultural differences play a part in the rate of OCP use across different races of women. This, in turn, leads to varying levels of ovarian cancer incidence decline with White women having the highest rate, followed by Black, then Asian women. Ovarian cancer has a high mortality due to inadequate screening techniques and late diagnosis which is perpetuated by cultural barriers to receiving care. A decreased risk of ovarian cancer should be considered as a benefit when prescribing OCPs and a protective factor among all studied races.

Trends in gynecologic cancer in Japan: incidence from 1980 to 2019 and mortality from 1981 to 2021.

In Japan, comprehensive cancer statistics data have been collected through national cancer registries, but these data are rarely summarized and reported in research articles. Here, we compiled the national registry data on malignant tumors originating from gynecologic organs (ovary, corpus uteri, cervix uteri) in Japan. The number of new patients in 2019 was 13,380, 17,880, and 10,879, respectively, and the number of deaths in 2021 was 5081, 2741, and 2894, respectively. Compared with 40years ago, the incidence of ovarian cancer has tripled, the incidence of uterine corpus cancer (mainly endometrial cancer) has increased eightfold, the mortality rate of uterine corpus cancer has tripled, and the incidence of cervical intraepithelial cancer has increased ninefold in data standardized by the world population. Compared with the United States, the incidence rate of ovarian cancer has overtaken and the mortality rate of uterine corpus cancer is the same, while both the incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer are higher in Japan. The incidence of gynecologic cancer is increasing significantly in Japan.

Common Malignant Tumors in the Reproductive System of Chinese Women: Disease Burden During 1990-2019 and Prediction of Future Trend

Objective To analyze the trends of disease burden of cervical cancer,uterine cancer,and ovarian cancer among Chinese women from 1990 to 2019,and to provide a basis for formulating precise prevention and control measures in China. Methods The global disease burden data in 2019 were used to describe the changes in indicators such as incidence,mortality,years of life lost due to premature mortality(YLL),years lived with disability(YLD),and disability-adjusted life year(DALY) of cervical,uterine,and ovarian cancers in China from 1990 to 2019.Furthermore,the Bayesian age-period-cohort model was adopted to predict the incidence and mortality of the cancers from 2020 to 2030. Results From 1990 to 2019,the incidence rates and mortality of cervical,uterine,and ovarian cancers in Chinese women showed an upward trend,and the age-standardized incidence rate of ovarian cancer increased the most(0.78%).In 2019,the incidence of cervical cancer and uterine cancer concentrated in the women of 55-59 years old,and ovarian cancer mainly occurred in the women of 70-74 years old.The DALY,YLL,and YLD of cervical,uterine,and ovarian cancers all presented varying degrees of growth at all ages.The Bayesian age-period-cohort model predicted that from 2020 to 2030,the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in China showed a decreasing trend,while those of uterine cancer and ovarian cancer showed an increasing trend.There was no significant change in the age with high incidence of the three cancers. Conclusions From 1990 to 2019,the overall disease burden of cervical,uterine,and ovarian cancers in China increased,while the disease burden of cervical cancer decreased after 2020.It is recommended that the efforts should be doubled for the prevention and control of cervical,uterine,and ovarian cancers.

Advanced stage, high-grade primary tumor ovarian cancer: a multi-omics dissection and biomarker prediction process

Ovarian cancer (OC) incidence and mortality rates continue to escalate globally. Early detection of OC is challenging due to extensive metastases and the ambiguity of biomarkers in advanced High-Grade Primary Tumors (HGPTs). In the present study, we conducted an in-depth in silico analysis in OC cell lines using the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) microarray dataset with 53 HGPT and 10 normal samples. Differentially-Expressed Genes (DEGs) were also identified by GEO2r. A variety of analyses, including gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), ChIP enrichment analysis (ChEA), eXpression2Kinases (X2K) and Human Protein Atlas (HPA), elucidated signaling pathways, transcription factors (TFs), kinases, and proteome, respectively. Protein–Protein Interaction (PPI) networks were generated using STRING and Cytoscape, in which co-expression and hub genes were pinpointed by the cytoHubba plug-in. Validity of DEG analysis was achieved via Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA). Of note, KIAA0101, RAD51AP1, FAM83D, CEP55, PRC1, CKS2, CDCA5, NUSAP1, ECT2, and TRIP13 were found as top 10 hub genes; SIN3A, VDR, TCF7L2, NFYA, and FOXM1 were detected as predominant TFs in HGPTs; CEP55, PRC1, CKS2, CDCA5, and NUSAP1 were identified as potential biomarkers from hub gene clustering. Further analysis indicated hsa-miR-215-5p, hsa-miR-193b-3p, and hsa-miR-192-5p as key miRNAs targeting HGPT genes. Collectively, our findings spotlighted HGPT-associated genes, TFs, miRNAs, and pathways as prospective biomarkers, offering new avenues for OC diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

Advances in Management of Ovarian Cancer through Natural Resources: An Update

Since times immemorial, mankind has been dependent on Mother Nature in terms of natural resources for alleviating its sufferings. As per W.H.O., developing countries should fully explore their flora and fauna to become economically self-reliant. Country India enjoys having diverse climatic conditions of heavy rainfall, sandy deserts &amp; snow-clad mountains, which play a perfect condition and host for the growth of plenty of medicinal plants with desirable phytoconstituents. Presently mankind is suffering from many diseases that were not so common in the olden days. Does it is a signal from our mother Nature to once again rediscover its treasure of natural resources for exploring answers for various prophylaxis and therapeutic needs of modern-day disorders and diseases? Cancer is the most fatal disease worldwide caused due to the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. Ovarian Cancer is the fifth leading cause of death in females. The incidence and mortality rate of Ovarian Cancer is increasing day by day across the world. Biomarkers such as CA125, HE4, OVA1, and Cancer stem cells have been used for the detection of Ovarian Cancer. The current treatment of Ovarian Cancer is surgery and some common treatments include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, adoptive cell therapy, use of medicinal plants and their derivatives. Some prominent medicinal plants like Quercus tinctoria, Curcuma longa, Taxus brevifolia, Allium sativum, Asparagus racemosa, Camptotheca acuminate, Symplocus racemosa, Ginkgo biloba, Genistein, Zingiber officinale, Azadirachta indica, Embilica officinalis, Podophyllum peltatum, Camellia sinensis, Saraca indica. A large number of phytochemicals which has anticancer compounds are flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, carotenoids, phenolics, and organosulfur compounds. Ayurvedic drugs highly effective on Ovarian Cancer are Arka, Bhallataka, Ahipena, Bhanga, Vishamushti, and Jayapala. The diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer in the initial stage is not possible mainly due to a lack of awareness on patients’ behalf. The main effective parameter is imaging for checking the extent and location of the disease. Some other parameters also included physical examination and transvaginal ultrasonography. Thus, the present review is an attempt to compile published reports through authentic sources regarding the current management scenario of Ovarian Cancer with the help of natural drugs or medicinal plants that inhibits or hinders the growth of cancer cell, which may serve as a ready reference for future researchers.

Trends and projections of ovarian cancer incidence in Hong Kong: A population-based study.

This study analyzed the incidence of ovarian cancer in Hong Kong and its association with age, calendar period and birth cohort, made projections through 2030, and attributed differences in new cancer cases to demographic and epidemiologic changes. Incidence data for ovarian cancer were obtained from the Hong Kong Cancer Registry. We employed the age-period-cohort modeling approach to investigate the association between ovarian cancer incidence and age in Hong Kong women, with particular emphasis on examining the changing trends of period and cohort effects on incidence. We projected the incidence of ovarian cancer in Hong Kong between 2018 and 2030 and attributed the rise in new cancer cases to epidemiologic and demographic shifts. Between 1990 and 2017, a total of 11 182 women were diagnosed with ovarian cancer in Hong Kong. Crude and age-standardized rates increased from 8.2 and 7.8 per 100 000 person-years to 16.3 and 11.5 per 100 000 person-years, respectively. New cases of ovarian cancer rose from 225 in 1990 to 645 in 2017. We observed an increased risk of ovarian cancer throughout the study period and in the post-1940 birth cohort. The projected incidence rate and new cases of ovarian cancer are expected to continue growing due to demographic and epidemiologic changes such as fertility patterns and lifestyle factors, with an estimated 981 cases in 2030. The period risk and cohort risk of ovarian cancer among Hong Kong women is increasing. Demographic and epidemiologic changes may continue to increase ovarian cancer incidence and new cases in Hong Kong.

Impact of Hormone Replacement Therapy on Risk of Ovarian Cancer in Postmenopausal Women with De Novo Endometriosis or a History of Endometriosis.

The effect of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on the malignant transformation of postmenopausal endometriosis remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the impact of HRT on ovarian cancer occurrence in postmenopausal women with de novo endometriosis or a history of endometriosis. A total of 10,304 women that received HRT (the HRT group) and 10,304 that did not (the control group) were selected by 1:1 matching those that met the study criteria. Incidences of ovarian cancer (0.3% in the HRT group and 0.5% in the control group) and cumulative incidence rates of ovarian cancer were similar in the two groups. The overall mean duration of HRT was 1.4 ± 2.2 years, but the duration of HRT in women with ovarian cancer was 2.2 ± 2.9 years. After adjusting for co-variables, receipt of HRT, duration of HRT, combined use of estrogen and progesterone, and tibolone were not found to be risk factors for ovarian cancer. However, the use of estrogen alone was found to be a significant risk factor for ovarian cancer (HR 2.898; 95% CI 1.251-6.715; p = 0.013). With the exception of HRT using estrogen alone, HRT did not increase the risk of ovarian cancer in postmenopausal women with a history of endometriosis or de novo endometriosis.

Epidemiology and risk factors for ovarian cancer.

Ovarian cancer is a complex disease, mostly observed in postmenopausal women, and is associated with poor survival rates. It is the sixth most common cancer and the fifth most common cause of death due to cancer among women in developed countries. Thus, despite representing less than one third of all gynaecologic cancers, deaths due to ovarian cancer account for more than two thirds of deaths due to gynaecologic cancers. Its prevalence is higher in Western Europe and Northern America than Asia and Africa. In sub-Saharan Africa, there is a considerably lower prevalence of ovarian cancer than other parts of Africa. Ovarian cancer is multifaceted, involving many factors, complex biological processes and unpredictable consequences. Unlike other female cancers that have early warning symptoms, ovarian cancer's symptoms are non-specific. As a result, ovarian cancers are normally undetected until advanced stages (III or IV). The major risk factors for ovarian cancer include older age, genetics, family history, hormone replacement therapy, nulliparity, and dietary fat. Controversial factors include obesity, infertility, talc powder, radiation exposure, fertility medications and in vitro fertilization. The current review discusses the aetiology, epidemiology and risk factors for ovarian cancer. Nevertheless, identification of the main risk factors for ovarian cancer may increase the awareness among women of the general population. This should help to decrease the incidence rate of ovarian cancer and increase the five-year survival rate.

Ovarian cancer in Lebanese women: a 12-year comparative epidemiological study and trend analysis.

PurposeOver the last decade, Lebanon has experienced an increase in the rate of cancer patients. The aim of this study is to investigate the incidence rates of ovarian cancer in Lebanese women over a period of 12 years and to compare them to other countries.MethodsData were collected from the Lebanese National Cancer Registry for the time period 2005–2016 (inclusive). Data from other countries were retrieved from an online database ‘Cancer Incidence in Five Continents’. The age-specific and age-standardised incidence rates (ASIR) were calculated and analysed using Joinpoint regression.ResultsOvarian cancer ranked seventh among the commonest cancers in Lebanese women in the studied time frame. Approximately 189 new cases were reported every year, with an average age-standardised incidence rate of 7.88 (per 100,000 women). Ovarian cancer showed a significantly decreasing trend in the 12 years of study. Lebanon had one of the highest ASIR for ovarian cancer among regional countries and randomly selected countries.ConclusionLebanon presented a high ASIR for ovarian cancer compared to regional countries, and was placed among the top ASIRs compared to countries worldwide. However, with the decreasing ovarian cancer trends, it is important to implement efficacious awareness in order to detect all OC cases.

Worldwide Burden, Risk Factors, and Temporal Trends of Ovarian Cancer: A Global Study.

Simple SummaryOvarian cancer was the third most common gynecological cancer globally in 2020. Ovarian carcinoma is the most common type of ovarian cancer, comprising over 90% of all ovarian cancer cases. The risk of ovarian cancer increases in females with age, along with having a family history, having a family cancer syndrome, and breast cancer susceptibility gene (BRCA) mutations. Investigation of the latest disease burden, risk factors, and temporal trends of ovarian cancer is important for the reduction of its associated mortality globally. The global incidence and mortality rates of ovarian cancer for 185 countries in 2020 were retrieved from the Global Cancer Observatory (GLOBOCAN) database established by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, WHO, Lyon, France). The incidence of ovarian cancer has been increasing substantially among younger females, probably caused by the increasing prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, estrogen exposure and nulliparity.This study aimed to investigate the most updated worldwide incidence and mortality, risk factors, and epidemiologic trend of ovarian cancer in different countries, regions, and age groups. The Global Cancer Observatory database was used for incidence and mortality rates of ovarian cancer in 2020. Data from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents and the WHO mortality database was accessed for trend analysis. Age-standardized rates (ASRs, per 100,000 persons) were calculated for incidence and mortality. The 10-year annual average percent change (AAPC) was estimated by Joinpoint regression analysis. There was an overall decreasing trend of ovarian cancer, yet its burden has been increasing in lower-income countries and among younger females in some countries. Intensive lifestyle modifications are warranted, especially for the populations at high risk for ovarian cancer, including smoking cessation, alcohol use reduction, physical activity, weight control, and treatment of metabolic diseases.

Ovarian cancer today and tomorrow: A global assessment by world region and Human Development Index using GLOBOCAN 2020.

Ovarian cancer remains to have relatively poor prognosis particularly in low-resourced settings. It is therefore important to continually examine the burden of ovarian cancer to identify areas of disparities. Our study aims to provide an overview of the global burden of ovarian cancer using the GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates by country, world region, and Human Development Index (HDI) levels, as well as the predicted future burden by the year 2040 by HDI. Age-standardized incidence and mortality rates for ovarian cancer in 185 countries were calculated by country, world region, and for the four-tier HDI. The number of new cases and deaths were projected for the year 2040 based on demographic projections by HDI category. Approximately 314 000 new ovarian cancer cases and 207 000 deaths occurred in 2020. There were marked geographic variations in incidence rates, with the highest rates observed in European countries with very high HDI and low rates were found in African countries within the lowest HDI group. Comparable mortality rates were observed across the four-tier HDI. Relative to 2020 estimates, our projection for 2040 indicates approximately 96% and 100% increase in new ovarian cancer cases and deaths, respectively, among low HDI countries compared to 19% and 28% in very high HDI countries. Our study highlights the disproportionate current and future burden of ovarian cancer in countries with lower HDI levels, calling for global action to reduce the burden and inequality of ovarian cancer in access to quality cancer care and treatment.

Ovarian cancer in southeastern of Yemen

Introduction: Ovarian cancer is an important cause of mortality in women. The incidence of ovarian cancer and survival rates are still relatively unknown in southeast Yemen. This study takes into account trends in ovarian cancer incidence and survival rates by examining age, histological subtypes, residency, and treatment. Methods: The National Cancer Center Aden is the premier cancer care transformation center in the southeastern governorates and the source for collecting data on ovarian cancer mortality from 2014-2020 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Database. The age-adjusted incidence rate, the percentage incidence rate, the annual percentage changes (APC) by histopathology and age at diagnosis were calculated. The 5-year survival rates were calculated by stage and treatment. Results: Mean age at presentation: 48.14 years (SD 15, range 20-79 years); commonest histological sub-type: presentation of OVC types was the Serous cystadenocarcinoma 56(34%); The most frequently seen stage: 4 (53%) of all ovarian cancers), followed by stage 3 (28%). The mortality rate for women with ovarian cancer is slightly higher in the years studied. Mortality was higher during period of the war. Conclusions: Due to the lack of adequate information on the epidemiological records of ovarian cancer in Yemen, there is an urgent need to carry out a large population study in southeastern Yemen in order to improve the programs of prevention and control of ovarian cancer in the region by the support of Ministry of Health and the World Health Organization.

Predicting Ovarian-Cancer Burden in Catalonia by 2030: An Age-Period-Cohort Modelling.

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynaecological cancer in very-high-human-development-index regions. Ovarian cancer incidence and mortality rates are estimated to globally rise by 2035, although incidence and mortality rates depend on the region and prevalence of the associated risk factors. The aim of this study is to assess changes in incidence and mortality of ovarian cancer in Catalonia by 2030. Bayesian autoregressive age–period–cohort models were used to predict the burden of OC incidence and mortality rates for the 2015–2030 period. Incidence and mortality rates of ovarian cancer are expected to decline in Catalonia by 2030 in women ≥ 45 years of age. A decrease in ovarian-cancer risk was observed with increasing year of birth, with a rebound in women born in the 1980s. A decrease in mortality was observed for the period of diagnosis and period of death. Nevertheless, ovarian-cancer mortality remains higher among older women compared to other age groups. Our study summarizes the most plausible scenario for ovarian-cancer changes in terms of incidence and mortality in Catalonia by 2030, which may be of interest from a public health perspective for policy implementation.

The Incidence of Malignant Tumors of the Female Reproductive System in St. Petersburg

Introduction: Malignant neoplasms remain a serious sociomedical problem that requires solutions to health care optimization. In the overall structure of cancer incidence in the female population in 2018, uterine and cervical cancer ranked third (8.0 %) and fifth (5.2 %), respectively. Objective: To determine the main trends in the incidence of gynecologic cancers in Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, and to monitor achievement of the targets of the Fight against Cancer Program. Materials and methods: To assess the prevalence and the structure of the incidence of malignant neoplasms of the female reproductive system, a comprehensive methodology was developed, which included the analysis of statistical reporting forms officially approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation for 2010–2020. Results: The prevalence of gynecologic cancers showed a steady rise. In 2011–2019, the incidence rates of cervical, uterine and ovarian cancer in St. Petersburg increased by 6.9 %, 18.2 %, and 18.5 %, respectively. The proportion of cases of the uterine body cancer was the largest (43.6 %), followed by ovarian (28.7 %) and cervical cancer (22.5 %). The shares of malignant neoplasms of other sites, including vulva, vagina and placenta, were much lower and equaled 3.9 %, 1.2 %, and 0.1 %, respectively. At the same time, the percentage of followed-up patients with stages I and II uterine cancer had grown from 74.4 % in 2011 to 79.4 % in 2020 (t = 4.9, p &lt; 0.05) and of those with stages I and II ovarian cancer – from 32.2 % to 35.5 % (t = 3.7, p &lt; 0.05). The one-year gynecologic cancer mortality rate in St. Petersburg decreased significantly, from 25.8 % to 20.1 % (t = 4.0, p &lt; 0.05), while the five-year survival in 2011–2020, on the contrary, increased from 52.3 % to 57.9 %. Conclusions: Malignant tumors of the female reproductive system rank first in the structure of the annual cancer incidence. Every sixth (15.1 %) incident cancer is a gynecologic neoplasm. In 2011–2019, rising incidence rates were observed for the most common female genital tract tumors, including cervical, uterine, and ovarian cancer. It is of great concern that not all monitored indicators approved by the Fight against Cancer Program are being properly implemented in St. Petersburg.

Analysis of the malignant ovarian tumors incidence in the Sumy region in 2014-2018.

Background. Ovarian cancer is a very important pathology of the female reproductive system and tends to increase in incidence and mortality rates around the world. Despite the fact that ovarian cancer prevalence is lower than that of breast and cervical cancer, its mortality rate is three times higher. Aim. To analyze the incidence of ovarian cancer in the female population of Ukraine and the Sumy region in 2014–2018. Methods. Data from the National Cancer Register of Ukraine were used for this work. A statistical analysis of the incidence rates of ovarian cancer in the population of Ukraine and Sumy region was carried out. Results. The highest incidence of ovarian cancer in the Sumy region was detected in 2018 (12.5 cases per 100,000 women), and the lowest - in 2017 (10.4 cases per 100,000 women). This pathology occurs most often in women 60-79 years old. 91% of the tumors were epithelial-stromal tumors, of which 75% were serous ovarian adenocarcinomas. Ovarian cancer in most cases was diagnosed at the third stage of the disease (47% of cases), which indicates a low level of early diagnosis of this tumor. Conclusion. In the Sumy region, a high incidence rate of ovarian cancer was revealed, which exceeds the national one and has a significant age dependence. Serous ovarian adenocarcinoma is the most common type of ovarian cancer. This pathology is diagnosed mainly at the 3rd stage.

Different Influences of Endometriosis and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease on the Occurrence of Ovarian Cancer.

To compare the rate and risk of ovarian cancer in patients with endometriosis or pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). A nationwide population cohort research compared the risk of ovarian cancer in 135,236 age-matched comparison females, 114,726 PID patients, and 20,510 endometriosis patients out of 982,495 females between 1 January 2002 and 31 December 2014 and ended on the date of confirmation of ovarian cancer, death, or 31 December 2014. In order to reduce the unbalanced characteristics, propensity score matching (PSM) was performed for 20,478 females in each subgroup. The incidence rate (per 100,000 person–years) of ovarian cancer was 8.74 (95% CI, 7.16–10.66) in comparison, 9.26 (7.54–11.39) in PID, and 28.73 (21.07–39.16) in endometriosis cohorts. The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of ovarian cancer was 1.17 (p = 0.296) in PID and 3.12 (p < 0.001) in endometriosis cohorts, compared with the comparison cohort in full cohort, using the multiple Cox regression model. The aHR of ovarian cancer was 0.83 (p = 0.650) in PID and 3.03 (p = 0.001) in endometriosis cohorts, compared with the comparison cohort after performing PSM. In the full cohort and PSM population, the cumulative incidence rate of ovarian cancer was significantly higher in patients with endometriosis than in those with PID or in the comparison cohort (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001). In conclusion, after considering the differences in the impacts of exposure to endometriosis or PID, patients with endometriosis were more likely to develop ovarian cancer.

Association of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) with ovarian cancer: a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study from Taiwan

BackgroundPelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an important health issue for women. Infection and inflammation play an important role in carcinogenesis and PID has been reported to be associated with ovarian cancer in some small scale studies.AimWe sought to determine whether PID is associated with an elevated risk of ovarian cancer in Asian women.MethodsUsing data from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD), our retrospective cohort study included women diagnosed with PID (cases) between the years of 2000 till 2012. Each case was matched with two women without PID (controls) by age and the year of first entry into the database. Both study cohorts were followed-up until the first event of ovarian cancer, withdrawal from the NHI program, death, or the end of the study period (December 31, 2012). Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate crude and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs and aHRs) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for the association of PID and ovarian cancer risk, with and without adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsDuring an approximate 10 years of follow-up, cases were significantly more likely than controls to develop ovarian cancer (incidence rates of 0.27 and 0.16 per 1,000 person-years, respectively; P < 0.001). Women with a history of PID had a 1.49-fold elevated risk for ovarian cancer (aHR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.21–1.84; P < 0.001).ConclusionOur study evidence supports the contention that PID increases the risk of developing ovarian cancer among Taiwanese women. Gynecologists should undertake careful assessments and closely follow patients with PID, who are at long-term risk of developing ovarian cancer. Our findings need further verification in other international cohorts.

Epidemiological trends of women\u2019s cancers from 1990 to 2019 at the global, regional, and national levels: a population-based study

BackgroundEvery year around the world, more than 2 million women are diagnosed with breast cancer and genital tract cancers. However, there are rare studies comprehensively describing the global and regional trends of incidence and mortality of women’s cancers.MethodsTo study the burden and trend of women’s cancers, we conducted this cross-sectional study based on the epidemiologic data of Global Burden of Disease 2019. In this study, female patients with breast cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, and uterine cancer worldwide from 1990 to 2019 were involved. The incidence, death, and disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) were used to measure the outcomes of women’s cancers. The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was calculated to assess the changing trend of cancer burden.ResultsAmong the four women’s cancers, the burden of female breast cancer was highest. During the past 30 years, the incidence, death, and DALY of female breast cancer kept increasing worldwide. In most regions especially developing countries, cervical cancer was the second most common women’s cancer. At the same time, ovarian cancer and uterine cancer occurred less frequently. Generally, the age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and uterine cancer were positively correlated to sociodemographic index (SDI) value. In contrast, the ASIR of cervical cancer was negatively correlated to SDI value.ConclusionsOur study indicates that the incidence and mortality of women’s cancers have geographical variations and change along with SDI value. The results might be helpful to policy-makers to allocate healthy resources to control women’s cancers.

Abstract 794: Trends of ovarian cancer incidence by histotype and race/ethnicity in the U.S.: 1992-2017

Abstract Background: Ovarian cancer incidence rates in the U.S. decreased since the early 1970s, which was largely attributed to increasing parity among birth cohorts through 1935 and the introduction of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) in the 1960s. However, COC use prevalence has dramatically declined among 20-34 year-olds since the early 2000s as has parity. Ovarian cancer histotypes share many risk factors, including parity and COC use, but the magnitude of the effects differs by histotype. In addition, the prevalence of these risk factors differs by race/ethnicity. Understanding the trends in ovarian cancer incidence by histotype and race/ethnicity will allow us to consider the impact of changes in risk factor profiles. Methods: Ovarian cancer incidence rates in 1992-2017 were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 13 registry. Age-standardized ovarian cancer incidence trends for the three most common histotypes (high-grade serous (HGS), endometrioid and clear cell) and four racial/ethnic groups (Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander (API), non-Hispanic Black (NHB), and non-Hispanic White (NHW)) were analyzed using joinpoint regression. Temporal trends of each histotype were analyzed using age-period-cohort models. Results: Joinpoint regression analysis: NHW had the highest incidence rates for HGS and endometrioid cancers, while API had the highest rate for clear cell cancer. HGS cancer incidence declined in all racial/ethnic groups during 1992-2017; NHW had the greatest reduction. Endometrioid cancer incidence decreased in NHW and NHB but increased in Hispanics in recent years. All racial/ethnic groups showed an increasing trend of clear cell cancer incidence. Age-period-cohort analysis: HGS cancer incidence has been decreasing in NHW and API by birth cohort, but not in NHB or Hispanics. There is a decreasing trend in HGS cancer incidence by period in NHW, but no clear period-specific pattern was observed among other racial/ethnic groups. Endometrioid cancer incidence has been decreasing in NHW and API, but increasing in NHB and Hispanics in recent cohorts. Clear cell cancer incidence has been increasing by birth cohort in all racial/ethnic groups. Conclusions: HGS and endometrioid cancer incidence has been decreasing overall, but clear cell cancer incidence has been increasing. This may be due to an improvement in diagnosis with a shift from classifying “carcinoma, not otherwise specified” to clear cell cancer. It is also possible that the impact of shifting patterns of lower COC use and parity are having a bigger impact on clear cell cancer given that these exposures are more protective for this histotype. Further, the introduction of opportunistic salpingectomy may balance any impact of COC use or parity changes for HGS cancer. There are differences in the ovarian cancer incidence trends by histotype and race/ethnicity, highlighting the impact of different preventive strategies. Citation Format: Minh Tung Phung, Celeste Leigh Pearce, Rafael Meza, Jihyoun Jeon. Trends of ovarian cancer incidence by histotype and race/ethnicity in the U.S.: 1992-2017 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 794.