Output Voltage Of Sensor Research Articles

광센서를 이용한 서리높이 예측 상관식 개발

In this study, experiments were conducted to investigate the correspondence between the output voltage of the photoelectric sensor and the frost height under heating and defrosting capacity test condition (dry bulb temperature 2℃, wet bulb temperature 1℃) described at KS C 9306, where a real heat exchanger was used as a test rig instead of a large-scale model. A digital microscope and a photoelectric sensor unit consisting of an emitter and a transistor (receiver) were installed in the front of it. A linear correlation is proposed to predict the frost height based on 150 experimental data, approximately 54% of the measured data are consistent with the predicted frost heights within a relative deviation of ±10%, it yields good agreement with 90% of the measured data when the frost height larger than 0.3mm with in a relative deviation of ±10%. Compared with Xiao's correlation, the slope namely, the change of frost height in accordance with the change of output voltage is consistent within the error of 2.3%. But vertical intercept shows big difference with Xiao's correlation, because it was developed with a large scale model instead of a real heat exchanger.

A New Approach to Detect Mover Position in Linear Motors Using Magnetic Sensors

A new method to detect the mover position of a linear motor is proposed in this paper. This method employs a simple cheap Hall Effect sensor-based magnetic sensor unit to detect the mover position of the linear motor. With the movement of the linear motor, Hall Effect sensor modules electrically separated 120° along with the idea of three phase balanced condition (va + vb + vc = 0) are used to produce three phase signals. The amplitude of the sensor output voltage signals are adjusted to unit amplitude to minimize the amplitude errors. With the unit amplitude signals three to two phase transformation is done to reduce the three multiples of harmonic components. The final output thus obtained is converted to position data by the use of arctangent function. The measurement accuracy of the new method is analyzed by experiments and compared with the conventional two phase method. Using the same number of sensor modules as the conventional two phase method, the proposed method gives more accurate position information compared to the conventional system where sensors are separated by 90° electrical angles.

A biomimetic underwater vehicle actuated by waves with ionic polymer–metal composite soft sensors

The ionic polymer–metal composite (IPMC) is a soft material based actuator and sensor and has a promising potential in underwater application. This paper describes a hybrid biomimetic underwater vehicle that uses IPMCs as sensors. Propelled by the energy of waves, this underwater vehicle does not need an additional energy source. A physical model based on the hydrodynamics of the vehicle was developed, and simulations were conducted. Using the Poisson–Nernst–Planck system of equations, a physics model for the IPMC sensor was proposed. For this study, experimental apparatus was developed to conduct hydrodynamic experiments for both the underwater vehicle and the IPMC sensors. By comparing the experimental and theoretical results, the speed of the underwater vehicle and the output of the IPMC sensors were well predicted by the theoretical models. A maximum speed of 1.08 × 10−1 m s−1 was recorded experimentally at a wave frequency of 1.6 Hz. The peak output voltage of the IPMC sensor was 2.27 × 10−4 V, recorded at 0.8 Hz. It was found that the speed of the underwater vehicle increased as the wave frequency increased and the IPMC output decreased as the wave frequency increased. Further, the energy harvesting capabilities of the underwater vehicle hosting the IPMCs were tested. A maximum power of 9.50 × 10−10 W was recorded at 1.6 Hz.

Fabrication and Characterization of a CMOS-MEMS Humidity Sensor.

This paper reports on the fabrication and characterization of a Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor-Microelectromechanical System (CMOS-MEMS) device with embedded microheater operated at relatively elevated temperatures (40 °C to 80 °C) for the purpose of relative humidity measurement. The sensing principle is based on the change in amplitude of the device due to adsorption or desorption of humidity on the active material layer of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles deposited on the moving plate, which results in changes in the mass of the device. The sensor has been designed and fabricated through a standard 0.35 µm CMOS process technology and post-CMOS micromachining technique has been successfully implemented to release the MEMS structures. The sensor is operated in the dynamic mode using electrothermal actuation and the output signal measured using a piezoresistive (PZR) sensor connected in a Wheatstone bridge circuit. The output voltage of the humidity sensor increases from 0.585 mV to 30.580 mV as the humidity increases from 35% RH to 95% RH. The output voltage is found to be linear from 0.585 mV to 3.250 mV as the humidity increased from 35% RH to 60% RH, with sensitivity of 0.107 mV/% RH; and again linear from 3.250 mV to 30.580 mV as the humidity level increases from 60% RH to 95% RH, with higher sensitivity of 0.781 mV/% RH. On the other hand, the sensitivity of the humidity sensor increases linearly from 0.102 mV/% RH to 0.501 mV/% RH with increase in the temperature from 40 °C to 80 °C and a maximum hysteresis of 0.87% RH is found at a relative humidity of 80%. The sensitivity is also frequency dependent, increasing from 0.500 mV/% RH at 2 Hz to reach a maximum value of 1.634 mV/% RH at a frequency of 12 Hz, then decreasing to 1.110 mV/% RH at a frequency of 20 Hz. Finally, the CMOS-MEMS humidity sensor showed comparable response, recovery, and repeatability of measurements in three cycles as compared to a standard sensor that directly measures humidity in % RH.

Some Particularities of EC Crack Detection in Aluminum using an Asymmetrical GMR-Coil Configuration

This paper presents experimental results related to an asymmetrical coil - GMR configuration for the detection of surface cracks using eddy currents. The system is evaluated for three different excitation frequencies and the relationship between the extracted parameter (DV) from the GMR output voltage and the crack's dimension is validated. The analysis of the presence of the intermediate peak in the output voltage of the GMR sensor is performed. The stability of the excitation current source is presented and it is demonstrated that the presence of the intermediate peak does not have a significant influence on the relationship of DV with the depth of the crack.

Development of nanosecond rise time E-field sensor based on asymptotic conical antenna

In order to measure the electric field of electromagnetic pulse(EMP) with nanosecond rise time, a kind of broadband E-field sensor based on asymptotic conical antenna is proposed. The performance of the antenna is verified by modeling and simulation. An optical transmitter is designed to realize the electro-optical conversion and a fiber is used to transmit the signal. The output voltage of the sensor is integrated by Matlab. The performance of the sensor is tested by experiment. Research results show that this kind of measurement system has the characteristic of small size, good linearity, high noise immunity and wide-band response and it can be used to measure the E-field of EMP with nanosecond rise time. The development of the E-field sensor is of great significance for the measurement of EMP and further research on the characteristics and protection of EMP.

Approximation T-U Characteristics of Analog Semiconductors

T–U characteristics of the analog temperature sensors of types LM35 and LM35A are investigated. It is obtained that a basic error of measurement of temperature introduces the spread of output voltage at 00C. It is evaluated an error in the determination of temperature from the output voltage of sensor in the cases of approximation by the polynomials of the first and second power. Smaller error is obtained during the application of a polynomial of the second power. It is obtained that with the precise calibration of sensors of the type LM35 the smaller error the determination of temperature can be obtained with the approximation by the polynomial of the second power. It is not established for the sensors of the type LM35A of essential difference. Ill. 11, bibl. 5 (In English; summaries in English, Russian and Lithuanian).

High-performance self-powered/active humidity sensing of Fe-doped ZnO nanoarray nanogenerator

High performance self-powered/active humidity sensors have been fabricated from Fe-doped ZnO nanoarrays. When the relative humidity (RH) is 60% at room temperature, the piezoelectric output voltage of the humidity sensor under compressive force decreases from 0.85 (at 5% RH) to 0.21V. The self-powered humidity sensing performance of Fe-doped ZnO nanoarrays is much higher than that of undoped ZnO nanoarrays. Fe3+ ions have small ionic radius and many positive charges (+3), thus the doping of Fe can lead to a high charge density, which can probably result in a large amount of adsorbed water molecules on the surface of Fe-doped ZnO NWs, enhancing the screening effect and decreasing the piezoelectric output. The present results demonstrate a new material system for high-performance self-powered/active humidity sensors.

Intelligent Sensorless Antilock Braking System for Brushless In-Wheel Electric Vehicles

Brushless motors are increasingly used in different designs of in-wheel electric vehicles (EVs). In this paper, a sensorless antilock braking system (ABS) for brushless-motor in-wheel EVs is proposed. The proposed solution omits the need for installation of separate conventional ABS sensors at each corner of the vehicle. This paper also shows, both theoretically and experimentally, that the general form of a conventional ABS sensor output voltage is identical to a brushless dc (BLDC)-motor back electromotive force. The proposed sensorless system can reduce the costs of manufacturing and maintenance of the vehicle and significantly improves the performance of the ABS by accurate wheel speed estimation and road identification using wavelet signal processing methods. The sensorless system was extensively tested using actual ABS hardware. Those experiments showed that the accuracy of the proposed sensorless wheel speed estimation for BLDC propulsion was higher than that of commercial ABS sensors. In addition, sensorless ABS for brushless propulsion was compared with that of brushed dc motor, and the results showed that the brushless sensorless ABS achieved better accuracy, robustness, and reliability compared with the sensorless ABS for brushed dc motor.

Trace level detections of abrin with high SNR piezoresistive cantilever biosensor

In this paper, sensitive detections on abrin are demonstrated in real-time by piezoresistive (PZR) cantilever sensors. With attempts to optimize the design and fabrication of the PZR cantilevers, the voltage fluctuation of the PZR sensors was decreased to 1μV and the signal to noise ratio (SNR) was increased significantly. By using the biotin–streptavidin functionalized cantilevers, sensitive detections on abrin were realized. A linear relation between the concentration of abrin and the output voltage of PZR sensors was established within the range of 0.08–40ng/mL (1.2–600pM) and a limit of detection (LOD) of 80pg/mL (1.2pM) was obtained in PBS buffer. Meanwhile, detections on orange juice and skim milk samples spiked with abrin were also performed, and the detection sensitivity decreased by 6–17% compared with the one in PBS buffer at the same concentrations. At last, a model of pseudo-first-order kinetics was used to analyze the interaction mechanism of abrin and biotinylated polyclone antibody (bio-PcAb) against abrin, which was consistent with the detection results. The proposed PZR cantilever sensors provide an economical platform for on-site detections of food contaminants with the advantages of high SNR, portability, and rapid response.

Non-linear responsivity characterisation of a CMOS Active Pixel Sensor for high resolution imaging of the Jovian system

The Jovian system is the subject of study for the Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer (JUICE), an ESA mission which is planned to launch in 2022. The scientific payload is designed for both characterisation of the magnetosphere and radiation environment local to the spacecraft, as well as remote characterisation of Jupiter and its satellites. A key instrument on JUICE is the high resolution and wide angle camera, JANUS, whose main science goals include detailed characterisation and study phases of three of the Galilean satellites, Ganymede, Callisto and Europa, as well as studies of other moons, the ring system, and irregular satellites.The CIS115 is a CMOS Active Pixel Sensor from e2v technologies selected for the JANUS camera. It is fabricated using 0.18 μ m CMOS imaging sensor process, with an imaging area of 2000 × 1504 pixels, each 7 μ m square. A 4T pixel architecture allows for efficient correlated double sampling, improving the readout noise to better than 8 electrons rms, whilst the sensor is operated in a rolling shutter mode, sampling at up to 10 Mpixel/s at each of the four parallel outputs.A primary parameter to characterise for an imaging device is the relationship that converts the sensor's voltage output back to the corresponding number of electrons that were detected in a pixel, known as the Charge to Voltage Factor (CVF). In modern CMOS sensors with small feature sizes, the CVF is known to be non-linear with signal level, therefore a signal-dependent measurement of the CIS115's CVF has been undertaken and is presented here. The CVF is well modelled as a quadratic function leading to a measurement of the maximum charge handling capacity of the CIS115 to be 3.4 × 104 electrons. If the CIS115's response is assumed linear, its CVF is 21.1 electrons per mV (1/47.5 μ V per electron).

Enhancing the linearity characteristics of photoelectric displacement sensor based on extreme learning machine method

Photoelectric displacement sensors rarely possess a perfectly linear transfer characteristic, but always have some degree of non-linearity over their range of operation. If the sensor output is nonlinear, it will produce a whole assortment of problems. This paper presents a method to compensate the nonlinearity of the photoelectric displacement sensor based on the extreme learning machine (ELM) method which significantly reduces the amount of time needed to train a neural network with the output voltage of the optical displacement sensor and the measured input displacement to eliminate the nonlinear errors in the training process. The use of this proposed method was demonstrated through computer simulation with the experimental data of the sensor. The results revealed that the proposed method compensated the presence of nonlinearity in the sensor with very low training time, lowest mean squared error (MSE) value, and better linearity. This research work involved less computational complexity, and it behaved a good performance for nonlinearity compensation for the photoelectric displacement sensor and has a good application prospect.

2P1-J10 軟体型圧力センサによる電動義手の駆動 : 操作性の改善のための圧力センサの入出力特性調整と手首回旋機能の付与

The popularization level of the electric arm prosthesis in the present Japanese market is still very low due to the high cost and the lack of function, safety, etc. Our purpose is to know how to make cost-effective electric arm prosthesis to popularize it. In our previous research, we made an electric arm prosthesis and applied a balloon shaped soft pressure sensor's signal to control the opening and closing speed and grasping force of the finger. However we found that it was difficult to control open and close speed and grasp force of the finger well. We thought the sensor had two problems. First is that the sensor's output voltage gain is too high. Therefore, we required fine-tuning power to drive the electric arm prosthesis. Second is that the output voltage did not change from default position to pushing the sensor 2mm. Therefore the sensor's response was poor. Based on the above findings, we have investigated how to improve the linearity of the pressure sensors in the initial deformation area. After investigation, we found that the white color of the sidewall of the inner space of the balloon made a diffuse reflection. We made a refined sensors that has black inner sidewall and white inner ceiling at the top side. By using this refined sensor and decreasing the gain of the amplifier, the response in the initial deformation area was improved drastically and we got the much better controllability of the finger opening speed and finger grasping force. Furthermore, we made a wrist-unit to add rotational function of hand and drove it by the additional pressure sensors to measure the movement of the ulna and radius. The operator can control well both grasping function and twisting function simultaneously.

Alternativní způsoby měření spotřeby paliva s využitím dat palubní diagnostiky

The article describes alternative methods of fuel consumption measurement based on model with using the diagnostic outputs of engine control unit. On-board diagnosis (the second level, known as OBD-2) has been mandated by government regulation because of advanced damage control systems in newer cars. However, its signals can be used for accurate analyses of power or torque measurement. On-board diagnostics offers many various parameters such a spark advance, intake air temperature, coolant temperature, throttle position, air flow mass and so on. Many of them have been unavailable without using sophisticated and expensive instrumentation. In the article are described two ways of fuel consumption measuring which are based on intake air consumption and knowledge about air-fuel ratio. First of them is founded on voltage output of oxygen sensor, the second on short (long) term fuel trim. As is shown at the end the second way gives more accurately results.

Draft Sensor Loading Analysis

This article deals with loading analysis of draft sensor which is used in nowadays tractor as standard. Directional sensitivity and response to the loading force of draft sensor behavior are the main goal of this work. For this purpose special measuring chain was developed. Experiment was realized with ZETOR 130 HSX which uses BOSCH draft sensors as a source for force sensing. Applied loading was measured with calibrated load cell located in measuring chain between draft sensor and ratchet mechanism. In total, three positions of lower arms were examined. Maximum loading force reached value of 30 kN. This was limited by ratchet mechanism regulations. Each configuration represents different loading conditions on draft sensor. The measured load curves were compared to each other for clarifying of draft sensor directional dependency. The obtained information’s about draft sensor are summarized in the end of the text. The results achieved from realized measurement shows force dependence on the output voltage of draft sensor.

Research on the Voltage Sensitivity of Differential Cymbal Piezoelectric Vibration Acceleration Sensor

To improve the sensor's output voltage sensitivity, two cymbals piezoelectric transducer are employed as the sensitive elements to form a differential cymbal piezoelectric vibration acceleration sensor. The structural features of the sensor are analyzed, second-order system mathematical model is established and the output voltage sensitivity of the sensor is also studied. The experimental results show that output voltage sensitivity of differential cymbals piezoelectric vibration acceleration sensor is two times of that of the sensor with single cymbal transducer. The experimental data agrees well with the theoretical analysis result.

Development research of thermocouple-based microwave power sensors using AC/DC substitution method

In this work, a thermocouple-based microwave power sensor using AC/DC substitution method is developed. The reason that the output voltage is different under different microwave frequency is explained. An improved package solution of the thermocouple-based microwave power sensor is designed at X-band (8---12 GHz). The fabrication of this thermocouple-based microwave power sensor is divided into a front side and a back side processing using GaAs MMIC process and MEMS technology. The measurement results show that the output voltage of the microwave power sensor decreases with increasing microwave frequency, and the COB (Chip on Board) technology brings an economic package solution for the thermocouple-based microwave power sensor. The microwave power sensor after package can be applied into the radar system and other microwave system.

A high-performance scanning grating based on tilted (111) silicon wafer for near infrared micro spectrometer application

In the near infrared (NIR) micro spectrometer system, a scanning grating is the most critical component which makes spectrometer operate with one single photodiode instead of expensive photodiode array. However, most scanning gratings have low diffraction efficiency and are not integrated with sensor to monitor the state of the scanning grating. To solve these problems, a novel scanning grating for NIR micro spectrometers is presented and designed. The scanning grating consists of grating, electromagnetic actuator and angle sensor, which are integrated in a chip. Based on a tilted (111) silicon substrate, a blazed grating structure can be obtained by wet anisotropic etching the substrate, and the desired blaze angle can be easily realized by choosing the appropriate tilt angle of device silicon. Simulation results show that the efficiency of the grating with grating constant of 4 μm is more than 50 % over the wavelength range from 800 to 1,800 nm and the maximum efficiency reaches to 90 %. In order to satisfy the requirement of the operating wavelength range, an electromagnetic actuator is designed to drive the millimeter-sized (6.96 × 6.36 mm2) grating plate to achieve large scanning angle, and theoretical analysis shows that the maximum optical deflection angle is ± 10.8° at frequency of 600.5 Hz. An electromagnetic angle sensor is designed to detect the state of the scanning grating and supply the feedback signal for close loop control. Theoretical results show that the voltage output of angle sensor is 1.3226 × 10?4 V/rad/s with magnetic flux density being 400mT.

Active sound radiation control of a submerged piezocomposite hollow sphere

A spatial state-space approach based on the linear three-dimensional exact piezoelasticity theory along with the Helmholtz equations for the internal/external acoustic domains are employed to describe the coupled vibroacoustic response of an arbitrarily thick, spherically isotropic, functionally graded, radially polarized piezolaminated hollow sphere, immersed in and filled with ideal compressible fluids, and under the actions of arbitrary (non-axisymmetric) distributed time-harmonic transverse mechanical excitations at its inner and/or outer boundaries. A frequency domain subspace–based identification technique is applied to estimate the coupled fluid-structure dynamics of the system in the controller design stage. Subsequently, a standard linear quadratic Gaussian optimal controller is synthesized and simulated based on the identified model, and the optimal control input voltages for suppressing the sensor output voltage (total radiated power) of the submerged sphere are calculated for selected weighting parameters associated with the system response and control input. Numerical simulations establish the effectiveness of the selected (partial/full) sensor/actuator configuration in conjunction with the adopted control strategy for attenuating the predicted sound radiation response of an air-filled, water-submerged, sandwich piezocomposite (PZT4/steel/PZT4) sphere, in both frequency and time domains. Also, the trade-off between dynamic performance and control effort penalty is examined for impulsive and Gaussian random external mechanical disturbances. Furthermore, the effect of piezoelectric material gradient variation on sound radiation control performance of the smart piezocomposite structure is briefly discussed. The validity of the acousto-elastic model is demonstrated by use of a commercial finite element package as well as by comparison with the data available in the literature.

Feasibility of frequency-modulated wireless transmission for a multi-purpose MEMS-based accelerometer.

Recent advances in the Micro Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) technology have made wireless MEMS accelerometers an attractive tool for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of civil engineering structures. To date, sensors' low sensitivity and accuracy—especially at very low frequencies—have imposed serious limitations for their application in monitoring large-sized structures. Conventionally, the MEMS sensor's analog signals are converted to digital signals before radio-frequency (RF) wireless transmission. The conversion can cause a low sensitivity to the important low-frequency and low-amplitude signals. To overcome this difficulty, the authors have developed a MEMS accelerometer system, which converts the sensor output voltage to a frequency-modulated signal before RF transmission. This is achieved by using a Voltage to Frequency Conversion (V/F) instead of the conventional Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC). In this paper, a prototype MEMS accelerometer system is presented, which consists of a transmitter and receiver circuit boards. The former is equipped with a MEMS accelerometer, a V/F converter and a wireless RF transmitter, while the latter contains an RF receiver and a F/V converter for demodulating the signal. The efficacy of the MEMS accelerometer system in measuring low-frequency and low-amplitude dynamic responses is demonstrated through extensive laboratory tests and experiments on a flow-loop pipeline.