Outlet Points Research Articles

Recognizing Outlet Points Description on Watershed in Ottanchatram Taluk by GIS

Groundwater becomes mandatory in day-to-day routine life without any limitation; we were using groundwater for irrigation, domestic and industrial needs. Unlimited groundwater pumping has decreased groundwater levels in some areas of the review region. The purpose of this document is to present the description of the outlet points of the river basin. This document explains the method of revealing the DEM-based basin outlet point. With Geographic Information System (GIS) support, river boundary basins and drainage areas are discharged into an area where a pumping station can be installed in the Ottanchatram district of Dindigul, Tamilnadu. To provide easy flow of wastewater to a treatment plant or river basin. Using an environmental GIS hydrology module, the watersheds for Ottanchatram taluk have been illustrated. The result of this experiment indicates that this method can effectively solve the problem of parallel routes and the main channel out of its natural position. In flat, mountain and landscape areas this method can reveal pour point by using DEM.

Controllable photochemical synthesis of amorphous Ni(OH)2 as hydrogen production cocatalyst using inorganic phosphorous acid as sacrificial agent

Loading of cocatalysts can effectively inhibit the recombination of photogenerated carriers in photocatalysts and greatly improve the photocatalytic hydrogen production rate. Cocatalysts can be deposited at the outlet points of electrons using a photochemical method, which is beneficial for the following photocatalytic hydrogen production reaction. H2PO2– has been used in the photochemical reduction of transition metals because of its special properties. However, the particles formed in the presence of H2PO2–are very large and highly crystalline, which may inhibit the activity of photocatalysts. In this study, we designed a new method for synthesizing photocatalysts by photodeposition using some other phosphates, aiming to prepare controllable weakly crystalline and small-size cocatalysts to improve the hydrogen production activity. The cocatalyst prepared using H2PO3– as an inorganic sacrificial agent has an amorphous structure and an average size of about 10 nm. The optimal photocatalytic hydrogen production rate of the obtained Ni(OH)2/g-C3N4 (4.36 wt%) is 13707.86 μmol·g−1·h−1, which is even higher than the activity of Pt-4.36 wt%/g-C3N4 (11210.93 μmol·g−1·h−1). Mechanistic studies show that loading of Ni(OH)2 can efficiently accelerate the separation and transfer efficiency of photogenerated charge carriers.

Spatio‐temporal patterns of the interaction between groundwater and surface water in plains

AbstractThe study of the dynamics of anthropic disturbances that have an effect on the hydrological systems in plains requires integral simulation tools for their diagnosis. The objective of this article is, first, to analyse and reproduce the spatio‐temporal interactions between groundwater (GW) and surface water, net recharge, GW level, surface run‐off, and evapotranspiration in the upper creek basin of Del Azul, which is located in the centre of the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, and second, to obtain insights to apply the methodology to other similar situations. For this purpose, a model coupling the semidistributed hydrological model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool [SWAT]) and the hydrogeological model (MODFLOW) has been used. A simulation was carried out for a period of 13 years (2003–2015) on a daily scale. The application of the SWAT–MODFLOW coupling gave good results based on the adjustment between the calculated flows and levels, reaching a Nash–Sutcliffe of 0.6 and R20.6 at the Seminario hydrometric station located at the watershed outlet point. According to the annual average balance, out of the total rainfall, evapotranspiration accounts for 85%, recharge accounts for 10.2%, and surface run‐off accounts for 4.8%. Annual and monthly trends of the stream–aquifer interaction were determined, obtaining on average an annual GW discharge of 34 mm and an annual average recharge of the stream to the aquifer of 1.4 mm. Monthly GW discharges are higher in winter–spring (July to December with an average of 3.3 mm) and lower in summer–autumn (January to June with an average of 2.8 mm). The monthly average recharge of the stream towards the aquifer varies from 0.02 to 0.36 mm and is higher in March, May, and August, when water excess is produced in the basin. Through the analysis of coupled modelling, it is possible to analyse and reproduce the spatio‐temporal transitions of flow existing between the stream, the hyporheic zone, and the aquifer.

Effect of the W-beam central guardrails on wind-blown sand deposition on desert expressways in sandy regions

Many desert expressways are affected by the deposition of the wind-blown sand, which might block the movement of vehicles or cause accidents. W-beam central guardrails, which are used to improve the safety of desert expressways, are thought to influence the deposition of the wind-blown sand, but this has yet not to be studied adequately. To address this issue, we conducted a wind tunnel test to simulate and explore how the W-beam central guardrails affect the airflow, the wind-blown sand flux and the deposition of the wind-blown sand on desert expressways in sandy regions. The subgrade model is 3.5 cm high and 80.0 cm wide, with a bank slope ratio of 1:3. The W-beam central guardrails model is 3.7 cm high, which included a 1.4-cm-high W-beam and a 2.3-cm-high stand column. The wind velocity was measured by using pitot-static tubes placed at nine different heights (1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 30 and 50 cm) above the floor of the chamber. The vertical distribution of the wind-blown sand flux in the wind tunnel was measured by using the sand sampler, which was sectioned into 20 intervals. In addition, we measured the wind-blown sand flux in the field at K50 of the Bachu-Shache desert expressway in the Taklimakan Desert on 11 May 2016, by using a customized 78-cm-high gradient sand sampler for the sand flux structure test. Obstruction by the subgrade leads to the formation of two weak wind zones located at the foot of the windward slope and at the leeward slope of the subgrade, and the wind velocity on the leeward side weakens significantly. The W-beam central guardrails decrease the leeward wind velocity, whereas the velocity increases through the bottom gaps and over the top of the W-beam central guardrails. The vertical distribution of the wind-blown sand flux measured by wind tunnel follows neither a power-law nor an exponential function when affected by either the subgrade or the W-beam central guardrails. At 0.0H and 0.5H (where H=3.5 cm, which is the height of the subgrade), the sand transport is less at the 3 cm height from the subgrade surface than at the 1 and 5 cm heights as a result of obstruction by the W-beam central guardrails, and the maximum sand transportation occurs at the 5 cm height affected by the subgrade surface. The average saltation height in the presence of the W-beam central guardrails is greater than the subgrade height. The field test shows that the sand deposits on the overtaking lane leeward of the W-beam central guardrails and that the thickness of the deposited sand is determined by the difference in the sand mass transported between the inlet and outlet points, which is consistent with the position of the minimum wind velocity in the wind tunnel test. The results of this study could help us to understand the hazards of the wind-blown sand onto subgrade with the W-beam central guardrails.

Surface Water Potential Assessment by Using HEC-HMS (Case Study Dabus Sub Basin, Abay/Nile Basin, Ethiopia)

The surface water resources potential assessment requires detailed insights into hydrological processes. This study mainly focused on the assessment of surface water resources potential in Dabus sub-basin of Ethiopia. HEC-HMS model was used to simulate the flow of the sub-basin through calibration and validation. The performance of the model was assessed via calibration at gauging station using Relative Volume Error (D), coefficient of determination (R²) and Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) performance coefficients. Then the model was validated using the parameters optimized during model calibration. The potential of surface water resources assessed at different watershed created to see at local level and finally at outlet point to Main River for sub-basin. The HEC-HMS model calibrated and validated at three gauging station in the sub basin which shows a good performance at Dabus near Asosa which resulted D=0.0066, R²=0.91 and NSE=0.89 during calibration and D=4.9285, R²=0.84 and NSE=0.82 during validation. The parameters optimized at Dabus were used for flow simulation to assess surface water resources potential on monthly and annual basis. The flow components were also separated at small catchment considered for the sub-basin during catchment delineation. The result shows that high percentage of flow occupied by baseflow for the sub basin. So the sub basin has high surface water potential which should be allocated fairly and accurately for water resources projects for effective utilization of the country water resources.

Opportunities and challenges for exploiting drones in agile manufacturing systems

Drones have become an advanced supply chain implementation instrument, especially in connecting warehouses to outlet points or even individual customers. However, their potential application in an intra-logistics framework has not been studied, let alone explored so far. Modeling and simulations in virtual environments can help explore and evaluate the opportunities for practical and profitable applications of drones in manufacturing systems. This paper considers use of drones in replacing or supplementing industrial robots, transportation systems and humans in factories, especially regarding agile manufacturing under the requirements of flexibility, reconfigurability and collaboration. Currently available drone technology regarding positioning, navigation and communication is examined in order to define possible individual tasks and general operations that they can perform, as well as pertinent limitations. A typical scenario of a flexible manufacturing system is simulated and conceptually presented for discussing drone integration and missing links. The main issues refer to mechanical integration with machinery and parts, information integration in the manufacturing system, especially in an Industrial Internet of Things direction, scheduling and collaboration with humans and robots including safety.

Effect of inserting obstacles in flow field on a membrane humidifier performance for PEMFC application: A CFD model

In this study, the numerical models are developed to investigate the influence of obstacle shape and number on performance of a planar porous membrane humidifier for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) application. Dew point of dry side outlet and water transfer rate are applied as evaluation parameters of the performance regardless of pressure drop. A dimensionless number named performance evaluation criteria (PEC) is calculated for all models. The higher value of PEC indicates the higher heat transfer rate with lower pressure drop. In humidifier with one rectangular obstacle compared with the simple humidifier, water transfer rate increases by 7.28%. The highest values of water transfer rate, dew point and PEC, also the greatest values of pressure drop are in humidifiers with rectangular, triangular and circular obstacles, in that order. When there is restriction in securing pumping power in fuel cell system, circular obstacle is the best choice. With considering the pressure drop, using one obstacle does not offer any advantage because the PEC is less than one (0.898). At least two obstacles are needed to have PEC number greater than one, consequently an efficient performance. An increment in number of obstacles causes an increment in water transfer rate, dew point and PEC.

Kuantitas Total Bakteri Coliform pada Instalasi Pengolahan Limbah Cair Medis Laboratorium Klinik

Health service activities at the Clinical Laboratory produce infectious and non-infectious waste in the form of solid or liquid. Clinical laboratory liquid waste is one source of environmental pollution if the concentration exceeds the standard quality of wastewater. Polluted water quality parameters include microbiologics of Coli / Total Coliform Germs. Water quality with microbiological parameters can be used to determine the presence of bacteria, viruses, parasites. Bacteria used as indicators are Coliform bacteria. At present several clinical laboratories have implemented a Liquid Wastewater Treatment Plant. So that the waste discharged into the environment meets the standard quality standards for hospital liquid waste, and minimal pollution. This study aims to determine the quantity of Total Coliform at the inlet and outlet points of the Wastewater Treatment Plant Laboratory Medical Liquid. The results showed that the quantity of Total Coliform at the inlet sampling point of the liquid media waste at the Wastewater Treatment Plant Laboratory reached the highest value > 1.6 x 105 MPN / 100 ml, and after processing at the Wastewater Treatment Plant Laboratory decreased to 0 MPN / 100 ml (no coliform was found ), and with the highest value of 2.7 x 103 MPN / 100 ml, according to the waste water quality standard.

An Application of Cluster Analysis Methods to Mine Water Monitoring Data

An optimized model of multivariate classification for the mine water of Xin Shuguang coal power plant coal mine in the north of China, has been developed. Eight samples were grouped in five distinct classes by cluster techniques (CA). The chemical composition of each sample of water is plotted on the piper’s three-line and pie chart. The Hierarchical Cluster analysis method was used to analyze the water source at the coal outlet point. These jobs will help the coal mine to better control groundwater damage.

Studying Rain Water Catchment Potentialities in the Northwest Coast of Egypt Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System

Sustainable agricultural development of the desert areas of Egypt under the scarcity of irrigation water is a significant national challenge. Existing water harvesting techniques on the northwest coast of Egypt do not ensure the optimal use of rainfall for agricultural purposes. Basin-scale hydrology potentialities were studied to investigate how available annual rainfall could be used in agriculture irrigation to increase crop production. The present study includes data related to agricultural production in the form of geospatial layers including climate, soil, land covers unite and rain water catchment areas. Thematic classification of Sentinal-2 imagery was carried out to produce the land cover and crop maps following based on the (FAO) system of land cover classification. Contour lines and spot height points were used to create a digital elevation model (DEM). Then, DEM was used to delineate basins, sub-basins, and water outlet points using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (Arc SWAT). Main soil mapping units of the study area identified from Land Master Plan maps it was(Very shallow gravelly and rocky soils and barren rock). Climatic data collected from the Central Laboratory for Climate. The results showed that the study area receives a significant amount of precipitation almost every three years, however, water harvesting methods are inappropriate to store water to be used in agricultural during drought seasons. The amount of precipitation(81.9 mm), surface water runoff(4.46 mm), potential evapotranspiration(70.5 mm), and actual evapotranspiration(7.10 mm) for the years (2004 to 2017) shown as results of (Arc SWAT). The land cover map showed that tree crops (olive and fig) cover 195.8 km2 when herbaceous crops (barley and wheat) cover 154 km2. The maximum elevation was 250 meters above sea level while the lowest one was -3 meters below sea level. The study area receives a massive variable amount of precipitation; however, water harvesting methods are inappropriate to store water for purposes.

Pemanfaatan Kolam Retensi dan Sumur Resapan pada Sistem Drainase Kawasan Padat Penduduk

Perubahan tata guna lahan pada kawasan padat penduduk berupa peningkatan luas area kedap air akanmemberikan dampak langsung pada peningkatan volume limpasan. Kondisi peningkatan volumelimpasan ini berjalan seiring dengan peningkatan resiko terjadinya banjir pada kawasan tersebut.Salah satu upaya mengurangi resiko terjadinya banjir pada kawasan tersebut adalah denganmenerapkan konsep sistem drainase berkelanjutan. Sebuah lahan seluas 1,5 hektar yang terletak dikawasan padat penduduk di sisi barat Kota Bandung direncanakan akan dikembangkan seluruhnyamenjadi area pergudangan lengkap dengan prasarananya. Saat ini limpasan air hujan yang terjadidilayani oleh saluran drainase berdimensi 0,2 m x 0,2 m dengan titik keluaran pada saluran drainasekawasan permukiman sekitar. Dengan dikembangkannya seluruh lahan menjadi lapisan kedap air,hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa saluran yang ada tidak mampu untuk menampung volume limpasanyang terjadi. Dimensi saluran drainase perlu diperbesar menjadi 0,5m x 0,4m pada bagian hulu dan0,5m x 0,7m pada bagian hilir sistem drainase. Upaya penerapan konsep sistem drainase berkelanjutandilakukan dengan merencanakan pemanfaatan kolam retensi dikombinasikan dengan aplikasi sumurresapan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi pemanfaatan kolam retensi dengan dimensi7,0m x 20,0m x 1,5m dan sumur resapan dengan dimensi jari-jari 1,25m dan kedalaman 10,0m dapatmenampung volume limpasan dengan periode ulang debit banjir 10 tahun. Sistem ini sekaligusmeresapkan kembali air ke dalam lapisan akuifer pada kedalaman 10 m dengan debit sebesar 0,007m3/dt.

Structural Response of the Metro Tunnel under Local Dynamic Water Environment in Loess Strata

The reasons, prevention, and control of loess disaster are of great concern in practice. In recent years, Xi’an city, China, has taken the leadership in large-scale construction of subway lines in the loess strata. To study the structural response of the tunnel in loess region under local hydrodynamic environment, an experimental testing in 1g as well as a numerical simulation were performed, in which the achieved results were verified and were found to be in good agreement. Furthermore, the results showed that when the water outlet point is above the lining, the overall stress of the lining is “peanut shell,” as the water pressure of the outlet point decreases, the tensile stress of the top and bottom of the lining increases, while the compressive stress on both sides decreases; the channel form of the flow to the lining changes with the variation of the position of the water outlet point. It is worth mentioning that in the process of water gushing, the closer to the water source, the greater surface subsidence is, and there is a positive correlation between water pressure and surface subsidence. This study is of significant benchmark for the construction, maintenance, and prevention of tunnel in loess strata under the influence of water environment.

Soil erosion as a source of sediment and phosphorus in rivers and reservoirs – Watershed analyses using WaTEM/SEDEM

Spatially distributed modelling of sediment and phosphorus fluxes on a scale of thousands of square kilometers always involves a compromise between the quality of the data input and the complexity of the model that can be applied. WaTEM/SEDEM offers an approach that allows us to target on spatially focused outputs that can easily be implemented in the decision-making process for effective watershed control. The results for a study area covering the watersheds of 58 large reservoirs threatened by eutrophication within the Czech Republic are presented here as an example of the available analyses. The total area of the watersheds is 27,472 km2. After building a complex river topology scheme and estimating the trap efficiencies in all reservoirs within the river networks, we are able to estimate the total transport efficiency of each river unit for any outlet point (terminal reservoir). The sources of the greatest amounts of sediment (phosphorus) can be identified on the scale of single parcels. According the model, the total soil loss in the study area is 7487 Gg year−1 (2.73 Mg ha−1 year−1). The total sediment entry into the river systems in the target area is 1705 Gg year−1 (15.2% of the total soil loss). The total deposition in the 9890 water reservoirs of various sizes in the target area is 1139 Gg year−1. This means that the deposition in the landscape is 5.1× higher than the deposition in the reservoirs within the study area. The mean annual sediment transport by all watershed outlets is 566 Gg year−1. The cost of dredging the sediment would be about 12.8 million EUR year−1. There is great spatial variability in the deposition and transport processes, but it is imperative to provide strengthened soil protection directly on-site, especially in watersheds where the sediment delivery ratio is much higher than the average value. Phosphorus transported by water erosion is an important element in the balances of phosphorus sources in basins. Sewage waters usually play the predominant role in triggering the eutrophication effect, but there are also reservoirs where erosion-based phosphorus plays a major role.

Investigation on drying performance and alternative analysis of different liquid desiccants in compressed air drying system

Drying performance of a novel compressed air drying method using different liquid desiccants, including LiCl solution, LiBr solution and mixed solutions (LiCl/CaCl2), is compared by experiments. It is found that drying performance of LiCl solution is better than that of LiBr solution. Besides, drying performance of three mixed solutions (44%, 46% and 49%) selected is similar to that of 40% LiCl solution, verifying the feasibility of substituting single solution with much cheaper mixed solution. The water vapor pressure of mixed solutions and LiCl solution is same in experiments, therefore it can be selected as an indicative factor to evaluate substitute of LiCl solution. Moreover, the cost of the three mixed solutions is 18% cheaper than that of 40% LiCl solution at least, which shows significant economization in application. Finally, system performance of the compressed air drying system is analyzed. The dew point of outlet compressed air could reach −7.7 °C at operating pressure of 0.8 MPa, indicating the dryness can satisfy requirement of various industrial applications which used typical electricity-driven cooling-drying method. The solution temperature of regeneration could reach 70 °C, validating that it is feasible to use waste heat recycled from the air compressor to drive solution regeneration.

Hydrological assessment of basin development scenarios: Impacts on the Tonle Sap Lake in Cambodia

The study aimed to assess the hydrological impacts of the basin development scenarios—which are BS (baseline scenario), DFS (definite future scenario), and FFS (foreseeable future scenario)—by the Mekong River Commission (MRC) on the hydrological regime between the Mekong River and Tonle Sap Lake. The proposed CAESAR-LISFLOOD system was applied to analyze flood inundation patterns of the Tonle Sap Lake using satellite images, as well as to compare the simulated inundation maps. The flow duration variability was also analyzed at the outlet point of the Mekong River basin based on the analysis results of CAESAR-LISFLOOD, according to the basin development. The results show that the CAESAR-LISFLOOD model produces acceptable flooding areas (8607 km2) compared with the satellite observations (9615 km2), and the flood inundation areas decrease gradually from 3.69 (103 km2) in the BS scenario to 3.54 (103 km2) in the FFS scenario. However, it was found that the annual average flow duration variability scenario at the Kratie point, presented in the MRC, does not significantly affect the flow duration downstream from the Kratie point.

Insight into the Crucial Factors for Photochemical Deposition of Cobalt Cocatalysts on g-C3N4 Photocatalysts

Photochemical preparation of inexpensive hydrogen evolution cocatalysts is of great significance and is challenging. Currently, the crucial factors in the photochemical preparation of nonnoble metals are still unknown. In this work, taking Co/g-C3N4 composite photocatalysts as a case, complexing agents and sacrificial agents were found to be the crucial factors for the photochemical deposition process. Cobalt was supported on the electron outlet points of g-C3N4 for 1 h, and the ratio of Co in the Co/g-C3N4 composite photocatalyst can be regulated by changing the irradiation time of the preparation process. The optimized hydrogen evolution rate of Co/g-C3N4 was about 11.48 μmol h-1, which was 75 times more than pure g-C3N4. The photocatalytic H2 evolution rate was stable after 48 h. The mechanism for the high activity of Co/g-C3N4 composites was explored by surface photovoltage spectra and photoluminescence spectra. Co effectively promoted the separation of the photogenerated electrons and holes of g-C3N4 and improved the H2 production rate.

Pengaruh sudut alur sekat terhadap unjuk kerja menara pendingin (cooling tower)

Cooling tower is an equipment that use to decrease water temperature by extracting heat and emitting it to atmosphere. Cooling tower buffle is an important component that effect water flow. This research is aimed to get the effect of cooling tower buffle due to its performance which are range, heat transfer rate and efficiency. The research is done by experiment. Cooling tower buffle are varied in plot angle which are 5o, 10o, 15o dan 20o. Water volume flow rate are varied as 50, 75, 100 and 125 ml/s. Inlet water tempersatur are varied as 50o, 60o and 70oC. The measurements are done for water and air temperature at inlet and outlet points. The result shows that buffle plot angle has effect due to cooling tower performance.

Pengaruh sudut alur sekat terhadap unjuk kerja menara pendingin (cooling tower)

Cooling tower is an equipment that use to decrease water temperature by extracting heat and emitting it to atmosphere. Cooling tower buffle is an important component that effect water flow. This research is aimed to get the effect of cooling tower buffle due to its performance which are range, heat transfer rate and efficiency. The research is done by experiment. Cooling tower buffle are varied in plot angle which are 5o, 10o, 15o dan 20o. Water volume flow rate are varied as 50, 75, 100 and 125 ml/s. Inlet water tempersatur are varied as 50o, 60o and 70oC. The measurements are done for water and air temperature at inlet and outlet points. The result shows that buffle plot angle has effect due to cooling tower performance.

Characterization and selection method of Venturi injectors for pressurized irrigation

ABSTRACT Venturi-type chemigation injectors are widely used due to their advantages: they do not require electric power and are cheap to operate. However, they also generate considerable energy losses which affect the pressure in the system. The correct characterization of these systems requires pressures to be correctly set at the inlet, injector and outlet points in relation to main and injected solution flows. These analytical relationships, as described in the International Organization for Standardization’s standard ISO 15873:2002, can be obtained theoretically, although it is recommended that the manufacturer should determine the real behavior of the injector by operational tests. These relationships should also be provided graphically in the form of nomograms in order to facilitate the association of the variables involved and the subsequent selection of a specific model or class and type of assembly. In order to make the right choice, it is also necessary to have precise information on the irrigation sub-units that it feeds and the grower’s fertilization program.

Predictive Dynamics of Channel Pattern Changing Trends at Arial Khan River (1977-2018), Bangladesh

Arial Khan River is right bank distributary of Ganges-Padma River systems flowing southwest region of Bangladesh. It is morphologically very dynamic meandering river: where the delta-building process is more active than other distributaries of Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) River basin. This study analyzes, morphological variables- channel length, valley length, channel area and channel patterns of Arial Khan River. A major portion of this river divided into 8 reaches from starting point Faridpur to outlet point Barisal district in order to measure channel pattern changing trends. For the proper accomplishment of the findings section of this research, time-series satellite images (Landsat MMS, Landsat TM, Landsat ETM+ and OLI) of the year 1977 to 2018 has been taken for delineation of the morphological parameters using GIS and RS techniques. In this research, sinuosity ratio index technique has been applied to analyze the morphological parameter- channel pattern and its changing trends. From the satellite images analysis results over time span, it is observed that significant morphological changes have been occurred in the river length, valley length, river area and its channel patterns. Likewise, the hydro-morphological parameters of this river (e.g., discharge, flow velocity, the river depth, width and pattern) also significantly changed due to combined massive sediment deposition from Ganges-Padma and Brahmaputra-Jamuna River systems. These hydro-morphological changes increased flood hazard vulnerability, bank erosion and sand carpeting; which badly impacted on ecological diversity, agriculture system, rural settlements and transportation networks.