Photovoltaic Array Output Voltage Research Articles

Analysis Of Voltage and Current Performance of 100 WP Solar Panel Using Matlab Simulink R2021a

The growing population increases the need for electrical energy. Development of renewable energy that is environmentally friendly and sustainable to replace fossil energy sources that are almost depleted and have an impact on global warming. Indonesia is on the equator where there is potential for the application of photovoltaic technology. However, the high cost of implementing a solar power system must be considered, as the energy supply is intermittent and highly dependent on environmental factors such as solar radiation and temperature. Therefore, it is necessary to design a solar power generation system using MATLAB Simulink 2021a software simulation method to avoid the implementation error rate and determine the success, especially the system performance. The MATLAB Simulink 2021a simulation method uses a 10 Wp monocrystalline Photovoltaic (PV) and a 12 V 20 Ah Lead-Acid battery. PV array design, PV Array, Buck Converter, Inverter, PV Controller, Battery Controller and Metering. To find out the value of the output voltage and current from solar panels, batteries, and the results of the DC to AC conversion by the inverter and using a load of 17 watts. The simulation results of a 100 Wp solar panel at MATLAB Simulink in the South Jakarta area with an intensity of 131W/m2 and a temperature of 27.99 °C produce a PV array output voltage and current of 17.6 V and 5.8 A, respectively. The battery voltage and current show the highest values are 12.58 V and 4.8 A. The actual voltage and current are close to the values of Vmp 17.8 V and Imp 5.2 A, so that the results of this system design can be stated to have maximum performance. Meanwhile, the inverter output has the highest voltage and current values of 218 V and 0.085 A.

Application of Wireless Sensor Network Technology Using Intelligent Algorithm in Mismatch Detection of Photovoltaic Power Generation

The paper was aimed at ensuring the stable operation of the photovoltaic power generation system (PVPGS) and improving the accuracy of automatic mismatch detection. Consequently, this paper presents a PVPGS-oriented mismatch detection system based on wireless sensing technology (WSN). Firstly, the photovoltaic array (PVA) is constructed using a microcontroller, power management chip, nRF24L01, temperature sensor, voltage, and current sensor. Then, a fault detection and localization (FDL) scheme based on the Hampel algorithm is optimized, and Matlab/Simulink implements the PVA simulation model. Finally, several typical mismatch faults are simulated to verify the feasibility of the proposed FDL scheme using the measured voltage and current data. The empirical findings corroborate that the proposed FDL scheme can automatically and regularly collect photovoltaic (PV) electrical characteristic data and quickly and accurately identify and position a mismatch. In the case of a PVA open-circuit fault, the output current loss of the PVA is equal to the sum of the current of the open-circuit fault string in the array during normal operation. When the PVA is short-circuited, the PVA output voltage loss equals the sum of the output voltages of the faulty components in the most serious fault string under normal operation. Overall, the classification accuracy of the proposed FDL scheme is 97.556%. Lastly, the experiment reveals that the classification accuracy of the proposed FDL scheme is 100% for array aging, shadow, and the open circuit. Therefore, the research proposal has a good application prospect.

Experimental Validation of Photovoltaic System with Isolated Dual Inductor dc-dc Converter for Grid-Connected Application

Abstract This article presents a double inductor–based converter for a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system with the utilization of the battery bank. This converter used to give continuous power to the three-phase four-wire power distribution system from the PV array. In order to increase the low magnitude of the PV array output voltage into a high dc voltage required for the three-phase dc link, the proposed system offers two boost stages. The double inductor–based converter gives power to the load in both the switched ON and OFF conditions of the chopping switch over buck, boost, and Cuk converters utilized in the PV-coordinated grid-connected applications. The operations of the proposed double inductor–based converter sustained three-phase four-wire power distribution system are analyzed and presented. The digital simulation and hardware experimental prototype results are presented to examine the performance of the presented double boost converter fed to the three-phase four-wire power distribution system.

PV-tied three-port DC–DC converter-operated four-wheel-drive hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)

This paper presents a photovoltaic (PV)-interfaced dual-drive hybrid electric vehicle (PV-DDHEV) based on dual boost three-port DC–DC converter to increase the fuel efficiency of the electric vehicle by increasing the conversion efficiency of the converters. HEV designed with the photovoltaic (PV) power system requires a DC–DC converter to enhance the PV array output voltage to the level demanded by the drive inverters. Normally, the high gain of DC conversion is obtained by connecting two or more DC–DC converters in series with each other. The series connection of the converters reduces the conversion efficiency and increases the cost of the unit. In this paper, a three-port DC–DC converter designed with a two-winding high-frequency transformer is proposed to offer high voltage gain with reduced number of active and passive elements. In addition to this, the power management algorithm incorporated with the proposed PV-DDHEV reduces the power consumption of the drive motor by estimating the drive torque requirement. The MATLAB simulink and experimental prototype results are presented to validate the proposed PV-DDHEV.

Improved strategy of an MPPT based on the sliding mode control for a PV system

The energy produced using a photovoltaic (PV) is mainly dependent on weather factors such as temperature and solar radiation. Given the high cost and low yield of a PV system, it must operate at maximum power point (MPP), which varies according to changes in load and weather conditions. This contribution presents an improved maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controllers of a PV system in various climatic conditions. The first is a sliding mode MPPT that designed to be applied to a buck converter in order to achieve an optimal PV array output voltage. The second MPPT is based on the incremental conductance algorithm or Perturb-and-Observe algorithm. It provides the output reference PV voltage to the sliding mode controller acting on the duty cycle of the DC-DC converter. Simulation is carried out in SimPower toolbox of Matlab/Simulink. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the sliding mode control MPPT under the parameter variation environments and shown that the controllers meet its objectives.

A novel control strategy for mode seamless switching of PV converter in DC microgrid based on double integral sliding mode control

With the photovoltaic (PV) penetration increases in dc microgrid, the traditional PV converters with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control, which are equivalent to current sources, can hardly meet the needs of coordinated operation. The PV converter should operate in both MPPT and constant voltage control (CVC) modes. When the operation mode changes, the PV converter needs to switch between current and voltage sources. Inevitably, the bus voltage instability would be caused. This paper presents a novel switching strategy for the smooth and seamless operation of the PV converter between MPPT and CVC modes. The PV converter under these two modes is always controlled as a voltage source, and its control variables are both the output voltage of PV arrays. When its operation mode changes from MPPT to CVC, a small offset signal based on DC bus voltage would be introduced to the reference voltage of inner loop of the PV converter, so as to shift the maximum power point (MPP) voltage. Meanwhile in the voltage inner loop, a double integral sliding mode controller (DISMC) is used to improve the performance and anti-interference ability of the PV converter. This method unifies MPPT and bus voltage adjustment strategy without any communication and changing any hardware structure and control parameters. When mode switching occurs, only the reference value of voltage inner loop would be slightly adjusted near the maximum photovoltaic power point, so the seamless transition for PV converter between the two modes can be ensured. Finally, the effectiveness of the mode seamless switching control strategy is demonstrated by the simulation and experimental tests.

Application of the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Method as MPPT Photovoltaic for DC Source Storage

This paper shows the details of the design of DC-DC Boost Converter as the Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT). This technique is used to optimize the potential of energy generated by photovoltaics. The changing of the duty cycle in the switching Boost Converter process will affect the amount of photovoltaic (PV) power output. Boost Converter is chosen because the output voltage of PV arrays is smaller than the DC source storage one. In this study, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithm has been applied as a method to search as Maximum Power Point (MPP). ANN learning data has been used to adjust the duty cycle of Boost Converter so that the Boost Converter output voltage and current change and the output power reaches MPP, which is the target data. The design results have been implemented using 3 pieces of PV, each one having 100WP of power. The experimental results show that the proposed method can optimize PV output power for DC source storage with an average power increase of 56.22% compared to PV output power without using MPPT control.

Optimization of electricity production in a grid-tied solar power system with a three-phase quasi-Z-source inverter

Solar energy can be harnessed in all areas of the world and directly converted to electricity by means of photovoltaic (PV) systems. This leads to a reduced emission of greenhouse gases such as CO2. In this paper, a grid-tied quasi-Z-source inverter (qZSI) is considered with a PV array connected at the inverter input. The PV array is selected so as to ensure currents and voltages required by the qZSI. A novel maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm, proposed in this study, does not require the measurement of the PV array current and does not oscillate around the maximum power point as opposed to most standard MPPT algorithms. The simulation model of the considered system was built in the MATLAB Simulink environment by using basic Simulink blocks only. The simulation analysis was performed with three PV array models of different complexity to establish the impact of the PV array dynamics on the overall system performance. The operation of the considered system was tested over a wide range of the solar irradiation levels and temperatures of the PV array. The proposed MPPT algorithm is additionally compared with the conventional constant-voltage algorithm, which also requires only measurement of the PV array output voltage. In the considered operating range, the proposed algorithm provides up to 453 W more power from the PV array (i.e., about 7% of the respective nominal power).

A Novel Fault Detection and Location Method for PV Arrays Based on Frequency Analysis

This paper presents a fault detection and location method for photovoltaic (PV) arrays. One novelty of the method is the use of the different amplitude changes of the alternating current frequency component of the PV array output voltage. Another novelty is the technique used to generate the PV array output voltage. In this technique, the entire PV array is operated under dark conditions with red pulsed light only applied on one module of the PV array. Under these conditions, the presence of an open circuit fault and the variability in module impedances generate different increases in the total dynamic impedances of the PV array. As a consequence of these increases, the spectral component of the alternating current array output voltage also undergoes different increases, which facilitates fault detection. The discrete Fourier transform and statistical techniques are used to feature extraction and classification indication. The proposed method takes into account reliability and detection time and does not require the use of expensive or specialized equipment or the disconnection of or any modification to the PV array, which reduces the cost of the system. The earlier mentioned is achieved with the use of a pulsed light, which inputs a forward bias voltage into the array. The results of both the simulation and the experiment are presented in order to demonstrate the 100% effectiveness of the proposed method under different temperatures and PV array sizes.

Design of an off-grid model of micro-smart grid connection of an asynchronous motor fed with LUO converter

This paper proposes a model for a photovoltaic (PV)-based micro-smart grid system connection with asynchronous motor driving via LUO converters. LUO converter is a kind of DC–DC converter developed by Fang Lin Luo. It occupies less space than many other converters owing to a small number of electronics elements. In this model, a method was developed for forecasting the total power output under particular conditions of Ankara city (Capital of Turkey). PV cell parameters are determined firstly, and then PV array is formed including cells designed in order to calculate cumulative effect. It has tried to catch an approximation of necessary energy for systems that use the three-phase asynchronous machine using actual irradiation and temperature values. Then PV array output voltage, which is 12 V, has been converted 325 V thanks to LUO converter. Finally, space vector PWM has used for PWM production that supplies 325 V DC to 220 V AC via LUO converter for driving asynchronous motor. Instead of taking energy from the grid, energy saving is achieved by producing necessary energy from the solar panels. Thus, industrial consumption causing disruptive effects at grid can be decreased. The capability of system is demonstrated using MATLAB/Simulink simulation models.

Performance Evaluation of Standalone Photovoltaic System with Isolated Dual-Inductor dc–dc Converter for Water-Pumping Application

Abstract This paper proposes a new dual inductor-based converter for an autonomous photovoltaic (PV) water pumping system without the use of a battery bank. This converter is used to provide continuous power to the three-phase induction motor drive directly from the PV array. The proposed system offers two boosting stages to boost the low value of PV array output voltage into a high-value dc voltage, which is required for the dc link of the three-phase inverter. The dual inductor-based converter provides power to the load in both the ON state and OFF state of the chopping switch over buck, boost, and Ćuk converters used in PV-integrated water pumping applications. The principle of operation of the proposed dual inductor-based converter-fed, three-phase induction motor are analyzed and discussed. The MATLAB simulation and experimental prototype results are presented to validate the performance of the proposed dual boost converter-fed, three-phase induction motor.

Global MPPT algorithm with coordinated control of PSO and INC for rooftop PV array

Considering the characteristics of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) array, a new mathematical model of PV array that is suitable for partial shading condition is built based on an engineering model of a solar cell. It is derived theoretically that output voltage of PV array can be expressed by piecewise function. Moreover, a global maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control method based on particle swarm optimisation (PSO) and incremental conductance algorithm (INC) coordination control is put forward under partial shading. When the environmental conditions are stable, MPPT can be achieved by INC control; otherwise, when the external conditions change, global maximum power point of PV systems can be located fast and accurately by PSO. So, the tracking efficiency is improved. Simulation results show that the PSO and INC coordination control methods have better tracking precision. It can be achieved easily and reduce hardware input costs. It also improves the PV array output efficiency.

Variable Speed Photovoltaic Water Pumping Using Affinity Laws

Photovoltaic (PV) power is most commonly used for water pumping applications. The DC output voltage of PV arrays is connected to a DC-DC converter using a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller to maximize their produced energy. Then, that converter is linked to a voltage source inverter (VSI) that converts DC power to AC power. Vector control is used to control the VSI fed three phase induction motor driving the water pump. The Affinity laws are used to change the pump characteristics by changing the pump speed, and consequently, the pump flow rate, head, and power will be varied. In this paper, the Affinity laws are adapted to achieve the pump hydraulic requirements while the power delivered to the pump motor remains unchanged by constructing new pump curves. A Matlab/Simulink model of the PV pumping system is observed over a wide range of weather and loading conditions.

Performance Analysis of a Peak-Current Mode Control with Compensation Ramp for a Boost-Flyback Power Converter

High voltage gain power converters are very important in photovoltaic applications mainly due to the low output voltage of photovoltaic arrays. This kind of power converters includes three or more semiconductor devices and four or more energy storage elements, making the dynamical analysis of the controlled system more difficult. In this paper, the boost-flyback power converter is controlled by peak-current mode with compensation ramp. The closed-loop analysis is performed to guarantee operation conditions such that a period-1 orbit is attained. The converter is considered as a piecewise linear system, and the closed-loop stability is determined by using the monodromy matrix, obtained by the composition of the saltation matrixes with the solutions of the dynamical equations in the linear intervals. The largest eigenvalue of the monodromy matrix gives the stability of the period-1 orbit, and a deep analysis using bifurcation diagrams let us reach a conclusion about the loss of the stability, which is experimentally verified. To avoid overcompensation effects, the minimum value required by the compensation ramp is obtained, and the minimum and maximum values of the load resistance are found too. The system has a good transient response under disturbances in the load and in the input voltage.

A Modified Maximum Power Point Tracking Control for Bi-Directional Z-Source DC-DC Converter Based Solar Electric Vehicle

A solar electric vehicle is powered by photovoltaic arrays which allow for direct conversion of solar energy into electrical energy. Since space and weight are very limited with any vehicle, it is desired that the maximum possible amount of energy be obtained from the employed photovoltaic arrays. Every photovoltaic array has an optimum operating point, called the maximum power point (MPP), which varies depending on cell temperature and solar insolation level. This paper is focussed to find the mechanism best suited for employment in a moving vehicle to optimally track this point of maximum efficiency under rapid variation of solar insolation and adjust the operating point of the photovoltaic array accordingly. An integral part of any modern day electric vehicle is power electronic circuits comprising DC-DC converters for conversion and conditioning of electrical power. Recently, Z-source DC-DC converters show promising outcomes when integrated with photovoltaic array compared to conventional DC-DC converters. They provide larger range of output dc voltage, improve reliability and can reduce in-rush and harmonic current. A bi-directional Z-source DC-DC converter with a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique suitable for electric vehicle applications is developed to incur high electric power from photovoltaic array. The photovoltaic array output voltage is controlled and the maximum power point tracking is attained by controlling the duty cycle. The well known incremental conductance MPPT algorithm is modified by measuring the power in the middle of the sampling interval to prevent the bewilderedness during rapidly changing insolation condition. Computer simulation and experimental results are provided to establish the performance of the proposed system.

A Hybrid Control Method for Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) in Photovoltaic Systems

Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy has witnessed growth in the past decade. Nowadays, PV energy systems have proved to be effective methods for renewable energy resources with minimum environmental impacts. Due to these environmental and economic benefits, PV systems are being widely deployed as distributed energy resources in distribution generation systems or microgrids. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms have an important role to play due to optimization performance in these systems. In this paper, PV array output voltage has been optimized by increasing the MPPT algorithm performance. A new hybrid fuzzy-neural MPPT controller is proposed. Training data in neural network are optimized by genetic algorithm. The proposed controller is simulated and studied using MATLAB software. The obtained results show superior capability of the suggested method in MPP tracking under rapid fluctuation of atmospheric conditions and converter load.

Backstepping Controller Design to Track Maximum Power in Photovoltaic Systems

This work presents a new control method to track the maximum power point of a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system. A backstepping controller is designed to be applied to a buck-boost DC-DC converter in order to achieve an optimal PV array output voltage. This nonlinear control is based on Lyapunov functions assuring the local stability of the system. Control reference voltages are initially estimated by a regression plane, avoiding local maximum and adjusted with a modified perturb and observe method (P&O). Thus, the maximum power extraction of the generating system is guaranteed. Finally, a DC-AC converter is controlled to supply AC current in the point of common coupling (PCC) of the electrical network. The performance of the developed system has been analyzed by means a simulation platform in Matlab/Simulink helped by SymPowerSystem Blockset. Results testify the validity of the designed control method.

A novel capacitor voltage control for Z-source inverter based photovoltaic power conversion systems

AbstractZ-source inverter (ZSI) could be used to realise both DC voltage boost and DC-AC inversion in one single stage with reduced number of power switches for photovoltaic (PV) power conversion systems (PCS). Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control algorithm provides the shoot-through interval which should be inserted in the switching waveforms of the inverter to output the maximum power to the Z-network. At this instant, the voltage across the Z-source capacitor is equal to the output voltage of PV array. This paper presents a unified MPPT control strategy along with a modified MPPT algorithm to achieve the MPPT as well as capacitor voltage control simultaneously. Development and implementation of the proposed algorithm and comparison with traditional results are discussed. The effectiveness of the unified MPPT algorithm is verified by MATLAB/Simulink software and confirmed by experiment.

A Novel Capacitor Voltage Control for Z-source inverter based Photovoltaic Power Conversion Systems

Z-source inverter (ZSI) could be used to realise both DC voltage boost and DC-AC inversion in one single stage with reduced number of power switches for photovoltaic (PV) power conversion systems (PCS). Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control algorithm provides the shoot-through interval which should be inserted in the switching waveforms of the inverter to output the maximum power to the Z-network. At this instant, the voltage across the Z-source capacitor is equal to the output voltage of PV array. This paper presents a unified MPPT control strategy along with a modified MPPT algorithm to achieve the MPPT as well as capacitor voltage control simultaneously. Development and implementation of the proposed algorithm and comparison with traditional results are discussed. The effectiveness of the unified MPPT algorithm is verified by MATLAB/Simulink software and confirmed by experiment.

MPPT Scheme for a PV-Fed Single-Phase Single-Stage Grid-Connected Inverter Operating in CCM With Only One Current Sensor

The cost and efficiency of a photovoltaic (PV)-based grid-connected system depends upon the number of components and stages involved in the power conversion. This has led to the development of several single-stage configurations that can perform voltage transformation, maximum power point tracking (MPPT), inversion, and current shaping-all in one stage. Such configurations would usually require at least a couple of current and voltage sensors and a relatively complex control strategy. With a view to minimize the overall cost and control complexity, this paper presents a novel MPPT scheme with reduced number of sensors. The proposed scheme is applicable to any single-stage, single-phase grid-connected inverter operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM). The operation in CCM is desirable as it drastically reduces the stress on the components. Unlike other MPPT methods, which sense both PV array's output current and voltage, only PV array's output voltage is required to be sensed to implement MPPT. Only one current sensor is used for shaping the buck-boost inductor current as well as for MPPT. The information about power output of the array is obtained indirectly from array's voltage and the inductor current amplitude. Detailed analysis and the flowchart of the algorithm for the proposed scheme are included. Simulation and experimental results are also presented to highlight the usefulness of the scheme.