Output Power Of Solar Cell Research Articles

The assessment and experimental study of photovoltaics panel by spraying water (case study: Kerman, Iran)

Today, utilizing renewable and clean sources of solar energy by solar systems is continuously increasing. Given that the output power of solar cells is dependent on radiation intensity, temperature, and voltage of the terminal, controlling their performance in order to maximum absorbed power has high importance. The high photovoltaic temperature in hot seasons leads to reduce panel power. Therefore, the water spraying on the photovoltaic panel was implemented on the photovoltaic panel. The effect of spraying water on the photovoltaic panel showed that spraying water on the panel during a warm day can significantly improve the panel's power. In this work, non-potable water (green space irrigation) has been used to cool and clean the photovoltaic panel. Reducing the price of photovoltaic systems by using fewer panels due to achieved of the panels to the more power is another significant advantage of spraying water on the photovoltaic panel. Results show that the efficiency of the experimented system increased by 20%.

Structural and photoelectrochemical characterization of heterostructured carbon sheet/Ag2MoO4-SnS/Pt photocapacitor

Photocapacitors can harvest solar energy and store it in the form of electrical energy and are expected to solve the problem of unstable power output of solar cells under fluctuating sunlight. In the present study, a novel heterostructured carbon sheet/Ag2MoO4-SnS/Pt photocapacitor was developed. In this photocapacitor, SnS nanoparticles act as capacitive platform via redox pseudocapacitance, whereas Ag2MoO4 molecules act as the active core of the photocapacitor. The crystalline structure and the surface morphology of Ag2MoO4-SnS film on carbon sheet was examined by powder X-ray diffraction method (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), respectively. The XRD pattern indicates that Ag2MoO4 film on carbon sheet is in β phase with respect to Ag2MoO4. The SEM images reveal Ag2MoO4 film on carbon sheet composing of cubic structures, and SnS film on carbon sheet/Ag2MoO4 composing of spherical nanoparticles. The carbon sheet/Ag2MoO4-SnS/Pt heterostructured photocapacitor, when subjected to visible light illumination, showed a specific capacitance of 340 F/g with an open circuit potential of 1.25 V vs. Ag/AgCl electrode. The high capacitance obtained with this novel device may be attributed to the large specific area and high conductivity of the Ag2MoO4-SnS film. This research study has opened a new avenue for an effective heterostructured photocapacitor.

Comparison of kernel functions of support vector machines: A case study for the solar cell output power prediction

Four kernel functions of support vector machines (SVM), namely, radial basis function, sigmoid function, linear function and polynomial function, were applied for the prediction of solar cell output power. Two types of SVM model such as epsilon-SRV and nu-SVR were chosen for each kernel function. Measured values of temperature T (°C) and irradiance E (〖kWh.m〗^(-2)) were used as inputs and solar cell output power P (kW) was used as output. The accuracy of each kernel function was evaluated using well known statistical parameters. Radial basis function using nu-SVR and polynomial function using epsilon-SVR provided similar and better results than other kernels. However, polynomial function has taken more analysis run time while radial basis function used more number of support vectors than other kernels. They may be more computationally expensive.

Investigasi Efek Partial Shading Terhadap Daya Keluaran Sel Surya

Energi listrik pembangkit tenaga surya yang terhubung ke jaringan terpadu bergantung pada intensitas radiasi matahari. Namun, pada beberapa area pembangkit tenaga surya masih terdapat pohon dan gedung disekitar nya yang dapat menutupi sebagian area permukaan panel surya (partial shading). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk investigasi efek dari variabilitas radiasi matahari akibat partial shading terhadap daya keluaran sel surya 1 Wp. Berdasarkan hasil observasi pada pengujian pukul 10.00 – 14.00, tegangan terbuka dan arus hubung singkat pada sel surya mengalami penurunan seiring kenaikan intensitas partial shading. Semakin besar partial shading pada sel surya maka daya keluaran yang dihasilkan semakin rendah. Efek setengah partial shading dari total area sel surya mengakibatkan penurunan daya sebesar 88.2%. Seperempat shading mengakibatkan penurunan daya keluaran sel surya sebesar 75.6% dibandingkan daya pada kondisi normal. Selain itu Kenaikan suhu sel surya mengakibatkan penurunan tegangan terbuka yang cukup berarti.

Analysis the effect of reflector (flat mirror, convex mirror, and concave mirror) on solar panel

<p>At the time of the sun a straight line with solar cells may not necessarily produce the maximum output. Various ways continue to be done in order to get the maximum output. The maximum utilization of output from solar cells will accelerate the function of the solar cell. The use of reflectors is an excellent way to maximum output with effective time. The author will analyze solar cells with flat mirror, convex mirror, concave mirror, and without reflector. Each reflector is given varying treatment by calibrating the angle of the reflector to the solar cell by 60<sup>o</sup>, 90<sup>o</sup>, and 120<sup>o</sup>. After testing and data retrieval turns reflector very influential on the output of solar cells. The solar cell output power increases with each different reflector. Maximum output is obtained in a concave mirror with an angle is 90<sup>o</sup>.</p>

Eksperimental Study the Effect of Additional Flat Plate Reflector to Performance the Sinusoidal Solar Water Heater

New Renewable Energy is currently not fully utilized. Energy sourced from the sun is one of the most exploited energy sources today in several countries in the world, which in large scale has been used as a power plant. The solar collector is a heat exchange device that serves to convert solar radiation energy into a form of heat energy to heat a working fluid, such as water and air. Various methods have been undertaken to improve the performance of solar collectors, including using flat plate reflectors. Reflectors are used to reflect the diffused sunlight to focus on solar cells and ultimately increase the value of solar cell output power. Experimental studies in this study were conducted to see the performance of a solar collector sinusoidal with and without the addition of reflectors under varying discharge conditions. Variations of mass flow rate in this study were 18 and 20 liters/hour. The reflector angle on the solar collector is set at 40° on both sides of the reflector. From this study, the results for the efficiency of a solar collector with the addition of a reflector are the highest at 43,91% at a mass flow rate of 20 liters / hour.

High efficiency solar cells tailored using biomass-converted graded carbon quantum dots.

The solar-to-electric conversion efficiency of mesoscopic solar cells is highly dependent on electron extraction under solar irradiation and determines the charge recombination processes within devices. Boosting charge transfer via building energy level alignment has been proved to be a promising method to enhance the output power of solar cells. In the current work, we present the successful fabrication of functional biomass-converted carbon quantum dots with graded energy levels by doping nitrogen or sulphur atoms from lotus root powder. When employed as light absorbers for mesoscopic solar cells, light harvesting and electron extraction can be markedly increased arising from the band alignment of graded carbon quantum dots, yielding maximal power conversion efficiencies of 0.158% and 0.208% for bi- and tri-cascaded photovoltaics, respectively. The primary results demonstrate that the employment of an energy-graded architecture is a promising strategy to optimize the device output. Following this line of thought, we further fabricate a co-sensitized device by integrating graded carbon quantum dots with N719 dyes to enhance the electron extraction capability. The final device yields an efficiency as high as 9.04%, showing the potential application of carbon quantum dots in high-performance solar cells.

Studi Analisis Pengaruh Perubahan Posisi Terhadap Efisiensi Panel Surya LPJU By Pass Ngurah Rai

Utilization of sunlight as a source of renewable electrical energy by using photovoltaic (PV) has been done by many public and private agencies. One of them is Badung Regency Government. Power source for Main Street Lighting (LPJU) with the number of lamp posts 305 installed along the road By Pass I Gusti Ngurah Rai. This study analyzed the effect of position change on the efficiency of LPJU solar panel. The simulation of this research using PVSyst software and compared with real measurement result to get the position of solar cell that can produce optimal output power and better efficiency value. The result of comparison of rill measurement with PVSyst simulation, in zone 1 obtained maximum energy generation of 60,42 kWh, 186,40 kWh, at zone 2 equal to 72,54 kWh, 186,40 kWh, at zone 3 equal to 33,97 kWh, 186.40 kWh, in zone 4 of 61.52 kWh, 186.40 kWh. The PVSyst simulation results show that the solar cell output power is higher than the rear measurement in different directions and the efisiesin value obtained is better than the previous rill measurement.

A Modified Hybrid Modulation Strategy for Suppressing DC Voltage Fluctuation of Cascaded H-Bridge Photovoltaic Inverter

The hybrid modulation strategy using both low-frequency square-wave modulation and high-frequency pulse-width modulation can extend the stable operating region of a cascaded H-bridge converter. However, it does not control accurately dc voltages of converter but balances them by charging or discharging dc capacitors based on the state of system, which could aggravate fluctuation of dc voltages. If cascaded H-bridge converter is used in photovoltaic field, the aggravated fluctuation on dc capacitor voltages will result in further losses in energy harvesting of solar cells. To address this issue, a modified hybrid modulation strategy is presented in this paper. When dc-bus measured voltages are close to their reference voltages, these H-bridges operate in a zero mode. Adding appropriate zero state can prevent grid current charging or discharging the dc capacitors whose voltages have already reached their control goals. Therefore, the proposed technique is capable of suppressing dc voltage fluctuation, and, thus, improving the output power of solar cells. Simulation and experimental results validate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method.

The Improvement of Solar Cell Output Power Using Cooling and Reflection from Mirror

This paper explains the experimental investigation to improve the output power of solar cell using cooling and light reflection from mirrors. The results show that by adding mirror, the current and output power of solar cell increase but the open circuit voltage and maximum power voltage decrease due to heat. By adding cooling, the open circuit voltage and the maximum power voltage are improved, so the output power also increases.

High efficiency solar cells using quantum interferences

In this paper, we propose a solar cell model that absorbs specific band of sunlight and investigate the effect of noise–induced quantum coherence in enhancing the output power of this cell. We numerically demonstrate that such induced coherence can increase the maximum output power from a nano structured solar cell by more than 25% as compared to the same system with no coherence. We also study the influence of increasing the bandwidth of absorption on the solar cell power and numerically show that in spite of decrease in output power due to enhancement of thermalisation loss, presence of quantum coherence effect still increases the output power of solar cell compared to non-coherence case.

Thermal characteristics and output power performances analysis of solar powered stratospheric airships

Thermal characteristics and output power performances are important factors to be considered in the design and operation of long endurance stratospheric airships. The thermal and output power models of stratospheric airships with solar array are established in this paper. Based on the models, a numerical simulation program is developed. The thermal and output power performances of a solar powered airship are simulated. The effects of solar array on the thermal performances of a stratospheric airship are discussed. The factors affecting the output power of solar cells are studied in detail. The results are conducive to understanding the thermal and output power behaviors of solar powered stratospheric airships.

Recent Advances in Dual‐Functional Devices Integrating Solar Cells and Supercapacitors

Although solar cell technology is an effective way to realize the utilization of solar energy, the output power of solar cells cannot be continuous and stable, due to the intermittent nature of the sunlight. Therefore, proper energy storage devices are generally required to store the generated energy of solar cells. Photo‐supercapacitor is a new energy device that combines the photoelectric conversion function of a solar cell with the energy storage capability of a supercapacitor. This dual‐functionality is the main reason why photo‐supercapacitors are receiving more and more interest for their potential applications in future portable and wearable devices. This review presents the development history and the representative research progress of various photo‐supercapacitors, as well as the problems and challenges that still need to be addressed for the construction of better photo‐supercapacitors. Finally, suggestions for future research directions and opportunities in this fascinating field are given.

Implementasi Algoritma Perturb and Observe untuk Mengoptimasi Daya Keluaran Solar Cell Menggunakan MPPT di Laboratorium Energi Baru Terbarukan

Photovoltaic systems produce very intermittent energy and highly dependent on the wheather conditions. To optimize the power of solar cell, Maximum Power Point (MPP) is usually used . This project presented implementation of Perturb and Observe algorithm for Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) as controller for solar power generator. Constructed system harnessed Arduino Uno R3 to extract maximum power of solar cell. Microcontroller controlled DC buck converter for storing the energy using 6V battery. This methode provided perturbing (increase or decrease), voltage or current of terminal array, and compared power produced with solar cell output power. Appropriate perturbing is necessary to receive the most optimimal power. Validity of the photovoltaic module with P & O method allowed better performance of MPPT due to variation of both power and voltage. Using perturbation parameter 0.1 V for proposed method in the MPPT, solar panel was able to optimize power output up to 24.49W using load 5? in 523 W/m2 irradiance level compared with conventional methode using identical load and irradiance level 527 W/m2 providing power output 15.37W

Simulated Study on the Effects of Substrate Thickness and Minority-Carrier Lifetime in Back Contact and Back Junction Si Solar Cells

The BCBJ (Back Contact and Back Junction) or back-lit solar cell design eliminates shading loss by placing the pn junction and metal electrode contacts all on one side that faces away from the sun. However, as the electron-hole generation sites now are located very far from the pn junction, loss by minority-carrier recombination can be a significant issue. Utilizing Medici, a 2-dimensional semiconductor device simulation tool, the interdependency between the substrate thickness and the minority-carrier recombination lifetime was studied in terms of how these factors affect the solar cell power output. Qualitatively speaking, the results indicate that a very high quality substrate with a long recombination lifetime is needed to maintain the maximum power generation. The quantitative value of the recombination lifetime of minority-carriers, i.e., electrons in p-type substrates, required in the BCBJ cell is about one order of magnitude longer than that in the front-lit cell, i.e., 5 × 10−4 sec vs. 5 × 10−5 sec. Regardless of substrate thickness up to 150 μm, the power output in the BCBJ cell stays at nearly the maximum value of about 1.8 × 10−2 W·cm−2, or 18 mW·cm−2, as long as the recombination lifetime is 5 × 10−4 s or longer. The output power, however, declines steeply to as low as 10 mW·cm−2 when the recombination lifetime becomes significantly shorter than 5 × 10−4 sec. Substrate thinning is found to be not as effective as in the front-lit case in stemming the decline in the output power. In view of these results, for BCBJ applications, the substrate needs to be only mono-crystalline Si of very high quality. This bars the use of poly-crystalline Si, which is gaining wider acceptance in standard front-lit solar cells.

Improvement of the conversion efficiency and power of thin film silicon solar cells by embedding metallic nanostructures in depletion region

In this paper we present a full wave 3D-finite difference time domain (FDTD) optical and electrical simulation study of ultra thin silicon solar cell. We have analyzed the optical generation rate and absorption enhancement in thin film solar cell in which silver nanoparticles are embedded in the depletion region of p-n junction in the active layer of solar cell. Then we investigate efficiency and power output of solar cell by solving the Poisson and drift diffusion equations on a finite element mesh, by considering the extracted generation rate data from FDTD simulations. In this work localized surface plasmons (LSPs) are the key factor for absorption and electron-hole generation rate enhancement in thin film solar cell. We show that these enhancements result from dense near field provided by LSPs and ensuring that a large fraction of the incident optical power (which is considered to be AM1.5) dissipates in the absorbing active layer rather than in the MNPs. We study in detail the effect of metal nanoparticle (MNP) geometry in solar cell performance and optimize geometrical parameters of MNPs through particle swarm (PS) optimization algorithm. The optimized structure of spherical MNPs with a diameter of 70nm and spacing of 180nm, and optimized structure of nanorod MNPs with a diameter of 70nm and center to center spacing of 190nm and length of 150nm which are imbedded in depletion layer, provided 32.83% and 39% improvements in the efficiency relative to the reference cell, respectively.

An improved maximum power point tracking control approach for photovoltaic systems based on model predictive control with a condition-triggered strategy

This article proposes a novel maximum power point tracking control approach which is based on model predictive control theory with a condition-triggered strategy. First, because the matching of the external impedance and the internal impedance of the photovoltaic system can provide the maximum power output of solar cell, dynamic impedance matching method is used to adjust the external impedance of the system. Then, the model predictive control method is used to calculate the duty ratio of the boost circuit to force the external impedance to approach the internal impedance based on the definition of cost function. In order to deal with the problems on computational complexity of model predictive control for the online implementation demand, a condition-triggered strategy is proposed to reduce the burden of computation during control process. According to the requirement of control performance, the triggered condition is designed based on the difference between external impedance and internal impedance together with the difference of the state variable between the variable and its first derivative. Thereafter, the stability of model predictive control system with condition-triggered strategy is also discussed. The discussion shows that the implementation of triggered strategy cannot change the stability of original model predictive control system. Finally, an example of photovoltaic system is discussed. The simulation shows that the operation time will be reduced obviously with the guaranteed performance under the condition-triggered strategy, and the result also verifies the feasibility and effectiveness of the strategy proposed in this article.

EFFECT OF WATER COOLING ON PHOTOVOLTAIC PERFORMANCE

The efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) panels decreases as the panels' temperature increases. It is affected by various environmental parameters like temperature, dust, air velocity, and humidity. Mainly temperature is the critical factor to obtain maximum efficiency. One way of improving the efficiency of PV system is to maintain a low operating temperature by cooling it down during its operation period. This paper experimentally presents a forced-water spraying and cooling technique with variable flow rate of water on PV modules surface to improve the panels efficiency and enhance the net power saving. The results showed an initial high performance ratio and indicated that, the decreasing rate in the panel surface temperature has a direct proportional relation with PV efficiency. It was observed that, operating the cooling system for one day results a decrease in solar cells temperature by 9.07 oC, and an increase in the solar cell output power by 1.73 Volt give an increasing in power gain and efficiency by 9.27%, 0.71% respectively.

English

In this paper, a detailed modeling and simulation of solar cell/ wind turbine/ fuel cell hybrid power system is developed using a novel topology to complement each other and to alleviate the effects of environmental variations. Comparing with the other sources , the renewable energy is inexhaustible and has non-pollution characteristics. The solar energy, wind power, hydraulic power and tidal energy are natural resources of the interest to generate electrical power. As the wind turbine output power varies with the wind speed and the solar cell output power varies with both the ambient temperature and radiation, a fuel cell with ultra capacitor bank can be integrated to ensure that the system performs under all conditions. Excess wind and solar energies when available are converted to hydrogen using electrolysis for later use in the fuel cell. In this paper dynamic modeling of various components of this isolated system system is presented. Transient responses of the system to step change in the load, ambient temperature, radiation, and wind speed in a number of possible situations are studied. Modeling and simulations are conducted using MATLAB/Simulink software packages to verify the effectiveness of the proposed system. The results show that the proposed hybrid power system can tolerate the rapid change in natural conditions and suppress the effects of these fluctuations on the voltage within the acceptable range.The proposed system can be used for off grid power generation in non interconnected areas or remote isolated communities of nation.

Analysis of ultra-thin crystalline silicon solar cells coupled to a luminescent solar concentrator

Thin-film solar cells require less semiconducting materials and can achieve larger open circuit voltages than their bulk counterpart. However, they often suffer from poor absorption of light, resulting in a lower power output. To improve power generation, thin film solar cells can be coupled to luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs). LSCs can cover large surface areas to inexpensively collect sunlight and concentrate it onto small area photovoltaics (PV). Although LSC–PV systems typically suffer from low efficiency, they have potential for reducing the environmental impact of solar power while improving the power output from solar cells. In this work, the system level performance of ultra-thin film mono-crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells attached to an LSC containing Lumogen Red 305 was investigated with the goal of improving the viability of ultra-thin film c-Si photovoltaics. This approach is explored here by coupling ultra-thin film (200nm) c-Si solar cells to LSCs and examining the performance of the LSC–PV systems under direct AM 1.5 illumination. To determine the coupled LSC–PV system level efficiency, the maximum power output is calculated with a detailed balance method. More than an order of magnitude improvement in the power output of the ultra-thin film c-Si solar cell is accomplished through concentration of light achieved with the LSC. The power output is further increased through spectral coupling of the LSC to the output spectrum of the solar cells using plasmonic structures to enhance solar cell absorption at targeted wavelengths. Results show that enhanced photon absorption in the solar cell improves both the efficiency of light transport in the LSC and the solar cell power output.