Input-output Ratio Research Articles

Logistics Efficiency under Carbon Constraints Based on a Super SBM Model with Undesirable Output: Empirical Evidence from China’s Logistics Industry

As world resources and environmental constraints have increased, environmental cost has become a concern that affects the sustainable development of the logistics industry in various countries. Carbon emissions are an important part of any environmental cost assessment. How to scientifically and rationally evaluate the green GDP impact and regional efficiency in the logistics industry, especially when under carbon emission constraints, is of great significance to the realization of green and sustainable development. This study evaluated the logistics efficiency of 30 provinces in China from 2003 to 2016 by constructing a super SBM (Slack Based Model) model with undesirable output to explore provincial efficiency and its regional differences. The input–output ratio of the regional logistics industry was optimized through the calculation of the frontier slack variables. The research results showed that, first, it was more reasonable to adjust efficiency under carbon constraints, and it was consistent with the actual performance of the logistics industry. Second, technological progress and deeper capital investments promoted the development of the logistics industry, but technological barriers and low-scale efficiency between regions often limited technological efficiency. Therefore, decision-makers in the logistics industry should reconsider the challenges presented in each reason, encourage industrial technological innovation between regions, and especially promote energy-saving and emission-reduction technologies, so as to maintain the sustainable growth of the logistics industry.

Techno-economic evaluation of marine fishing operations in Andhra Pradesh, southern India

The marine fish landings in Andhra Pradesh during 2020 was estimated at 1.95 lakh t, contributing 7.2% of the total marine fish landings in the country. The techno-economic evaluation of different fishing methods in Andhra Pradesh was carried out for assessing the economic efficiency. The boat and net combinations throughout the year have seen spectacular changes because of enormous expense on fishing, time taken for fishing and prefunding of activities and support. Fuel accounted for the major share (75.8%) in operational costs of mechanised crafts. In motorised crafts, the contribution of fuel to operational costs ranged from 11.9 to 33.2%. Crew wages, which formed only 12.8% of the operational costs in mechanised crafts, contributed the major share (67.8 to 84.2%) in motorised crafts. In non-motorised crafts, almost the entire operational cost was towards crew wages. Net Profit Margin and Return on Investment was 35.2 and 2.16% for mechanised fishing operations, 37.5 to 44.3% and 0.91 to 2.77 for motorised fishing operations and 40.7 to 44.7% and 3.78 to 5.17 for non-motorised fishing operations, indicating non-motorised fishing operations to be the most economically efficient method. Capital productivity and Input-Output Ratio was 0.6 and 0.5 for mechanised fishing operations, 0.54 to 0.60 and 0.09 to 0.19 for motorised fishing operations and 0.54 to 0.59 and close to nil for non-motorised fishing operations. The Gross Value Added (GVA) of all fishing operations worked out to about 50% of the Gross Revenue, which is a significant contribution to the economy. The major fishery resources landed in various fishing operations were penaeid shrimps, sardines, Indian mackerel, ribbonfishes, catfishes, carangids and anchovies. In fishing tasks, the expanded expense of fishing per trip, the diminished landings and ensuing decrease in the gross returns per trip have been cited by the fishers as significant factors influencing the financial returns from various fishing methods.Keywords: Capital productivity, Costs, Gross value added, Input-output ratio, Labour productivity, Returns

Life cycle assessment of torrefied cornstalk pellets combustion heating system

Biomass combustion for heating is an important method to utilize raw biomass resources, especially stalks with low calorific value. Torrefaction and compression molding are the effective and common pretreatments for biomass upgrading. In this study, the resources, energy consumption and environmental impact of torrefied cornstalk pellets combustion heating system were studied using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method. The scope of the LCA includes 5 stages: biomass planting and collection, transportation, plant construction, pretreatment, and combustion heating. The resource consumption assessment showed a total energy output of the life cycle system corresponding to 19.7 GJ (The utilization of by-products was not considered), while the total energy input was 2671.3 MJ/t, and the net energy was 17028.69 MJ/t. The estimated energy input–output ratio was 7.3. The increased value of fuel energy of cornstalk pellets after torrefaction pretreatment was greater than the energy consumption during the same process. The results of energy consumption showed that the maximum energy input was identified as the planting and collection stage (1246.54 MJ/t), among which the top two are the nitrogen fertilizer energy input (56%) and the agricultural machinery fuel consumption (27%). The nitrogen fertilizer input represents 84.17% of the total energy input of fertilizer. The environmental impact assessment showed that the total GWP of the system is −175.806 kg CO2eq, indicating that the whole life cycle of the system can reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Acidification and photochemical oxidation potentials become the main factors influencing the ecological footprint of the system. Thus, considering the comprehensive impact of energy consumption and environmental emission, it is feasible to use torrefied cornstalk pellets as fuel for heating.

The incentive mechanism in knowledge alliance: based on the input-output of knowledge

This study examines the input and output of the incentive mechanism of the knowledge in knowledge alliances (KAs). Through the mathematical model and the empirical analysis, the results show that the input-output ratio of knowledge has a positive influence on the incentives in KAs, while the input scale and output scale of knowledge have no significant influence. This study explores the influencing factors of the incentives in KAs from the input-output perspective using multiple methods and provides guidelines for the optimal benefit allocation in KAs. Further, the research results apply to other fields, providing a theoretical basis for strengthening the interaction between alliance members and how members of KAs can obtain the maximum knowledge output with limited knowledge input and how to motivate alliance members’ knowledge input.

An Economics Analysis of Honey Production in Baghpat District of Western Uttar Pradesh

This study of Beekeeping, considered to be a 'no investment-profit-giving' venture, is an age-old tradition in India. The diversity of Bee- flora and varied agro-climate conditions in Uttar Pradesh offers enormous potential for the development and growth of apiculture. The district has six development blocks out of which two bocks, namely Baraut and Baghpat blocks were selected randomly for the study. Keeping low number of Honey bee producers in the study area, all 10 Honey bee producers. On the basis of Honey box unit, these bee producers were categories in two categories, i.e. 1-100 box and 101-200 box. The primary data were collected by survey method with respondents through scheduled personal interviews. The income from honey / box / annum came to Rs. 8077.36 in 1-100 box category while Rs. 8514.36 in 101-200 box category and the average income / box / annum came to Rs. 8295.83. The table also shows the category wise input-output ratio. The average of Input-Output Ratio came out to 1:3.65, while category wise, it came to 1:3.45 for 1-100 box category and 1:3.85 for 101-200 box category. The Operational cost of honey production/kg came to Rs. 57.87 for 1-100 box category while Rs. 50.91 for 101- 200 box category. The average operational cost came to Rs. 54.39. The operational cost of 1-100 box category and 101-200 box category came to Rs. 162.13 and Rs. 169.09 respectively. The average return over operational cost came to Rs. 165.61. This study is that Honey Production is a good combination for mixed farming because it requires less area of land, small capital, and high return. So those farmers who have less area of land should adopt honey production as a subsidiary occupation.

Economic Aspects of Potato Cultivation in Sultanpur District of Uttar Pradesh

The present study was carried out with objective to estimate cost and returns of potato under different size of sample farms in study area. The study is confined to Kadipur block of Sultanpur district of U.P. as it is one of the major potato producing block of the district with its favourable agro-climatic factor for Potato crop. A sample of 100 potato farmers comprises 85 marginal, 11 small and 04 medium farmers were selected by proportionate random sampling method from five villages. The required data were collected from random selected respondents by using of pre structured schedule for the estimation of per hectare cost of cultivation, income of potato and input-output ratio. The overall average cost of cultivation was estimated ` 82560.79 per hectare and net income was # 88993.96 with input-output ratio 1:2.08 which showed the profitability of crop. On the basis of finding of study, it is recommended that the study area is exceptionally potential for potato crop and it is economically viable.

An Economic Analysis and Compound Growth Rate of Major Pulses in Northern part of Chhattisgarh

The study to examine the An Economic Analysis and Compound Growth Rate of Major Pulses in Northern Tribal Belt of Chhattisgarh finite to Jaspur district of Chhattisgarh state. The study took 60 sample farms during the year 2016-17. A formal survey method was used to collect the required information from the sample area. The objectives were achieved using exponential function, regression, and perception analyses. The finding reveals that only area under pigeon pea in Northern hills part and Jashpur district simultaneously increased with a significant growth rate 1.59 and 1.85 percent/annum respectively. Still, the production in Jashpur district has a huge significant growth with 3.05 percent /annum and in case of production of chickpea Jashpur district has recorded a positively significant growth (4.54%). In pigeon pea, the per hectare Cost-A1, Cost-A2, Cost-B1, Cost-B2, Cost-C1, Cost-C2 and Cost-C3 at the overall level were ` 8080.31, ` 8080.31, ` 8505.16, ` 14755.16, ` 10024.21, ` 16274.21and ` 17901.63 per hectare, and in chickpea, these were ` 7853.03, ` 7853.03, ` 8274.38, ` 14524.38, ` 9827.56, ` 16077.56 and ` 17685.32 per hectare, respectively, on the sample farms. The overall family labor income, farm business income, farm investment income, and input-output ratio at farm size and at overall in the study area for pigeon pea were recorded `/ha. 4572.05, `/ha. 11246.91, `/ha. 9727.86 and 1:1.2 and in chickpea, these were

Design and Optimization of Indoor Space Layout Based on Deep Learning

In order to explore the technical path of using artificial intelligence deep learning algorithm in realizing the interior space layout, this study introduces neural network modules such as 3D spatial convolutional (3DSC) neural networks and fuzzy neural networks (FNN), and a deep learning algorithm of indoor spatial layout design (ISLD) based on the adversarial neural network (ANN) is formed. In the algorithm design, a controllable data-interference adverse variation algorithm based on a random number generator is introduced, to obtain the data variant optimization process of genetic algorithm in neural network deep learning. As shown in the simulation analysis, the algorithm yielded significantly better subjective audience evaluation than other algorithms mentioned in references, and because it can be run offline on a single PC workstation, the demand for network resources and computing power resources is relatively small, so under the premise of the same hardware facility investment, higher production capacity can be obtained to get a higher input-output ratio, and it has a certain industry-university-research transformation and market promotion value.

Productivity and energetics of rice (Oryza sativa) based cropping systems in Indo-Gangetic plains

A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Farm, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh during 2016–17 and 2017–18 to study the productivity and energetics of rice (Oryza sativa L.)-based cropping systems under irrigated condition. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with three replications. The treatment comprised ten rice-based cropping sequences. Results revealed that rice-potato-green gram recorded significantly high system rice equivalent yield over rest of the cropping sequences during both the years of study. Energy input was recorded highest in rice-potato-green gram followed by rice-potato-cowpea fodder, rice-mustard-sudan grass fodder, rice-wheat-cowpea fodder and lowest in rice-berseem-cowpea fodder sequence. Rice-mustard-sudan grass fodder sequence recorded significantly high energy output, net energy, energy outputinput ratio and energy intensity as compared to rest of the cropping sequences during both the years of investigation, whereas energy productivity was high in rice-cabbage-cowpea fodder sequence compared to other sequences during both the years of experimentation. However, specific energy was higher in rice-wheat-green gram sequence than rest of the cropping sequences except rice-wheat sequence during second year of investigation where it remained at par with rice-wheat-green gram sequence.

Controllable optical bistability with perfect photon absorption

We propose a scheme for controlling nonlinear coherent perfect absorption (CPA) in a three-level Λ-type atom-cavity system. Generally, the normally nonlinear CPA and the bistable CPA can be attained at different frequencies of an input probe field. With a coherent control field coupling one of the ground states and the excited state of the atoms, two types of CPA can be attained at the same frequency. Besides, for the bistable CPA, the highest output-input ratio of the high stable state and the low stable state is approximately 1, and the threshold and the hysteresis cycle of the bistability are controllable by the control field. The results of our study may potentially be applied in optical bistable switching and optical logic devices.

Design of Social Responsibility Incentive Contracts for Stakeholders of Megaprojects under Information Asymmetry

Social responsibility is essential to the sustainable development of megaprojects. A transparent and symmetrical information-sharing mechanism is an important guarantee for promoting megaproject stakeholders to fulfill their social responsibilities and improve project efficiency. Aiming at the problems of megaproject subcontractors concealing social responsibility information, which leads to unsmooth information channels and low project efficiency, this paper compares and analyzes the single-stage revenue-sharing model under symmetric and asymmetric information from the perspective of incentive contract design. Then, a two-stage incentive contract with multiple indicators under asymmetric information is designed using principal-agent theory. The research results show that the social responsibility effort level of the general contractor and the total project revenue is positively correlated with the input–output ratio, and is negatively correlated with the degree of information opacity of the subcontractor’s social responsibility. Incentive contracts with multiple indicators in stages can effectively encourage subcontractors to disclose social responsibility information, and reduce information asymmetry, therefore enhancing social responsibility and improving overall project efficiency. This research transforms the research on the social responsibility of megaprojects from qualitative to quantitative. The research results provide theoretical methods and decision-making basis for megaproject general contractors to encourage subcontractors to improve social responsibility.

Energy Analysis on Wheat Yield of Mongolian Agriculture

Agricultural policies should be aimed at enhancing production per unit area and help to reduce the cultivated area. To that end, it is critical to conserve soil fertility, promote ecological agriculture, employ climate change adaptation technology, significantly enhance irrigated agriculture, and decrease agricultural production risks. Sustainable agricultural production requires optimized land usage, increased energy efficiency, reduced use of fossil fuels, and minimized environmental consequences. Energy has been used in agriculture in a dramatically increased manner, and the agri-food chain now accounts for 30% of the total global energy use. Energy analysis quantifies the amount of energy used in agricultural production, so it may be used to optimize energy consumption and boost energy efficiency, further propelling the sustainable development of agriculture. Recently, the Mongolian government has expressed concerns about how to realize food sustainability and self-sufficiency in wheat production and agriculture, while also maintaining environmental sustainability. However, there is a substantial study gap between agriculture and energy analysis in Mongolia. This study investigated energy consumption and the effects of energy inputs and energy types on the agricultural production of Mongolia from 2005 to 2018. The output was calculated based on the annual wheat equivalent for the 14 major provinces as a whole. The output level is given as a function of human labor, machinery, electricity, diesel fuel, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation water, and seed energy, and the yield and different energy inputs are determined using the ordinary least squares of the Cobb–Douglas function. Total energy input grew from 2359.50 MJ ha−1 in 2005 to 3047.61 MJ ha−1 in 2018, while total output energy increased from 2312.08 MJ ha−1 to 4562.56 MJ ha−1. During this period, the energy use efficiency (input–output ratio), energy productivity, and net energy of wheat production were studied. The fertilizer inputs were statistically significant. The contribution of nitrogen, diesel, and irrigation water towards the production level was 3.52, 3.09, and 2.33, respectively. As a result, the data indicated that non-renewable, direct, and indirect energy sources all had a positive impact on the output level. Furthermore, non-renewable energy in Mongolian agriculture has been used in a significantly increased manner.

Economics of production of turmeric in Amravati district

The present study entitled, “Economics of production of turmeric in Amravati district” study was undertaken to examine the economics of production in Amravati district.For the present study, 90 turmeric cultivators were selected from Morshi, Warud, Tiwsa tehsils of Amravati district. The 2 villages were selected purposively from each tehsil. From each village 15 farmers were selected randomly. The selected farmers were classified into three categories viz., small, medium and large according to their land holding.The primary data was collected from the farmers by survey method. The standard cost concept cost ‘A’, cost ’B’ and cost ‘C’ was used for the analysis of data. At overall level per hectare use of human labour was 207.79 days and bullock pair days required for turmeric cultivation was 6.75 days. At overall level, per ha. machinery requirement was 11.89 hours and rhizomes requirement was 20.00 qtl/ha. At farm level processing of turmeric overall human labour requirement was 22.77 days and machine labour requirement was 23.18 hrs. At overall level per ha. cost of cultivation at cost ‘A’, cost ‘B’ and cost ‘C’ were Rs. 131816.59, Rs. 209497.49and Rs. 226538.32, respectively. At overall level gross return was Rs. 383219.12. The net return obtain at various costs were Rs. 251402.53 at cost ‘A’, Rs. 173721.63 at cost ‘B’ 156680.80 at cost ‘C’. At overall level the input output ratio at cost ‘C’ was 1.69. Thus, the turmeric cultivation is profitable to selected farmers.

Ecological Efficiency of Urban Industrial Land in Metropolitan Areas: Evidence from China

Industrial land is an indispensable strategic resource in urban development that plays an indispensable role in ensuring the industrial space of urban construction and development. Measuring and analyzing the eco-efficiency of industrial land utilization (ECILU) can provide insights into how to maximize the input–output ratio of industrial land and ensure the sustainable development of land resources and economies. Based on the undesirable output slacks-based measure (SBM) model, choosing land, capital, and labor as input indicators, and the industrial added value and carbon emissions as desirable and undesirable output indicators, this study measured the ECILUs in 78 cities and 13 metropolitan areas in four Chinese major economic zones from 2007 to 2018, analyzed their spatial and temporal evolution characteristics and regional differences, and constructed a Tobit regression model to test the influence mechanism of each variable on the ECILUs in different regions. This has important theoretical and practical significance for the Chinese government in formulating relevant policies and realizing the green utilization of urban land in the future. Empirical results showed that the ECILUs in most cities were low and that the differences between regions were large. The ECILU in the Western Economic Zone was relatively high, followed by the Eastern, Central, and Northeastern Economic Zones. According to the ECILU value and urban synergy degree of each metropolitan area, this study divided the 13 metropolitan areas into four categories. The regression analysis results showed that the variables had different effects on the ECILUs of all cities and the four economic zones in China. It is suggested that all economic zones should reinforce the optimization of industrial structure, control industrial pollutant discharge, and solve the phenomenon of labor surplus. The Eastern Zone should maintain the growth of its economy while focusing on soil quality. The Central Zone should focus on the efficient use of infrastructure, and the Western, Northeastern, and Central Zones should balance the green coverage area and the industrial land area to ensure the efficient use of urban industrial land.

Evaluation of straw and plastic film mulching on wheat production: A meta-analysis in Loess Plateau of China

Field mulching is an important technique of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivation in the Loess Plateau (LP) of China, which alleviates the local agricultural water-shortage. At present, there are few bidirectional effect analyses on plastic film mulching (PM) and straw mulching (SM) in LP area. This study uses control variable method to estimate mulches response magnitude (yield, WUE and ET) for ecological factors. We collected a total of 118 peer-reviewed publications after 2000. The results showed that PM significantly increased wheat yield in most vulnerable eco-regions, but SM was more suitable in areas both with higher sunshine (> 2500 h) and air temperature (> 8 °C), or frost-free period > 200 days. Generally, the average yield increase of PM was 4.04% higher than SM. While annual precipitation exceeded 600 mm and air temperature exceeded 13 °C, film treatment had higher WUE, which reached 37.65 and 36.89 kg ha −1 mm −1 respectively. We also found that certain soil physicochemical properties such as soil water content, bulk density, sand content, pH, organic carbon, available nitrogen, available phosphorus would significantly affect wheat yield under mulching. When soil water content < 16% or > 24%, and soil temperature > 16 °C, PM had the relative dominance that corresponding effect sizes were 0.499, 0.667 and 1.176 respectively. By comparing the output input ratio (OIR), PM needed 6.77% cost higher than SM in premise of same yield. On the whole, the suitable cultivation regions of PM were wider than SM, so former was most important mulching technology in current LP. While SM had obvious advantages in “return on investment”, and more conducive to protecting soil ecosystem health or promoting agriculture sustainable development, hence it would lead local mulching technology innovation in the future. • Plastic film mulching significantly increased the wheat yield in most vulnerable eco-regions of China’s Loess Plateau. • Straw mulching was more suitable in areas with abundant solar and thermal resources. • Soil physicochemical properties have the wide influence on plastic and straw mulching effects. • The economic benefit of per unit yield under straw mulching was relatively ideal.

Підходи та вимоги до моделювання структури напівпровідникового шару сонячного елемента

The existing models of the solar cell are considered and analyzed. It was established that the existing models investigate: the dependence of the normalized current density on the voltage when the thickness of the photoelectric layer of the photoelectric converter, photoelectric characteristics of the photoelectric converter depending on the temperature coefficient and different light conditions. The models show that with an increase in temperature, the value of the value of the utility coefficient, current, the fill coefficient of the volt-amperage characteristic is reduced.The analysis of models showed that a calculation over of basic electrophysics parameters (current of short circuit, tension of idling) was brought without the account of changes of size of area active to the perceiving surface of relief of semiconductor layer of photo-electric transformer. It substantially influences on the calculation of size of initial power and output-input ratio, and also the volt-ampere и volt of wadding reduces exactness and stability descriptions of sunny element. For the calculation of size of the real area of perceiving surface of semiconductor layer of photo-electric transformer, it offers to use the changes of properties of underlying structure of semiconductor layer of photo-electric transformer. A study of model of sunny photo-electric transformer is undertaken taking into account the general geometrical area of superficial semiconductor layer of photo-electric transformer. For research of influence of properties of the real perceiving surface on the initial parameters of photo-electric transformer, it offered to use a model a general geometrical area is taken into account in that. On results the design of photo-electric transformer by means of the program MathCAD, built by a volt-ampere descriptions of photo-electric transformer with a geometrical area and with the real areas of surface of photo-electric transformer. It is educed, that curves of volt-ampere description for the real areas of perceiving surface, differ from a curve for a geometrical topological area.It is proposed to calculate the area of the active receiving surface of the relief of the semiconductor layer of a photoelectric converter, based on the simulation of processes in the structure of the semiconductor layer of a photoelectric converter.

Primena neparametarske analize efikasnosti u oceni ekonomske održivosti farmi

The aim of this research is to investigate technical efficiency in different types of farming in Republic of Serbia and then to determine achieved level of farm economic viability. The research is based on FADN data from 2020 year. An input-oriented data envelopment analysis method with variable return to scale is used for calculating farm technical efficiency. One output and four input variables are used in the model. Research has shown that farm technical efficiency in Serbia is on relatively low level (0.346). This indicates that there are significant reserves for potentially input reduction, without output reducing. According to types of farming the most efficient farms are the ones involved in horticulture production (0.542), followed by granivores (0.458) and vineyards and fruits (0.433), while the least efficient are dairy production (0.292). It is noticeable that more intensive types of farming have better output-input ratio, which indicates that those farms reached higher economic viability level. Of course, farm economic viability is wider term and further research should be directed at one comprehensive farm economic viability analysis which would take into consideration other relevant productivity indicators as well as profitability, liquidity and stability indicators. Thereby, considering FADN base limitations that are particularly noticeable when calculate liquidity and stability indicators, is necessary to continuously work on data quality improvement and to make the whole system better.

Universal dependence for determining exergetic output-input ratio of air split-conditioner heat pump

Today, in air conditioning and heating systems for small rooms of industrial, public, and residential buildings, the use of heat pumps of air split-conditioners is becoming more common. However, heat pumps of air split-conditioners are energy-intensive equipment, and, therefore, the need to increase their energy efficiency arises. It is important to reduce energy consumption during the refrigeration machines operating in the mode of heat pump in air split-conditioners, which is possible using a modern method of thermodynamics — an exergetic one. Exergetic analysis allows for establishing the maximum thermodynamic capabilities of the system, determining the losses of exergy in it, and substantiating recommendations for improving some of its elements. The exergetic method of analysis of the operation of one-stage steam-compressor freon heat pumps of air split-conditioners developed by the authors is used in this article. As a result, the universal dependence for determining the exergetic output-input ratio (OIR) for the air split-conditioner heat pump by "Mitsubishi Electric" with a heating capacity of 3200 W has been established, which makes it possible to select the parameters of its operation with the maximum exergetic OIR. The described algorithm for obtaining such a universal dependence can be used for heat pump air split-conditioner of any firm and any heating capacity.

Different Livestock Production Systems in Himachal Pradesh

The livestock production systems in four agro-climatic zones of the Chamba district were studied. To meet the day-to-day expenses and living, among cows and buffaloes, migratory sheep and goat-rearing were also ubiquitous among of Gaddis the district. The average livestock population was found more in Zone-IV (15.10 SAUs,) followed by Zone-III (9.05 SAUs), Zone-II (1.23 SAUs) and Zone-I (1.12 SAUs). In the rearing of indigenous cows, the average total cost (C*) ranged between ?68413 and 82069 per animal across the different zones. In the case of improved cows, the maximum average total cost was found to be ?94081 per animal. Further, in the case of buffalo, the average total cost (C*) ranged between ?105232 and 110839 per animal. In rearing goats, the Cost C* ranged from ?34070 to 40557, and in the case of sheep, it varied from ?27183 to 39075 per five animals. Livestock business income (LBI) from the indigenous and improved cows was found maximum in Zone-I (?4593 and 37625 per animal, respectively) and from buffalo also maximum in Zone-I (?34489 per animal). In the case of goat and sheep enterprises, LBI ranged from ?2726 (Zone-III) to 9725 (Zone-IV) and ?1161 (Zone-II) to 6299 (Zone-IV) per five animals, respectively. In the case of rearing dairy and sheep per goat animals, the maximum output-input ratio over cost A was in Zone-III and IV, respectively.

Economic performance of marine fishing methods in Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu

Marine fisheries provide livelihood and nutritional security to the fishermen households in the coastal states of our country Ramanathapuram district is an important coastal district in Tamil Nadu in terms of marine fish landings as well as the raft-gears employed. The analysis of economic performance of the fishing methods is very important for formulating any marine fisheries management measure. Hence, the study on economic performance of marine fishing methods in Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu was carried out. In the mechanized, motorized and non-mechanized craft-gear combinations, the economic performance of mechanized single day trawling for fish resources is better since it indicated the highest capital productivity, labour productivity, net operating income, gross value added and lesser input-output ratio. The economic performance of motorized single day fishing is not as good as other methods, since the net income per trip is less.