Outstanding Scholars Research Articles

Mity w traktacie astronomicznym Jana z Głogowa (1445-1507)

The article discusses ancient myths and biblical stories that can be found in the astronomical treatise Introductorium compendiosum in «Tractatum sphaerae materialis» Ioannis de Sacrobusto of Jan of Głogów – an outstanding scholar in the Cracow Academy. The article includes an explanation of the content of these legends with references to ancient and medieval authors. Another goal of the article is to show how these stories were incorporated and adapted to the scientific lecture on celestial spheres and stars.

Islamic law in the legacy of Shihabetdin Marjani

The article deals with various legal aspects as recorded in the works by Shihabetdin Marjani, an outstanding Tatar religious philosopher and an encyclopaedic writer. Surprisingly but the legacy of such an outstanding scholar has not yet received a detailed study. Traditionally he is being seen mainly as historian whereas his legacy comprises a significant number of works on Islamic law, its history, various liturgical problems, as well as fasting and interfaith marriages. The author of the article makes an effort to fill this gap He examined the main theological works by Marjani, analyzed his views on ijtihad and taklid, the history of Islamic law, the problems of prayer and fasting, etc.

Tensión en el terreno etnográfico

Jorge Prelorán fue un cineasta argentino que realizó más de sesenta films entre las décadas de 1960 y 1990. Pero también difundió su pensamiento sobre el cine etnográfico mediante ensayos y entrevistas durante toda su carrera. Sus encuentros con los investigadores y realizadores más destacados fueron la base sobre la cual fue construyendo sus reflexiones críticas sobre el lugar de la antropología, la política y los métodos más apropiados para la realización de films “al servicio” de los otros. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el pensamiento de Prelorán por medio de sus artículos y entrevistas.

La Chiesa Ortodossa Russa e le riforme dell’inizio del XX secolo

SOMMARIO: 1. La riforma di Pietro il Grande e la paralisi della Chiesa - 2. La diffusa aspirazione a ridefinire i rapporti tra Stato e Chiesa - 3. Verso il superamento dell’intolleranza religiosa - 4. Le prese di posizione di Antonij (Vadkovskij) e di Sergej Witte - 5. La reazione del Pobedonoscev – 6. Il Memorandum dei 32 - 7. Il riconoscimento della tolleranza religiosa - 8. I vescovi e la riforma ecclesiastica - 9. Il Manifesto del 17 ottobre e i ritardi nella convocazione del Concilio. The Russian Orthodox Church at the Beginning of the 20th Century ABSTRACT: Peter the Great abolished the Patriarchate and entrusted the direction of the Church to a Holy Synod led by a laymen ( Ober-prokuror ). This reform had the consequence to paralyze the Church, as pointed out by F.M. Dostoevskij and by several outstanding Russian scholars. At the end of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century the necessity to overcome the relationship of subjection of the Church to the State was clearly perceived both by the intellectuals and inside the Church. The Tsar himself realized that there was a need of a change: the Fundamental laws were consequently modified and religious tolerance was acknowledged on April 17th 1905. Of paramount importance was the role played by the Prime-minister Sergej Witte and by the Metropolitan of St. Petersburg Antonij (Vadkovskij) to overcome the conservative ecclesiastical policy carried out by the Ober-prokuror Konstantin Pobedonoscev. The answers given by the bishops to a questionnaire issued by the Holy Synod on July 27th, 1905, confirmed that the problem was clearly felt also inside the Church. The Council of the Russian Church, which was supposed to be gathered at the beginning of the century, was summoned several years later, at the eve of the bolshevik coup d’etat .

НЕКОТОРЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ АРХАИЧЕСКОЙ ГРЕЧЕСКОЙ ЛИРИКИ В НАУЧНОМ НАСЛЕДИИ О.М. ФРЕЙДЕНБЕРГ

The article deals with some passages from several important works by O.M. Freidenderg, an outstanding Russian scholar, that are connected with issues of Archaic Greek lyric. With her views on that subject O.M. Freidenberg was much ahead of her time. Some of them now find parallels in postmodernist humanitarian studies. Being under influence of, on one hand, of N. Marr’s ideas, and, on the other hand, of the “Cambridge ritualistic school” in philology (J. Frazer, F. Cornford and others), O.M. Freidenberg in her works insisted on folklore origins of Ancient Greek lyric and genealogized it eventually to rituals. Accordingly, she was ready to minimize authorial principle in that lyric. Her thoughts on symposial context of Hellenic lyric poetry are of importance (nowadays, such a context is accepted unequivocally by scholars and is often researched). However, some Freidenberg’s theses seem to be wrong, as, for example, her suggestion to date Sappho’s verses almost a century later than is accepted, and her factual negation of the very historicity of the poetess.

Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments Ayelet Zohar (bio) and Frank Feltens (bio) Work on this issue for the past five years was intensive and involved the help and generosity of dozens of people. It was made all the more special by the brilliant artists and their galleries, colleagues in academia, and others who contributed their art, scholarship, translations, editing, and assistance in innumerable other ways. First and foremost, we would like to thank Miya Elise Desjardins. Without her dedicated editorial work this issue would not have been realized. Miya worked relentlessly, meticulously, and graciously to realize and finetune this issue. Tajima Miho, editorial assistant, and Natta Phisphumvidhi, production editor, were essential to completing this project. We thank the artists who generously shared their artworks with us. Their works and their analysis stand at the core of this issue on Heisei photography: we have discussed and shared the works of Arai Takashi, Joseph Beuys (San Francisco Museum of Modern Art; Helmut Wietz, Common Film Produktion GmbH), BuBu de la Madeleine (Ikeda Akane, Ota Fine Art, Tokyo), Simon Fujiwara (Yotam Interator, Dvir Gallery, Tel Aviv; Esther Schipper Gallery, Berlin), Gotō Masaru, The Guerrilla Girls, Hatakeyama Naoya (Taka Ishii Gallery, Tokyo), Pierre Huygue (Marian Goodman Gallery, New York), Ishikawa Mao, Ishiuchi Miyako (The Third Gallery Aya, Osaka), Katayama Mari (Akio Nagasawa Gallery, Tokyo and Sage Gallery, Paris), Kawauchi Rinko (Ferdinand Brueggemann, Priska Pasquer Gallery, Cologne), Kim Insook, Kitano Ken (MEM Inc. Tokyo), Komatsu Hiroko, Kitano Ken, Miyamoto Ryūji, Morimura Yasumasa (Odate Natsuko, Yoshiko Isshiki Office, Tokyo), Nagashima Yurie (Maho Kubota Gallery, Tokyo), Ninagawa Mika (Tomio Koyama Gallery, Tokyo), Okabe Momo (Gallery Naruyama, Tokyo), Okada Hiroko (Mizuma Art Gallery, Tokyo), Chino Otsuka, Sasaoka Keiko, Sawada Tomoko (ROSEGALLERY, Los Angeles), Shibata Toshio (Laurence Miller Gallery, New York), Sudo Ayano (MEM Inc., Tokyo), Sugimoto Hiroshi (Koyanagi Gallery, Tokyo), Takagi [End Page 57] Cozue (Taro Nasu Gallery, Tokyo), Takano Ryūdai (Yumiko Chiba Office, Tokyo), Tokyo Rumando, Watanabe Toshiya (Poetic Scape, Tokyo), and Yokota Daisuke (Hasegawa Madoka). The authors who contributed their scholarship through essays in this volume include Nava Astarchan, Carrie Cushman, Michio Hayashi, Yoshiaki Kai, Kuraishi Shino, and Jonathan Reynolds. We thank them all. We also collected a group of short vignettes by Ishida Katsuya, Kakishima Takashi, and Lena Fritsch, as well as an essay and a short story by Kanai Mieko. Their intellectual contributions could not be more timely and relevant. We are deeply thankful to a group of outstanding scholars whose rigorous advice on different intellectual aspects of the issue improved it greatly. Among them are: Alisa Freedman, Yasufumi Nakamori, Daniel O’Neill, Franz Prichard, and Jordan Sand. We consider ourselves fortunate to have worked with an exceptional team of translators, whose exacting work made difficult texts available in English for the first time. We thank Jason Beckman, Hayano Mai, Mikiko Hirayama, Daryl Maude, Kevin Niehaus, Hannah Osborne, Tajima Miho, and Ellen Takata. In the curatorial section, Hoshino Futoshi and Nakamura Fumiko made crucial contributions to understanding the role of art professionals in Heisei-era photography. We would like to extend our gratitude to Tokyo Photographic Art Museum, especially Kasahara Michiko (now the Vice Director at the Artizon Museum) and Niwa Harumi (Chief Curator), as well as the Museum Library staff, who helped so much in the early stages of this project. And lastly, we want to express our sincere appreciation to Thomas F. O’Leary, Anat Icar-Shoham, Patricia Lenz, and Shir Yeffet for accomplishing the herculean task of assembling a much-needed bibliography of postwar Japanese photography, and Rebecca Corbett from USC Libraries for her invaluable advice on how to prepare this compilation. We hope that readers will find this issue a valuable contribution to the growing field of Japanese photography studies. Ayelet Zohar, Guest Editor Frank Feltens, Co-Guest Editor [End Page 58] Ayelet Zohar Ayelet Zohar is a Senior Lecturer in the Art History Department, Tel Aviv University. She received her Ph.D. from the University of London (2007). She is the recipient of postdoctoral and research fellowships at Stanford University (2007-9); Smithsonian Institution (2011); Hokkaidō University (2012); and Waseda University (2017-18); and was a Visiting Associate Professor at Yale University (2018). Zohar’s research focuses on Japanese photography from...

Type of "multiple" narrator in the narrative structure of the artistic text

The present article is concerned with the concept of "narrative" as a literary category, its characteristics and structural elements. In literary studies one can find a lot of scholarly works devoted to this problem, however there are still many questions that deserve further and more detailed consideration. The author of the article concretizes the idea of "narrative", analyzes the main narrative theories, compares the basic concepts of narratology in the scientific works of outstanding scholars. This is narrator’s projection and world-view, his/her view of life, the so-called glance at the world. The narrator may be different, he/she can take on different masks. Narrative components may be various in in each specific case, that is in every particular text. It depends on narration style and the peculiarities of the author’s myth. This article presents the types of narrator, in particular, the so-termed "multiple" type of the narrator (the assemblage of voices, the angle of "reality"), who sees and perceives the artistic world ambivalently. All the structural elements of such narrator’s type are endowed with individual features and have their own outlook. The "multiple" narrator can be found in the works of original genre with complex compositional and narrative structure. In such narrative structures, the narrator can create his own "reality", his own author's myth through the view angle of each character. This is typical of modern genre forms, built on the new genre canons, such as novel forms of the "talk show" format or "sms" - novel. The "multiple" narrator forms the structure, provides plot-compositional unity, “leads” narrative story and influences the genre modification of the literary work. Structural types of "multiple" narrator can perceive the reality subjectively and have the ability to present their own vision of reality and interact with other narrative components: narratator, recipient, author-demiurge, the signs of which are closely interwoven in the modern text.

Development of food and nutrition sciences in the 100-year history of the National Institute of Hygiene in Poland

Issues related to nutrition and food safety in Poland are included in the hundred-year history of the National Institute of Hygiene (PZH), which exists since 1918. The first scientific institution in Poland devoted to nutrition after the First World War was the Department of Biochemistry and Hygiene of Nutrition created in 1923 in the National School of Hygiene operating at the National Institute of Hygiene (PZH), whose director was Dr. Ludwik Rajchman. This Department was headed since 1925 by Kazimierz Funk, an outstanding scholar, who had already gained international fame as a discoverer of vitamins, and at PZH he investigated the effects of poor nutrition on health. After departure of Kazimierz Funk from Poland, the issues related to nutrition were dealt with by Dr. Gustaw Szulc and Dr. Aleksander Szczygieł, who since 1938 was the head of the Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition Hygiene. In 1963, all issues related to nutrition were transferred from the National Institute of Hygiene (PZH) to the newly founded Institute of Food and Nutrition in Warsaw, whose director was Aleksander Szczygieł. Food safety issues went to the National Institute of Hygiene in 1935 after incorporating into its structure the State Department of Food and Consumers Goods operating in Warsaw since 1919. Thanks to this reorganization, National Institute of Hygiene became the headquarter for all State Departments of Food and Consumer Goods in Poland. As soon as in the third year of their activity (in 1921), the laboratories of the State Department of Food and Consumers Goods examined over 65,000 samples of food products, detecting adulterations, false labeling, harmful admixtures or spoiled products in 44% of cases. The State Departments of Food and Consumer Goods in 1952 were transformed into Sanitary-Epidemiological Stations and incorporated into the structures of the State Sanitary Inspection. National Institute of Hygiene obtained the status of a research institute whose tasks were besides the scientific activity, the postgraduate education of the personnel of this Inspection. After the Second World War, prof. Stanisław Krauze, who was appointed the head of the Department of Food Research and Articles of Common Use at the PZH in 1935, continued his mission. Prof. Stanisław Krauze was recognized as the founder of the scientific bases of food control in Poland, food sciences and the initiator of microbiological food research. Prof. Stanisław Krauze was the head of this Department of PZH until 1962. Another head of this Department, prof. dr h.c. Maksym Nikonorow, introduced research on pesticide residues, food monitoring studies, as well as toxicological testing using laboratory animals, opening a new quality in the assessment of food safety. After his retirement this Department was led by prof. Halina Mazur (1981-1990) and assoc. prof. Kazimierz Karłowski (1990-2010). Since 2011 dr Jacek Postupolski is a head of this Department, which in 2012 has changed its name to the Department of Food Safety. The scientific staff of this Department, besides conducting scientific research, service, and educational activities, acts as experts for the Minister of Health, the Minister of Agriculture, and other national authorities, and cooperates with the FAO/WHO, the European Commission and Food and Feed Safety Authority (EFSA). In the Department there are accredited laboratories serving as the National Reference Laboratories (NRLs) which cooperate with the European Union Reference Laboratories (EU-RLs).

YURI PANEYKO AND LVIV UNIVERSITY

The main aspects of the educational process at the Faculty of Law and Political Sciences of the Emperor Franz I Imperial and King's University in Lviv during the studies of Y. Paneyko are revealed. It is established that during the studied period the University was the center of legal science, that conducted active communication with state authorities. It is proved that Y. Paneyko's student years were the time of his formation among the leading lawyers, the study of fundamental branches of law, as well as the study of highly specialized branches. In particular, at this time, the following Faculty members worked: Oswald Balzer, Aloise Vinyazh, Marceliy Hlyamtak, Stanislaw Starzynski, Ernest Till, Stanislav Dnistryansky. The Professors of the Faculty of Law were the prominent figures of their time: in addition to teaching at the University, many of them were engaged in research outside their boundaries, before or after teaching they worked in public administration and in the courts. During his studies, Y. Paneyko had the opportunity to study, in particular, the subject «The Science of Administration and Austrian Administrative Law», conducted by the extraordinary Professor Jozef Buzek, as well as attending seminars on administrative law devoted to the reform project of the Austrian administrative process and studying legislation of various European states. It is stressed that the administrative-legal science from the very beginning of its formation at the Lviv University took a prominent place, giving a start to outstanding scholars of European scale. It is concluded, that the period of Y. Paneyko studying at the University of Lviv requires a more in-depth research, in particular regarding his academic achievements, first academic preferences, his activity in student life, and other aspects of his activities.

Академік Всеволод Арутюнович Лазарян (1909‒1978) ‒ вчений, педагог, організатор науки і освіти (до 110-річчя від дня народження)

This article depicts the main stages of life, research and scientific, scientifically-organizational, pedagogic and public activity of the outstanding national scholar in the area of mechanics and railway transport, National Ukrainian prize-winner, academician of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine - Vsevolod Arutyunovich Lazarian. This article indicates that he is the author of more than 300 published works in the field of mechanics- monographs, articles, manuals, and more than 20 invention certificates and patents. The theoretical studies of transitional modes of trains of V. A. Lazarian has always been supported by experimental research in trains and staging in test laboratories for experiments on electronic models of rolling stock.The work of V. A. Lazarian is also essential for practice, in which transition modes of motion of complex mechanical systems are investigated, with elements in the form of capacities, which are partially filled with liquid. The results of studies of transitional modes of trains are described and summarized in the monograph V. A. Lazarian"Investigation of Unspecified Traffic Train Mode", as well as in a number of articles. The great importance to theory and practice had the creation of V. A. Lazarian the theory of stability of motion of rail vehicles. Relying on the results of fundamental research of O. M. Liapunov in the direction of stability of movement, V. A. Lazarian has developed and used a number of methods for studying the stability of the movement of rail carriages. These methods allowed not only to develop engineering methods for assessing the stages of stability of the existing types of rolling stock, but also to put and solve the problem of finding such parameters of vehicles, in which their motion is stable in a given range of speeds. And these studies were supported by well-established experiments. 1972-1973 years under the guidance of V.A. Lazarian tests of a high-speed wagon-lab were carried out, during which for the first time in the former USSR the speed of rail transport was reached 250 km/h. Parameters of the spring suspension of the tested wagon-lab were determined earlier by V.А. Lazarian and his students on the basis of the developed theory of the stability of movement of rail carriage. They were such that the carriage movement, as it turned out from the theory, proved to be stable throughout the range of speeds. There was also a series of special experiments in which a high-speed wagon-lab with some structural changes was used. The results of these experiments convincingly confirmed the main provisions of the theory.

Murtuz Aleskerov - 90

The article is dedicated to the memory of Murtuz Aleskerov, a famous socio-political and statesman, honored lawyer, professor. M. Aleskerov left a significant mark in modern history as an active social and political figure and an outstanding scholar in the field of law, who devoted his entire adult life to jurisprudence.

Shah Wali Ulla’h and Disciplines of Mysticism

Shah Wali Ulla’h of Delhi (1703-1762) was an outstanding Scholar of Islamic science Qur’an and Sunna’h. His multi-dimensional work placed him among the high rank of intellectual mystic philosophers of Islam in south Asia in the eighteenth century. His work is volumnous, widely acknowledged among the Muslims globally. He made a deep analysis of the varrious components of Islam and presented the whole Islamic teachings in their true shape. As a reformer, he portrayed a true picture of Mysticism. He believed that Islam was a dominant and divinely designed religion envisaging both political and intellectual domains. The scientific interpretation of Islam no doubt rests with the Muslim scholars who harmonize it with the demands of the time through research and deep study of the tenets of this belief keeping in view the challenges faced by humanity. Islam has two vital aspects-the exoteric side which concerns the outward action and the esoteric aspect involving the purification of heart through good deeds (Ihsan). Shah Wali Ulla’h concentrated on the later aspect and explained how the inner side of a human being can be purified? According to him the temperament of a person varies with gender, age, the food eaten and the region of the earth where he lives, so there is nothing like absolute balance of temperament that might exist, but it is possible that a perfect or balanced example might be observed in the lives of the holy prophets who have been declared as pefect examples of good temperament and urged upon the Muslims to copy them. We find that Shah Wali Ulla’h has based his spiritual philosophy on the message contained in his major LATHAIFS (books). It is worth noting here that Nisbath i.e. devotion to Alla'h occupies a vital position in his mysthetic philosophy. His book named “Ham,Ét” meaning a few drop of wisdom- encompasses the whole content of his message. This article probes the essance of Nisba’h in Shah Wali Ulla’h’s view.

The evolution of intangible assets in terms of social and economic development concepts

The article presents evidence that historically the emergence of intellectual property rights dates back to the pre-industrial stage of society’s development. The issuing of letters patent in England led to further development of intangible assets worldwide. The study considers chronologically social and economic development concepts which have been researched in academic papers of prominent scholars, namely, A. Smith, F. List,Knight, F. Machlup, W. Rostow, J. Galbraith, D. Bell, P. Drucker, and then highlights the key aspects that have affected the evolution of intangible assets. Thus, on the basis of reviewing the concepts developed by outstanding scholars, it is pointed out that the growth of intangible assets has been driven by knowledge and that a post-industrial society is based on unprecedented technological breakthroughs. Special reference is made to information viewed as the key production resource of a post-industrial society, whereas knowledge is seen as its internal source of progress. In a post-industrial society, people are regarded as capital. The essential importance and role of intellectual capital in company operations are embodied in professional and managerial skills of personnel.As shown in the article, there are not only research development concepts, but also normative documents, such as the Bulletin entitled «Amortization of intangible assets», in which intangible assets are identified as accounting items. Furthermore, the international system of intellectual property protection has been enhanced by the introduction of Paris and Berne Conventions.The paper also describes how the concept of intangible assets, which appeared in Ukraine’s legislation in 1993, is seen in the national legal system, specifically as intellectual property objects including industrial property and other items of property and use. With the introduction of Ukrainian Accounting Standards (UAS) 8 into the national legislation, it was firstly emphasized that intangible assets are non-monetary assets that, on the one hand, are non-material and, on the other hand, can be identified.The article also stresses that today’s society is passing a new stage of post-industrial development, which is accompanied not only by a rapid growth of service industries, science and education, but also by a significant increase of specialized knowledge in various fields. Finally, the need for further research of intangible assets is identified, since intangibles have a great impact on enterprise value and the competitiveness of the national economy as a whole.

In My Element: Sulfur

The In My Element series celebrates the personal accounts from Chemistry – A European Journal Editorial Board members for the 2019 International Year of the Periodic Table. In this contribution, Tien-Yau Luh gives his story on sulfur. I never “loved” smelly sulfur compounds, but have always admired the versatility of sulfur chemistry. In the 1980s, we worked on organometallics to mimic desulfurization by Raney nickel and oil refining hydrotreatment. My first Ph.D. student, Zhi-Jie Ni, joined the Chinese University of Hong Kong in 1986. He was more synthetically oriented and had just learned cross-coupling from Kumada's seminar in Shanghai. Quite quickly, he discovered the nickel-catalyzed olefination of benzylic and allylic dithioacetals under Kumada conditions. Silyl-substituted styrenes and dienes could be obtained conveniently using this method. Meanwhile, Lam Lung Yeung unearthed Mo(CO)6-promoted desulfurdimerization of dithiolanes. These discoveries led us to work systematically on the conversion of two C−S bonds in dithioacetals into two C−C bonds. Ping-Fan Yang furnished geminal dimethylation using a bidendate phosphine ligand. After I moved back to Taiwan in 1988, Ken-Tsung Wong invented chelation-assisted, nickel-catalyzed olefination of aliphatic dithioacetals. Sulfur and carbon have similar electronegativities, and thus, Hsian-Rong Tseng and Chi-Fa Lee found that the propargylic dithioacetal serves as a propyne-1,3-zwitterion sython. This strategy offers a one-pot annulation of substituted furans and pyrroles. Chi-Wei Chen used the Mitsunobu reagent to eliminate β-thioalkoxyalcohols (obtained from dithioacetals). The reaction could then be extended for the selective synthesis of oligodiacetylenes. Our group members’ endeavor have shaped the dithioacetal group as a “pet” functionality in our laboratory. Position Professor Emeritus and Distinguished Chair Professor E-mail [email protected] Homepage https://www.ch.ntu.edu.tw/english/faculty/?id=tyluh&lang=en Education B.Sc. National Taiwan University (1967 and Taipei) Ph.D. University of Chicago (1974, Leon M. Stock, Chemistry of Cubane, Chicago) Postdoctoral positions (1974-76, Paul G. Gassman, Minneapolis) Notable awards Academic Award, Chemical Society Located in Taipei, 2012, JSPS Fellow, 2010, National Chair Award, Ministry of Education, 1999-2002, Ministry of Education Award for the Outstanding Research in Science, 1998, Outstanding Scholar Award, Foundation for the Advancement of Outstanding Scholarship, 1995-2000, Executive Yuan′s Outstanding Award on Science and Technology, 1994 Research interests Organometallics in organic and polymer synthesis, and chemistry of materials Hobbies Hiking, museums, calligraphy The Luh research group.

Chaperoning junior faculty: Institutional support and guidance can relieve challenges for early-career group leaders and improve academic performance.

EMBO Reports (2018) e47163 The initial excitement of finally leading an independent research group is quickly followed by the realization that it comes with novel challenges. The first day as a principal investigator sets the clock ticking on limited time and opportunities to publish and apply for grants and awards that all are required for tenure or the next job. Expectations are high: PIs must be outstanding scholars who establish their own research program, excel in teaching, and are helpful colleagues and mentors for their students and postdocs. Meeting such high expectations with little experience can cause anxiety and stress. Moreover, we are often our own worst critics; meeting high self‐expectations can be demanding even without external pressure. Based on our experiences as junior faculty, we herewith suggest a set of measures that could help early‐career group leaders to better handle this stress and allow them—and their host institutes—to flourish. ### The role of academic institutions A recent survey suggested that starting a research group today is perhaps more difficult than ever [1]. Several junior faculty members describe the unforeseen challenges associated with this career stage and the negative impact on their personal well‐being and productivity [2]. Existing funding schemes are one reason for this problem, as young investigators in many places have inadequate financing to pursue their research [3]. This could be addressed by funding agencies that could adapt their schemes to better support young scholars to pursue innovative research [3]. While adequate and fair funding schemes are certainly instrumental for scientific freedom and success, we also feel it is important to put the spotlight on the role of institutional policies [4]. Here, we describe measures and policies for institutions to better support the launch of …

Introduction to the Karoo Special Issue: Trajectories of Change in the Anthropocene

The Karoo is an arid to semi-arid area across the western third of South Africa, comprising the Succulent Karoo and Nama-Karoo biomes. Its environment and people have experienced considerable changes, and now face new challenges as the Anthropocene unfolds. This Karoo Special Issue (KSI) brings together new information in 20 papers, a mixture of reviews, research articles and commentaries, significantly adding to previous syntheses of Karoo knowledge. The KSI comprises several sections focusing on different aspects of change, namely a lead article that provides an overview of social and environmental changes, followed by papers concerning changes over time from deep history to contemporary conditions (Xhaeruh to Karoo), insights from long-term studies at several sites across the area, different perspectives of ecosystem processes, and ending with a set of reflections and proposals for research priorities. We end this introduction by dedicating the KSI to two outstanding scholars of the Karoo: Dr Suzanne J Milton and Dr W Richard J Dean. These KSI papers, many of which were written by their colleagues, friends and former students, represents a Festschrift that celebrates and honours their research as well as the inspiration and leadership they gave to a generation of scientists.

Indian Genocide – A Study Through The Works of Elizabeth Cook-Lynn

The research expounded the turmoil, uproar, anguish, pain, and agony faced by native Indians and Native Americans in the South Dakota region. To explain the grief, pain and lamentation, this research studies the works of Elizabeth Cook-Lyn. She laments for the people who died and also survived in the Wounded Knee Massacre. The people at that time went through huge exploitation and tolerated the cruelty of American Federal government. This research brings out the unchangeable scenario of the Native Americans and Native Indians. Mr. Padmanaban shed light on the works of Elizabeth Cook-Lynn who was activist. Mr. Padmanaban is very influenced with Elizabeth Cook-Lynn’s thoughts and works. She hails from Sioux Community, a Native American. She was an outstanding and exceptional scholar. She experienced the agony and pain faced by the native people. The researcher, Mr. Padmanaban is concerned the sufferings, agony, pain faced by the South Dakota people at that time. The researcher also is acknowledging the Indian freedom fighters who got India independence after over 200 years of sufferings. The foreign nationals entered our country with the sole purpose of business. Slowly and steadily the took over the reign of the country and ruled us for years, made all of us suffer a lot.

Ein “Ocean von Gelehrsamkeit”

Abstract The State Library Berlin and the University Library Heidelberg hold a number of letters which Adolf von Harnack received from the Scottish classicist Sir William Mitchell Ramsay. The correspondence between these two outstanding scholars is of great importance for the history of the disciplines concerned, Classics and History of the Early Church, as well as for the biographies of the two correspondents. In this article Ramsay’s letters are edited with introduction and commentary.

In Vitro Culture Expansion Impairs Chondrogenic Differentiation and Therapeutic Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Regulation of Unfolded Protein Response

In vitro expansion of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been implicated in loss of multipotency, leading to impaired chondrogenic potential and eventually therapeutic effect, as reported in our previous study. However, the precise regulatory mechanism is still unclear. Here, we demonstrate that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) were highly enriched in in vitro-cultured bone marrow MSCs at passage 3 (P3 BMSCs) vs. flesh P0 BMSCs by microarray analysis. Indeed, RT-PCR and western blot analysis showed significantly lower expression levels of three key UPR-related molecules, ATF4, ATF6 and XBP1 in P3 BMSCs than P0 BMSCs. Further, we found that UPR suppression by 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) impaired chondrogenesis and cartilage repair in P0 BMSCs, and UPR induction by tunicamycin (TM) enhanced chondrogenic differentiation and cartilage regeneration in in vitro-cultured P3 BMSCs. Thus, the decline of chondrogenic potential of stem cells after in vitro culture and expansion may be due to the change of ER stress and UPR pathway. Funding: This study was financially supported by National key research and development program of China (2016YFB0700804), National Natural Science Fund of China (Grant No. 81760326 and 81460345), the Guangxi Scientific Research and Technological Development Foundation (Grant No. GuikeAB16450003) and the Guangxi Science and Technology Major Project (Guike AA17204085), High level innovation teams and outstanding scholars in Guangxi Universities (The third batch), the Distinguished Young Scholars Program of Guangxi Medical University, and the Key scientific research collaboration program of Guangxi Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center (GCICB-SR-2017002). Declaration of Interest: No conflict of interests exists in this study. Ethical Approval: The experiments were approved by Animal Care and Experiment Committee of Guangxi Medical University (protocol number: 2014-12-3).

Учитель для будущего: язык, культура, личность

This article sums up the results of the international scientific-practical conference «Teacher for the Future: Language, Culture, Personality», devoted to the 200th anniversary of F.I. Buslayev, an outstanding Russian scholar, linguist, academician and educationalist. Held in the MPSU, the conference brought together academics, scholars and researchers, university professors and school teachers, post-graduates, masters, bachelors and students to consider some topical issues of the Russian language teaching methods.