Outlet Tube Research Articles

Effects of soot inception and condensation PAH species and fuel preheating on soot formation modeling in laminar coflow CH4/air diffusion flames doped with n-heptane/toluene mixtures

This paper investigates the effects of soot inception and condensation polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) species and fuel preheating on soot prediction in 2D coflow laminar CH4/air diffusion flames doped with vaporized gasoline surrogate fuels, i.e., n-heptane/toluene mixtures. To evaluate the importance of considering multiple PAHs in soot inception and condensation and fuel pyrolysis near fuel tube outlet in the prediction of soot distribution along the flame centerline, the pyrene-based soot inception and PAH condensation model was improved by considering multi-PAH (A2, A2R5, A3C2H, A4, BGHIF) as nucleation and condensation species. The fuel preheating effect upstream the fuel tube exit was taken into account. Inclusion of multiple PAHs in soot inception and condensation leads to greatly enhanced soot formation along the flame centerline region due to enhanced soot inception and surface growth via PAH condensation. As a result of soot inception through smaller PAH (A2), soot appears at a lower flame height above the burner exit than experiments. The fuel preheating effect causes significantly higher fuel stream temperatures in the near burner wall region and appreciable fuel pyrolysis. Soot inception is further enhanced by the fuel preheating effect and soot appears at an even lower height above the burner exit with a reduced flame height. This study demonstrated that both multi-PAH coagulation and fuel preheating strengthen soot inception and improve the predicted soot volume fractions along the flame centerline, but they are still insufficient to achieve good agreement with available experiments. Plausible ways to further improve the soot model are discussed.

Experimental and computational fluid dynamics modeling of Satureja khuzestanica essential oil extraction during ohmic‐hydrodistillation

AbstractA 3D computational model was presented to simulate the essential oil extraction process using ohmic‐hydrodistillation. The extraction of Satureja khuzestanica essential oil was performed at three voltages (80, 120, and 160 V) and three NaCl concentrations (0.5, 1, and 1.5% (w/v)). The effect of electrical conductivity variations with temperature and salinity concentration, the imposed electrical potential as well as evaporation‐condensation mechanisms were also taking into account. The variations of system temperature along with the amount of the extracted essential oil during the procedure were numerically calculated and good agreement with the measured experimental data was observed. The evaporation nucleation happened at two distinct locations, namely at the tips of electrodes and near the midsection at regions below the outlet tube. Increasing the NaCl concentration from 0.5 to 1.5% (w/v), led to a 10 min reduction of extraction process for 80 volts’ potential difference while the same amount of salt addition caused twice time reduction (20 min) for 160 volts’ case. Both of NaCl concentration and applied voltage parameters accelerated the extraction process. However, the effect of increasing of the system salinity was more pronounced at higher voltages.Practical applicationsThere are several methods to extract essential oils from different parts of herbs, such as hydro and steam‐distillation. However, these usual techniques have shown some drawbacks. Ohmic heating is a new thermal process that can enhance temperature of products during the passage of electric currents. This technology has many advantages including shorter process time and better energy efficiency compare to usual heating. The utilization of fluid flow and heat transfer governing equations to investigate the performance of ohmic‐hydrodistillation can help design and optimization of this process.

Numerical Simulation on Pump Transient Characteristic in a Model Pump Turbine

Pump performance characteristics of pump turbines in transient processes are significantly different from those in steady processes. In the present paper, transient processes of a flow rate that increased and decreased in the pump mode of a model pump turbine were simulated through unsteady simulations using the shear stress transport (SST) k–ω turbulence model. The numerical results reveal that there is a larger hysteresis loop in the performance characteristics of the increasing and decreasing directions of the flow rate compared with those of steady results. Detailed discussions are carried out to determine the generation mechanism of obvious hysteresis characteristics using the methods of entropy production and continuous wavelet analysis. Analyses show that the states of the backflow at the draft tube outlet and the vortices in the impeller and guide/stay vanes are promoted or suppressed owing to the acceleration and deceleration of the fluid. This contributes to the difference in pump performance characteristics of the pump turbine.

Numerical study on pre-film atomization mechanism and characteristics by a coaxial swirl injector

The overall process and mechanism of the centrifugal pre-film atomization with double swirling flow were studied using the methods of large Eddy simulation and volume of fluid. The atomization process includes a centrifugal jet under the primary swirl and a pre-film atomization under the two-stage counter-rotating swirl at the venturi outlet. The fuel is ejected from the outlet of the centrifugal nozzle and undergoes the transient process of reaching the venturi throat. The breaking mechanism of liquid film in this process is the same as that of the formation mechanism of the mushroom-shaped tip of liquid jet. The numerical simulation results are highly consistent with the experimental results. For the formation and development of the liquid film on the venturi wall, collision and wave action promote the expansion of the liquid film. At the outlet position of the venturi tube, the short wave mode and the two-stage reverse swirling structure play major roles in the fragmentation process of the flake liquid film, which coincides with the flow characteristics given by the experiment. It is found that the spray cone angle increases as the fuel flow rate increases, and the numerical results are basically consistent with the predicted values of the empirical formula under different fuel flow rates. The droplet size distribution showed a Poisson distribution during the atomization of centrifugal jets and pre-film, and the peak position and variation trend of the droplet size distribution at the outlet of the venturi tube were basically consistent with experimental results.

Experimental investigation on the thermal and entropic behavior of a vertical helical tube with none-boiling upward air-water two-phase flow

Helical tubes have great compact structure, two-phase flow stability and well thermal performance. The increment of applications which use two-phase flow in helical tubes, necessitates the investigation on thermal and entropic characteristics of two-phase flow in helically coiled tubes. The present study provides experimental results of heat transfer characteristics of upward air-water none-boiling two-phase flow in a vertical helically coiled tube. The helical tube was put under constant heat flux. The inlet, outlet, wall and ambient temperature of helical tube were measured for calculating the heat transfer coefficient and entropy generation. The water superficial Dean number (Desl) was between 1000 and 4800. Also, the gas (air) superficial Dean number (Desg) was between 45 and 235. The VF (volume fraction) fraction was between 0.11 and 0.55. Almost all investigated cases were at the range of slug and plug flow regimes. Results revealed that the air-water two-phase flow could increase the heat transfer coefficient. Increment of air superficial Dean Number increased the heat transfer rate and entropy generation. A maximum increment of 35% and %26 were observed for heat transfer coefficient and entropy generation respectively. Also it was revealed that increment of VF increases the Witte-Shamsundar efficiency.

Investigation of a coaxial Stirling-type pulse tube cryocooler with the cooling capacity of 600 W at 77 K

This paper conducts the investigation of a coaxial Stirling-type pulse tube cryocooler (SPTC) with the cooling capacity of 600 W at 77 K, in which a two-dimensional CFD model is established and the effects of the flow are studied. With the aimed high cooling capacity, the flow straighteners at both inlet and outlet of the pulse tube become crucial to ensure the cooling performance by minimizing the turbulence flows in it. The interaction of the pulse tube cold finger and the linear compressor is investigated in view of that the match between them plays an important role in improving the cooling performance. In the experiment, the SPTC has a cooling capacity of 580 W at 77 K with the relative Carnot efficiency of 12%.

Research of key technology for turbine efficiency measurement based on thermodynamics method

As it is difficult to get the absolute water discharge, from which we can calculate the turbine efficiency, the thermodynamic method is proposed as an effective and more precise method for higher than 100 meters’ water head turbine. In which method, the water temperatures of inlet of spiral case and outlet of draft tube are measured and the flow discharge can be calculated according to the first law of thermodynamics. In the paper, with the practice and field test experience in several plants, some key technology and difficulties for thermodynamic method are discussed, which including advanced structure design and optimize for high pressure water sampling vessel, which can avoid the pipe crack or water leakage by reducing the connecting bolts and adding supporting bars, and a measuring frame in the draft tube flow channel, which using only one thermometer but can meet the requirement of IEC regulation; at last, for resolving the problem of flow velocity measurement in low pressure section, an iteration calculation method is brought out, and the field test data shows the method can get a good result for replacing the current meter method.

The influence of the vortex tube channel length on the separation of air by its temperature

Based on the prepared counterflow vortex tube model with four inlets, the effect of the length of the vortex tube channel on the generation of cold and hot air is investigated. In the simulation were used standard equations of gas dynamics, which include the equations of continuity, conservation of momentum, total energy, and the state of an ideal gas. To consider turbulent effects was chosen a -\varepsilon$ turbulence model. Computational experiments were carried out in the OpenFOAM software using the sonicFoam solver. The prepared grid allowed modeling vortex tubes with the main channel length varying from 20 to 70 cm. All calculations were carried out under the same boundary conditions with constant pressure at the inlets and atmospheric pressure at the hot and cold outlets. The constructed model adequately reproduces the two-vortex structure of the air flow in the vortex tube. To obtain and process the results were used OpenFOAM utilities and a script implementing the algorithm for averaging the values at the tube outlets written in Python. The results were obtained on the temperatures and mass flow rates of air in cold and hot outlets of the vortex tube depending on the length of the device. According to the analysis of the obtained data, it was shown that increasing the length of the channel of the vortex tube significantly increases the production of cold air with a certain increase in its temperature. An increase in the temperature of the produced hot air with an increase in the length of the vortex tube was also noted.

The critical mass flux for positive flow characteristic of heated tubes in the vertical water wall

Positive flow characteristic is favorable in design of vertical water wall of large-scale once-through boilers, since it is beneficial for reducing potential temperature differences and thermal imbalance distribution across the water wall. The identification of the critical mass flux (G0) at which the flow characteristic transits from positive to negative is important for design of supercritical boilers with vertical water wall. In this paper, theoretical analysis was performed to investigate G0 under both supercritical and subcritical pressures. A theoretical solution of G0 was derived through thermal-hydraulic models. The impacts of operation parameters and tube structure parameters on G0 were quantified through numerical analysis. The results show that fluid outlet temperature, fluid pressure, tube inner diameter and tube friction factor have significant impacts on G0. G0 decreases as the increase of the fluid outlet temperature and the decrease of the fluid pressure. Under the condition of identical fluid inlet and outlet temperatures, operating pressure and tube length, G0 is proportional to D/λ. With the proposed model, G0 of a 600 MWe supercritical CFB boiler under different loads were calculated and validated.

Symmetric Atmospheric Plasma Source Integrated With Electrospray Ionization for Ambient Mass Spectrometry Detections

This paper develops a symmetric atmospheric plasma source integrated with electrospray ionization (ESI) tip as a dual-ion source for simultaneously detecting nonpolar and polar compounds using the ambient mass spectrometry. A cross-shaped tube with symmetric discharge electrodes is used to generate dielectric barrier discharge to produce ionized gas charging nonpolar molecules, while a coaxial capillary is placed at the center of the cross-shaped tube for generating electrospray discharge. Since there is no floating voltage at the outlet of the cross-shaped tube, the potential interference for the ESI can be excluded. Results show that dual-ion source can stably produce high-intensity ions of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">9</sup> ion · cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> . Moreover, the relationship between the measured ion intensity and the gas flow rate, gas temperature, and applied voltage for ESI are systematically investigated. Various samples including volatile organic compounds, pesticides, Chinese herbal medicines, and vitamins are used for evaluating the sensing performance of the dual-ion source in plasma mode, electrospray mode, and dual-ion source mode, respectively. Results show that the developed dual source is efficient to simultaneously detect both the polar and nonpolar compounds.

Impact of frit dispersion on gradient performance in high-throughput liquid chromatography

The impact of porous frits (2.1 mm i.d. × 1 mm thick, 0.2 μm porosity, 20% void, 0.69 μL) in short 0.5–5 cm long × 2.1 mm i.d. columns packed with sub-2 μm superficially porous particles on gradient performance was investigated using a low dispersive i-class ACQUITY UPLC system (25 cm × 75 μm outlet tube + 250 nL optical cell). In order to maximize data accuracy, the sample dispersion through a single frit was measured from four independent methods: (1) plate height subtraction, (2) peak capacity versus efficiency plot, (3) flow reversal, and (4) direct measurement. Frit dispersion increases non-linearly with increasing flow rate. The corresponding volume variances of small molecules were measured at 0.16 ± 0.04, 0.24 ± 0.05, and 0.31 ± 0.06 μL2 at flow rates of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mL/min, respectively. These observed variances are lower than and consistent with the maximum volume variance of 0 . 692 ∼ 0.5 μL2 expected for a mixer-like behavior. The peak capacity of short columns were then calculated for mixtures of peptides using a general model of gradient elution by considering (or not) the actual analyte dispersion taking place in the outlet frit, in the post-column connecting tube, and in the detection cell. The results show that the sole presence of the outlet frit is responsible for about 50% loss in peak capacity (relative to the expected gradient performance in absence of frit and post-column tube) for a 1 cm long column operated under standard gradient steepness. The actual structure and volume of column frits needs adjustment if one wants to take full advantage of the true performance of short high-throughput columns packed with sub-2 μm particles.

On the Time Resolution of Electrochemical Scanning Flow Cell Coupled to Downstream Analysis

Many of the recent advancements in the electrocatalysis research have been obtained by application of coupled electrochemistry/mass-spectrometry techniques. Representative example is the electrochemical flow cells coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (on-line ICP-MS) in electrocatalysis stability research. In this technique, unambiguous correlation of the concentration of dissolved species vs. potential/current represents a significant challenge due to different time scales of electrochemical and concentration transients. In this work, we address this issue by investigating the time resolution of the scanning flow cell (SFC). For this, residence time distribution (RTD) is estimated using Cu dissolution experiments. Both experiments and numerical simulations show that RTD can be closely approximated by a bi-Gaussian distribution with asymmetry arising from the mass transport of species in the outlet channel. Studying the influence of cell geometry and experimental conditions on RTD, it is found that the length of the outlet tubes of SFC should be as short as possible. Moreover, an optimum flow rate and angle between inlet and outlet channels are defined. To demonstrate practical applicability of our findings, obtained RTD was used to deconvolute previously reported platinum dissolution transients during cycling voltammetry. Such data are of high importance in mechanistic studies of platinum dissolution.

Формування фотосинтетичної продуктивності агроценозу пшениці ярої на дерново-підзолистому ґрунті Передкарпаття залежно від обробітку ґрунту і удобрення

The results of the research carried out for the period 2016-2018 on the influence of the main tillage and fertilizer system on the fertility of the sod-podzolic soil of Precarpathian and the formation of photosynthetic productivity of spring wheat in short-rotation crop rotation are presented. The purpose of the research is to establish and theoretically substantiate the agroecological conditions of optimization of the formation of photosynthetic productivity of spring wheat of Claris depending on soil cultivation and soil nutrition system in the conditions of Precarpathian. The research was carried out in conditions of the FG "Fortuna", which is in the village Negivci of Kalush district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. An analysis of the conditions for the formation of the leaf area of the plants of wheat of Clarias strain showed that the intensity of forming the area of the leaf surface was significantly dependent on the fertilizer system and the method of cultivating the soil. It was established that the most powerful leaf machine of wheat plants was formed in the variant of the organo-mineral system of fertilizer for superficial (8-10 cm discrepancy) cultivation of the soil in the tillering phase - 18.4 thousand m 2 /ha, which is 8.3 thousand m 2 /ha more, and in the ear staging phase - 46.3 thousand m 2 /ha, which is 17.6 thousand m 2 /ha more compared to the control. In this variant, the photosynthetic potential of agrocenosis was 3.1 million m 2 /ha, which is 1.2 million m 2 /ha more compared to control. The net productivity of plant photosynthesis in the tube outlet was 2.3 g/m 2 per day, or 0.6 g/m 2 per day more compared to control. The processes of accumulation of dry substances were most intensively carried out by the organo-mineral fertilizer system (the introduction of pumice manure obtained at the outlet of the biogas plant) at a dose of 20 t/ha + N 40 P 30 K 40 ) for the surface cultivation of the soil (discovery at a depth of 8-10 cm). Thus, during the tillering phase, the accumulation of dry matter was 24.3 g/m 2 more, in the phase of the output of the tube - by 59.9 g/m 2 and in the ear staining phase - by 388.3 g/m 2 more compared to the control. It has been established that for organic and organo-mineral fertilizer systems, the conditions for enhancement of the photosynthetic activity of agrocoenosis of wheat of wheat were more favorable than the other (4-16 cm) plots and the surface (8-10 cm dispersion) of soil fertilizers, which were more favorable than other experimental variants Claris variety. Key words: sod-podzolic soil, Precarpathians, wheat, fertilizer system, soil cultivation, fertility, photosynthesis

Packaging Design, Weld Fatigue analysis and Validation of Diesel Exhaust After-treatment System

Diesel exhaust after treatment system is usually designed to meet stringent packaging constraints and emission norms. After treatment packaging has critical impact on the overall system efficiency and durability since many components in exhaust systems have welded joints. An after treatment inlet and outlet tube joints, connected to engine outlet and Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) tailpipe respectively are subjected to vibrations and bending moment leading to fatigue failure at the inlet/outlet welded joints. It has been observed over the years that the prevailing failure modes in after treatment systems are cracked welds at joints between inlet tubes and flanges, outlet tubes and connecting tailpipes. Fatigue failure is a complex and progressive form of local damage which occurs in welded components of exhaust after-treatment systems. Thus, this fatigue failure needs to be estimated accurately and at the early stage of design to save cost and time. But due to geometrical irregularities, compact packaging design and load transfer conditions, it becomes difficult to estimate accurate fatigue strength of the welded areas. Thus weld fatigue analysis, a high cycle fatigue test to validate inlet/outlet module of exhaust system against dynamic overturning bending moment and to calculate the location of minimum weld fatigue life within the inlet welded joints is performed. Weld fatigue analysis uses advanced fatigue assessment technique, BS 7608, Stress x Life (S x N) approach for accurate and precise estimation of welds. The present work deals with reducing the package volume of the after treatment system by applying different concepts, verifying design robustness by FEA simulation using ANSYS 18.2 and validating the structural durability of the system by testing. The objective of the present work is to estimate the fatigue life of the welded structures precisely and accurately, calculate the threshold bending moment to determine whether the design is robust to the bending moment loads seen over course of its life and make design modifications as per simulation result. Further the FEA and testing results of weld fatigue analysis are correlated.

A demonstration of the mechanical sensing capability of individually contacted vertical piezoelectric nanowires arranged in matrices

This paper reports the fabrication of arrays of vertical piezoelectric nanowires which are individually contacted at their base, and demonstrates that an electrical response to strain can be obtained from individual nanowires from the array, without external biasing exploiting the piezotronic effect. Such a technology could thus be used for the fabrication of self-powered sensors for mechanical strain mapping, where each individually contacted nanowire would act as the strain sensing equivalent of a pixel. Lateral mapping resolutions in the micrometer range can be obtained. Here, the hydrothermal method was used to grow vertical ZnO nanowires selectively between two electrodes that had been patterned beforehand. For the sake of demonstration, nanowires deflection was produced by subjecting the array of nanowires to an incident lateral gas flow of controlled rate, which was switched on and off repeatedly across the sample while electrical response was measured. Different experimental configurations were tested in terms of flow rate, flow orientation, or nanowire position with respect to tube outlet. Experiments were carried out with compressed nitrogen and air. The experimental results are fully consistent with the piezoelectric and piezotronic response which can be expected with this geometry. Moreover, it is shown that the electrical response under nitrogen flow is a linear function of flow rate and that its sign provides information about flow direction. These results demonstrate the very promising prospects of this new technology for high-resolution mapping, with potential applications in gas or liquid flow sensing, fingerprints detection or human-machine interfaces.

Design and visualized validation of a distributor with uniform refrigerant distribution by forming annular flow

To resolve the problem of non-uniform refrigerant distribution in multi-path heat exchangers of air conditioners, a new distributor which distributes the two phase refrigerant uniformly is presented. The basic idea to develop the new distributor is firstly to construct a symmetric annular flow before distribution and then to allocate the annular flow evenly. The detailed design method, including an approach for computing the inlet tube geometry to construct the annular flow, and an approach for designing the connection structure between the inlet tube and the outlet tubes to allocate the annular flow evenly, is presented. The new distributor prototype is made of transparent material and the flow pattern inside it is observed visually. The experimental results show that the distribution unevenness of the proposed distributor under the horizontal and the vertical installations are respectively 19.8% and 60.9% lower than those of the most commonly used cone-type distributor.

Comparison of the performance of ice-on-coil LTES tanks with horizontal and vertical tubes

Experimental and numerical analyses were conducted to compare the charging and discharging performance of an ice-on-coil latent thermal energy storage tank (LTES). We examined the effect of three parameters: (1) orientation of the tube arrangement (horizontal or vertical), (2) tube diameter (10A or 6A tubes), and (3) tube outlet location (on tank top or tank bottom). Experimental observations had to be confirmed because not only the tube orientation, but also the tube outlet position could have caused a difference in performance. This uncertainty was assessed using numerical analysis. The results show that thermal stratification in molten phase change materials (PCM) plays an important role in charging and discharging performance, and that this performance is different depending on the tube orientation. Thus, the cases when the tube outlet was located on the top of the tank and when the tube orientation was horizontal showed the worst discharging performance. This difference increased with tube diameter.

Reaction kinetic simulation of the combustion and emission characteristics of a dual-fuel aero-engine

Compared with aviation kerosene, liquefied natural gas (LNG) has the characteristics of higher energy density, wider flammability limits, better cooling potential, better thermal stability, and lower cost. Using LNG as an alternative fuel to aviation kerosene will be an effective mean to solve the depletion of aviation kerosene and the environmental problems caused by this fuel. However, there are many technical difficulties for LNG used as a sole fuel for aero-engine. One possible way is mixing LNG with kerosene, as a mixed fuel for the aero-engine. In this paper, the characteristics of combustion and emissions of an aero-engine which respectively burning sole aviation kerosene and 50% aviation kerosene/50% methane mixed fuel were reaction kinetic simulated by adopting the reduced reaction mechanism of n-decane which was chosen as a surrogate fuel for aviation kerosene. The results show that, the flow distribution characteristics in a flame tube of the combustor under the condition that the aero-engine burning 50% aviation kerosene/50% methane mixed fuel is the same as the condition that the aero-engine burning aviation kerosene. However, the high temperature area in the main combustion zone is shorted, and the maximum temperature in the flame tube and the average temperature at the outlet of this flame tube are decreased by 15 K and 11 K, respectively. Moreover, the concentration field distribution characteristics of fuel under the condition that the aero-engine burning 50% aviation kerosene/50% methane mixed fuel is the same as the condition that the aero-engine burning aviation kerosene. However, the maximum concentration of fuel is increased, the maximum concentrations of C2H2, C2H4, C4H4 are decreased greatly in the flame tube, and the average concentrations of CO2 and CO at the outlet of this flame tube are decreased by 12% and 33%, respectively, but the average concentration of H2O is increased by 13%.

Jet breaker plate for suppressing gas entrainment and flow induced vibration of a CSRDM shroud tube assembly inside the control plug shell

Abstract The present study proposes a jet-breaker plate (JBP) assembly near the outlet of the porous shroud tube for suppressing the gas entrainment inside the liquid pool and flow induced vibration of the control plug structure. Several JBP designs have been tested. Accelerometers mounted at different locations of the model are used for measurement of flow induced vibration. Flow visualization techniques, i.e. white light visualization, dye visualization, Shadowgraph imaging have been used to characterize the flow behavior near the JBP assembly. Image processing techniques have been employed to quantify turbulence intensity and free-surface fluctuation characteristics near the JBP. The implementation of JBP leads to reduced free-surface fluctuations, lower turbulence intensity near the free surface (by about 50%), significant reduction in hump size (about 95%), elimination of gas entrainment, and mitigation of flow-induced vibration (about 90%).

Concept, Evaluation, and Future Perspectives of PERKAT® RV-A Novel Right Ventricular Assist Device.

Right heart failure (RHF) is a life-threatening condition. Mechanical right heart support offers an option for critically ill patients. The PERKAT® RV device is designed for percutaneous implantation in acute RHF. It consists of a nitinol chamber covered by foils containing inflow valves. An outlet tube is attached to its distal tip. Using an 18F sheath, it is implanted in the inferior vena cava while the tube bypasses the right heart with its tip in the pulmonary trunk. Then, an IABP balloon is inserted in the pump chamber. Balloon deflation generates blood inflow into the chamber; during inflation, blood is pumped into the pulmonary arteries. The device is capable of achieving flow rates of up to 3.5l/min under in vitro conditions. In vivo, we were able to increase cardiac output by 59% in a sheep model of acute pulmonary embolism. Based on this, our further research will focus on first-in-human implants.