Outward Mobility Research Articles

Student Mobility Across the World and India

In this era of educational marketing, education has become a commodity to be purchased by a consumer in order to build a skill set to be used in the market place and no more is it only recognized as the assets of skills, attitudes and values required for citizenship and effective participation in today’s society. Moreover, with the globalization phenomenon, which was always reflected in the education sector especially in India from olden times, has lead to the mobility of the students to the foreign countries either for quality or affordable education. Educational marketing can be defined as a planned and systematic two-way process of communication between an educational institution and its stakeholders designed to build morale, goodwill, understanding and support for that organization. The outcomes are usually goodwill, positive attitudes, respect, understanding and basic support. A developing country like India can use educational marketing as per its requirements. Therefore, this paper deals with two aspects in higher education in India. It tries to build a case for the need of decreasing outward student mobility and for more foreign students to be attracted to Indian higher education. To meet this purpose, the present study focuses light on the scenario of the higher education system worldwide and how economic globalization of higher education is shaping new horizons in the education sector. The present study details the statistics of student mobility world-wide and in India. The present study will also compare the composition and trends of exports of higher educational services by selected universities in Delhi, the capital and one of the metrocities of India. The present study is based upon the data collected from the Ministry of Education, Ministry of HRD, WTO publications, University Annual Reports and various journals and books published by the Association of Indian Universities (AIU) and the University Grants Commission (UGC).The three universities under study are the University of Delhi (DU), Jamia MiliaI slamia (JMI) and Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU). These universities are involved in globalization by admitting foreign students. DU and JMI offer regular and distance education courses in India, therefore foreign students come to these universities and take admission and study, whereas IGNOU has a different modus operandi. It has the partner institutions (PIs) all over the world in different countries. Students from those countries get enrolled through the PIs and pursue courses from IGNOU as it offers only distance courses. These universities in New Delhi have been chosen as Delhi is the capital of India and has two functional universities acclaimed worldwide and one open university of international repute, in order to understand how the various modes attract the foreign students; and these being publicly funded universities, how much impetus has been put on internationalization of higher education despite all required infrastructure being available with them for conducting the courses effectively and efficiently.

Stability, residential satisfaction and the dynamics of change: Evidence from the New Deal for Communities programme in England

The New Deal for Communities (NDC) programme is the flagship area-based programme introduced by the Labour Government. Launched in 1999, it involves a ten-year programme of intervention in 39 neighbourhoods across the country, with each NDC partnership receiving about £50m for the duration of the programme. Community involvement and consultation form a central plank of the programme, and a wide range of interventions have been introduced in the domains of crime prevention, health, education, housing and the physical environment, and worklessness. This paper examines the relationship between different types of neighbourhoods selected for the NDC programme and changes in household satisfaction, social capital and residential mobility over a four-year period. The paper compares evidence from NDCs with a sample of other neighbourhoods outside the programme. The results show a closing of the gap between NDCs and comparator areas in terms of residential satisfaction, especially in the most disadvantaged neighbourhoods. There is, however, little change in terms of some measures of social capital. This may be the result of disruptions caused by programmes of major neighbourhood transformation, or because some of the more 'active' residents left the NDC areas during the period. The paper suggests the need for caution in interpreting changes in local outcomes during regeneration programmes, without a clear specification of the neighbourhood context and a grasp of the impact of inward and outward mobility on key indicators. Improvements in the physical infrastructure of neighbourhoods can bring important gains in residential satisfaction, but this will not necessarily encourage households to stay put rather than move on elsewhere.

Analysis of Korean students’ international mobility by 2-D model: driving force factor and directional factor

The purpose of this study is to understand the dynamics of Korean students’ international mobility to study abroad by using the 2-D Model. The first D, the driving force factor, explains how and what components of the dissatisfaction with domestic higher education perceived by Korean students drives students’ outward mobility to seek foreign higher education. The second D, the directional factor, describes the factors that influence the choice of destination country for students’ outward mobility, and is explained by the comparison of Korean students’ perceptions on the images of universities in the U.S., China, the U.K., and Australia and their expectations for higher education in each country (categorized as ‘academic’–‘environmental’). Two questionnaire surveys were conducted to analyze the two D factors and the research findings were integrated into suggestions for each country’s higher education institutions that can be incorporated into their recruitment strategies for international students.

Postcolonialism, Identity, and the French Language in St. Lucia

Examines attitudes toward cultural identification with the French language, recently increased in education, relative to English and Kwéyòl, among St Lucians, through a postcolonial conceptual framework. Author contextualizes this within St Lucia's history, as first French and later British colony, and relates it to the multiplicity, characteristic of St Lucia (and Caribbean) Creole identity, and a connected fluidity in language use. Through a rural and Castries sample, he further studies the evaluations of St Lucians of French, English, and Kwéyòl, in relation to their sense of cultural and social relevance and affinity of and with these languages. He shows how English is seen by most as high-status and important for St Lucians, especially for upward and outward mobility, while especially for St Lucia's national identity Kwéyòl is also valued by most, despite its recent partial waning. French, recently stimulated as main second or third language, is seen as quite important, and should according to a majority of the sample (especially in Castries) be learned more by St Lucians, and is seen as more relevant than Spanish. Author points out how this is related to a strong cultural affinity St Lucians sense with nearby Martinique, practical connections (traveling, migrating) to Martinique, or French/Martinican tourists in St Lucia, as well as to French's similarity to Kwéyòl, thus possibly helping to bolster Kwéyòl's status.

Skills, training and development within an insular labour market

PurposeThe paper aims to discuss growing public interest in the non‐clinical environment of hospitals and other healthcare facilities which has recently been greatly sharpened by political debate and professional concern.Design/methodology/approachThe research was based on a survey of members of the Catering Managers Association in order to determine their perceptions of their jobs, their career paths to date and future aspirations and the skills that they require for their work. Usable responses were received from 74 members or 23 per cent of the Association.FindingsThe background and training of catering professionals in healthcare are considered together with their long‐term career aspirations. The key finding is that the healthcare environment constitutes a relatively insular labour market within which inward and outward mobility is rare. Managers in the sector are probably under‐trained for their level of responsibility and are limited in their career aspirations outside of the sector.Research limitations/implicationsThis study provides a limited insight into a complex work environment and findings are based on a relatively small response rate. Non‐members of the Catering Managers Association were not surveyed.Practical implicationsThe study poses challenges to the healthcare sector in addressing the need for more effective career management and development for managers with a facilities and catering function. The issue of vocational insularity is one that needs to be addressed.Originality/valueThis paper represents the first study of its kind to address career development and training issues with respect to catering managers within healthcare in the UK and raises important questions about the insularity of this relatively large national labour market.

Postcolonialism, Identity, and the French Language in St. Lucia

Examines attitudes toward cultural identification with the French language, recently increased in education, relative to English and Kwéyòl, among St Lucians, through a postcolonial conceptual framework. Author contextualizes this within St Lucia's history, as first French and later British colony, and relates it to the multiplicity, characteristic of St Lucia (and Caribbean) Creole identity, and a connected fluidity in language use. Through a rural and Castries sample, he further studies the evaluations of St Lucians of French, English, and Kwéyòl, in relation to their sense of cultural and social relevance and affinity of and with these languages. He shows how English is seen by most as high-status and important for St Lucians, especially for upward and outward mobility, while especially for St Lucia's national identity Kwéyòl is also valued by most, despite its recent partial waning. French, recently stimulated as main second or third language, is seen as quite important, and should according to a majority of the sample (especially in Castries) be learned more by St Lucians, and is seen as more relevant than Spanish. Author points out how this is related to a strong cultural affinity St Lucians sense with nearby Martinique, practical connections (traveling, migrating) to Martinique, or French/Martinican tourists in St Lucia, as well as to French's similarity to Kwéyòl, thus possibly helping to bolster Kwéyòl's status.

Food or facilities? The changing role of catering managers in the healthcare environment

PurposeThis research paper seeks to address the roles that managers within the UK's National Health Service, who are responsible for catering and related facilities management, perform and to consider the responsibilities, in terms of skills, that these roles impose.Design/methodology/approachThe paper reports a survey of the membership of the Hospital Caterers Association in the UK. The background and training of catering professionals in healthcare are considered together with their long‐term career aspirations.FindingsThe findings of the survey point to a management workforce which has skills which do not closely match the demands of the responsibilities that they carry. In addition, the NHS constitutes a relatively insular labour market within which inward and outward mobility is rare.Originality/valueThis paper is important in understanding the nature of change within the hospital catering management labour market and suggests a need for the NHS, in particular, to address career development in a more structured manner, in view of changing expectations of work in the area.

X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy Study of the Incorporated Copper Species in Anodic Alumina Films Formed on an Al-2 wt % Cu Alloy

Barrier anodic films, formed on an Al-2 wt % Cu binary alloy at a current density of in ammonium pentaborate electrolyte, have been examined by analytical transmission electron microscopy, which revealed the presence of copper species across the amorphous film section, indicating incorporation and outward mobility under the electric field. From the position of the absorption edge, X-ray absorption spectroscopy revealed conclusively the presence of Cu(II) species within the alumina film. Analysis of the extended X-ray absorption fine structure showed further that each copper atom in the film is surrounded by oxygen atoms at a mean distance of , but with little long-range order.

Diffusion kinetics of proton-induced 21Ne, 3He, and 4He in quartz

A natural quartz sample free of mineral and fluid inclusions was irradiated with a 200 MeV proton beam to produce spallogenic 21Ne, 3He and 4He. Temperature-dependent diffusivities of these three nuclides were then determined simultaneously by high precision stepped-heating and noble gas mass spectrometry. The outward mobility of proton-induced nuclides reflects diffusion through the quartz lattice. In the studied range of 70 to 400°C the helium diffusion coefficients exceed those of neon by 5–7 orders of magnitude. The implied diffusion parameters E a = 153.7 ± 1.5 (kJ/mol) and ln(D o/a 2) = 15.9 ± 0.3 (ln(s −1)) and E a = 84.5 ± 1.2 (kJ/mol) and ln(D o/a 2) = 11.1 ± 0.3 (ln(s −1)) for proton-induced 21Ne and 3He, respectively, indicate that cosmogenic neon will be quantitatively retained in inclusion-free quartz at typical Earth surface temperatures whereas cosmogenic helium will not. However, the neon diffusion parameters also indicate that diffusive loss needs to be considered for small (<1 mm) quartz grains that have experienced elevated temperatures. Since natural quartz often contains fluid inclusions which may enhance noble gas retentivity, these parameters likely represent an end-member case of purely solid-state diffusion. The ∼70 kJ/mol higher activation energy for neon diffusion compared to helium diffusion likely represents an energy barrier related to its ∼13% greater diameter and provides a fundamental constraint with which to test theories of solid state diffusion. The diffusion parameters for proton-induced 4He are indistinguishable from those for 3He, providing no evidence for the commonly expected inverse square root of the mass diffusion relationship between isotopes. We also find preliminary indication that increased exposure to radiation may enhance neon and helium retentivity in quartz at low temperatures.

Morphology, composition and structure of anodic films on Al–Cr alloys

Anodic films developed on aluminium alloys, Al–Cr for example, are frequently characterised morphologically by transmission electron microscopy, with precise composition, and valence states of relevant species determined by comparatively broad beam techniques, e.g., Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation, etc. Here, the combination of transmission electron microscopy with electron energy loss spectroscopy has been utilized for morphological, compositional and structural probing at the necessary resolution in a single instrument. For the Al–Cr alloy, anodizing results in interfacial enrichment of chromium in a thin alloy layer immediately beneath the anodic film; upon achieving a steady-state enrichment, chromium is oxidized and incorporated into the alumina film as Cr 3+O units. The Cr 3+ species have reduced outward mobility relative to Al 3+ ions under the high electric field across the anodic film. Further, oxygen gas development is associated with oxidation and incorporation of chromium; such gas, detected readily by EELS, is present in gas-filled voids within the film section. The presence of oxygen-filled voids evidently influences the outward mobility of chromium species detected from fine volumes of film material.

Intermolecular exchange in a triarylborane-phosphine complex: a multinuclear magnetic resonance study

A novel procedure is described for incorporating layers of alumina, contaminated with species derived from the electrolyte, e.g. molybdenum species, within anodic films, for application in the study of mobility and growth mechanisms of anodic barrier films on aluminium. Use of these mobile tracers shows that anodic alumina, developed at a high current efficiency, forms at the metal/film and film/electrolyte interfaces with no significant formation within the film bulk. The outward mobility of incorporated molybdenum species, the tracer, was found to be unchanged throughout the film regions. Indeed, the movements of the various species during anodizing are fully accounted for by use of their usual transport numbers. Occasional anomalous behaviour is observed locally during film growth at and in the vicinity of flaws, probably owing to local current concentration at the flaw site, and when chromium-containing layers are used as tracers. In the latter situation, voids and cracks are revealed in the contaminated alumina, possibly arising from the development of a crystalline alumina containing incorporated chromium species.

Outward Mobility

Outward Mobility

An X-ray absorption study of barrier-type anodic films formed on aluminium in chromate electrolytes

Abstract An X-ray absorption study of anodic films formed on aluminium in chromate electrolytes has been undertaken to investigate the nature of the incorporated chromium species. From the shift in chromium edge position, due to change in valency state, and from the observation of a pre-edge peak, or shape resonance, associated with Cr(VI) in tetrahedral coordination, it is evident that the anodic alumina contains both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) states. More specifically, the Cr(VI) state is probably associated with chromate and dichromate anions initially adsorbed at the film/electrolyte interface and incorporated under the field into the thickening alumina film. There is an approximately uniform uptake of chromium species, with thicker films being associated largely with the Cr(III) state. In order to explain the outward mobility of chromium species during film growth, it is evident that a field-induced transformation proceeds whereby chromate and dichromate anions are transformed to outwardly mobile Cr3+ caton...

Urban Service and Environmental Stressor

We examine the impact of a relatively new mass transit line on residential mobility, utilizing a survey of respondents living adjacent to the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART). The hypothesis is that as perceived costs (e.g., noise) of the system increase, preferences for outward mobility will increase, while as local benefits increase (e.g., accessibility to the system), preferences for inward mobility will increase. Preferences for outward mobility per se were unrelated to BART's local attributes. However, BART-related reasons for moving varied as predicted. Residents near aerial trackways, which maximize local environmental costs, had greater preferences for outward mobility. Residents near stations, which maximize the service's local benefits, had the highest reports of inward mobility. We examine the mediating effects of local environmental and social circumstances and discuss the implications of this particular study for other metropolitan regions.

Sugar-transport kinetics of the rat thymocyte

Suspensions of 2 to 5% rat thymocytes were incubated at 35 °C in buffered balanced salt solution (pH 7.3) with lactate and β-hydroxybutyrate as fuels. The dependence of 3- O-[ Me- 3H]methylglucose influx on external and internal 3- O-methylglucose concentrations was studied. Entry was almost rectilinear during the first minute. From the dependence of methylglucose entry (into sugar-free cells) on external methylglucose concentration, we judged the entry K m to be about 7.7 m m and the entry V to be about 0.64 μmol · min −1 · (ml of packed cell volume) −1. Methylglucose inside the cell enhanced influx, hence equilibrium exchange was faster than entry. The dependence of equilibrium exchange on methylglucose concentration (inside and outside being equal) indicated a K m of about 25 m m and a V of about 2.1 μmol · (min) −1 · (ml of cell volume) −1. This effect of internal sugar indicated that entry into sugar-free cells is limited mainly by the return of empty carrier to the outside surface and that loading the carrier on the inside enhances its outward mobility. The K m and V for influx into cells containing 21 m m methylglucose were 5.9 m m and 1.17 μmol · min −1 · (ml of packed cells) −1. The effect of 21 m m internal sugar on lowering the influx K m from about 7.7 m m to about 6 m m was reproducible and contributed to the evaluation of the constants of the transport rate law. It indicated that loading of the carrier at the external surface reduces its mobility, in contrast to the effect of loading on the inside. Mechanical explanations for this behavior are discussed.

Sources of the Suburban Population: 1955—1960 and 1965—1970

The beginnings of this project go back at least a decade. At some point I became unhappy with both the popular and professional assumption that America's suburban population has come from the nation's central cities. Clearly, the geographic spread of many urbanized areas did result from the outward mobility of people-primarily whites-from the inner city to the outer city, to the suburban ring, and sometimes to the metropolitan fringe. The unanswered question was: how many suburbanites did not come from the Center City? As the study progressed, other questions arose and came to predominate. These new topics included 1) the changes in suburban population patterns from the decade of the 1950's to the 1960's, 2) the geographic distribution of various metropolitan growth patterns across the nation, and 3) the possibility of developing an historical theory of metropolitan growth from these data. The investigation focused on twenty-eight major metropolitan areas.' The 1960 and 1970 SMSA Census Tract Reports provide data on where people lived five years earlier-i.e., where people lived in 1955 when questioned in 1960, etc. Four useful kinds of responses to this question were reported: percent of people over five years of age living in the same place as before (the Residentially Stable Population), the percentage who previously lived in the Center City of the same metropolitan area (the Center City Migrants), the percentage who lived five years before in some other suburban or fringe location within the same metropolitan area (the Intra-Suburban Migrants),

OCCUPATIONS CHOSEN BY THE SONS OF FARMERS

The Government aims to reduce the number of farmers in this country by encouraging some existing operators to retire. This paper explores an alternative possibility, namely, that of influencing potential new entrants, the majority of whom are farmers' sons. For a number of reasons, sons of existing farmers may find it easier, on leaving school, to stay in agricirlture than to enter other occupations. Later realisation by many of them of the economic prospects and subsequent moves to other jobs represent a waste of human resources to the whole economy as well as causing social hardship to the individual. A recent survey of the occupational choice process of rural schoolboys and students aimed to discover the obstacles, if any, to greater outward mobility. Farmers' sons were compared with others in respect of educational and occupational aspirations, alternative jobs considered, sources of career advice and work values. Some ways are suggested whereby sons whose fathers have farms which are too small to provide a living might be made aware of their own prospects in farming, the range of opportunities open to them and the satisfactions to be gained in other occupations before they commit themselves to an unrewarding strirggle in farming.