Outer Side Research Articles

Evaluation of the Correlation Between Distribution Location and Vulnerability of Carotid Plaque in Patients with Transient Ischemic Attack.

To analyze the relationship among distribution location, characteristics, and vulnerability of carotid plaque using CTA and provide more information on the risk factors of carotid atherosclerotic plaque. We retrospectively analyzed the CTA images of the head and neck of 93 patients with carotid atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis was developed in 148 carotid arteries. The plaques were divided into a high-risk plaque group and a low-risk plaque group according to whether the plaques had high-risk characteristics. The maximum cross-sectional area of carotid artery bifurcation plaque on the axial image was selected, and the cross-sectional lumen was equally divided into four 90-degree sectors, ventral side wall, dorsal side wall, inner side wall, and outer side wall. The differences in the characteristics and distribution locations of the plaques in the two groups were analyzed. The characteristic parameters of the cross-sectional plaques at the bifurcation of the carotid artery. The logistic regression analysis was used to further analyze the risk factors associated with plaque vulnerability. Among 148 carotid arteries,80 were classified as high-risk and 68 as low-risk groups. There were significant differences between the two groups concerning the thickness, length, maximum cross-sectional area, burden, and cross-sectional distribution of the plaques (P < 0.05). The plaque distribution on the dorsal side wall of the carotid bifurcation was higher in the high-risk group than that in the low-risk group (P < 0.05), dorsal side wall plaque-independent risk factors for the development of vulnerability of plaques in transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients (95% CI:1.522~6.991, P<0.05). High-risk plaques tend to occur on the dorsal side wall of the carotid bifurcation, whereas low-risk plaques tend to occur on the outer side wall of the carotid bifurcation.

AFM ANALYSIS OF GLASSY CARBON COATINGS AFTER AN EXTENDED STAY ON THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION (ISS)

In this paper we present the results of atomic force microscopy (AFM), which is applied to characterize the surface morphology of graphite samples with glassy carbon coatings is developed, stored for 28 months under different conditions. One sample was stored on Earth at room temperature and second one was mounted on the outer side of the International Space Station.

Influence of the position relationship between the cathode and magnetic separatrix on the discharge process of a Hall thruster

Previous studies have shown that there is an obvious coupling relationship between the installation location of the external cathode and the magnetic separatrix in the plume region of a Hall thruster. In this paper, the particle-in-cell simulation method is used to compare the thruster discharge process under the conditions of different position relationships between the cathode and the magnetic separatrix. By comparing the distribution of electron conduction, potential, plasma density and other microscopic parameters, we try to explain the formation mechanism of the discharge difference. The simulation results show that the cathode inside and outside the magnetic separatrix has a significant effect on the distribution of potential and plasma density. When the cathode is located on the outer side of the magnetic separatrix, the potential above the plume region is relatively low, and there is a strong potential gradient above the plume region. This potential gradient is more conducive to the radial diffusion of ions above the plume, which is the main reason for the strong divergence of the plume. The distribution of ion density is also consistent with the distribution of potential. When the cathode is located on the outer side of the magnetic separatrix, the radial diffusion of ions in the plume region is enhanced. Meanwhile, by comparing the results of electron conduction, it is found that the trajectories of electrons emitted from the cathode are significantly different between the inner and outer sides of the magnetic separatrix. This is mainly because the electrons are affected by the magnetic mirror effect of the magnetic tip, which makes it difficult for the electrons to move across the magnetic separatrix. This is the main reason for the difference in potential distribution. In this paper, the simulation results of macroscopic parameters under several conditions are also compared, and they are consistent with the experimental results. The cathode is located on the inner side of the magnetic separatrix, which can effectively reduce the plume divergence angle and improve the thrust. In this paper, the cathode moves from R = 50 mm to R = 35 mm along the radial direction, the thrust increases by 3.6 mN and the plume divergence angle decreases by 23.77%. Combined with the comparison of the ionization region and the peak ion density, it is found that the main reason for the change in thrust is the change in the radial diffusion of ions in the plume region.

Effective waste heat recovery from industrial cohesive granular materials: A moving bed indirect heat exchanger with special flow control

Particle-based moving bed heat exchangers are increasingly playing a significant role in industrial energy conservation and solar energy utilization. However, the moving bed heat exchanger used for cohesive granular materials still needs to be developed. This paper investigates the feasibility of indirect heat transfer of cohesive granular materials through a moving bed heat exchanger. A vibrating moving bed heat exchanger is developed for the metallurgical slag of vanadium-titanium (MSVT) from industry. The experiment demonstrates that the vibrating moving bed heat exchanger can establish an approximate mass flow regime of MSVT in the experimental section. The vibration device designed for the experimental and discharge section effectively resolves bridging and the intermittent collapse of arching in cohesive granular materials. The outer side of the tube is tightly wrapped by MSVT with vibration. Significant differences are observed in the flow and heat transfer behavior of MSVT between the aligned and staggered tubes. The local heat transfer coefficient at the top and bottom of the aligned tubes exhibits much lower sensitivity to flow velocity compared to the staggered tubes. The relationship between Nu−1 and Pe−0.5 or MSVT around the aligned and staggered tubes follows a linear correlation. Compared to aligned tubes, Nu−1 for MSVT in staggered tubes shows an average reduction of 28%.

Mathematical modeling of the magnetic field in the vicinity of narrow capillaries

A mathematical model of the magnetic field, which is generated by negative charges located on the outer side of the red blood cell (RBC) membrane, has been constructed. When modeling, the geometric (area, volume) and physical (speed, number of revolutions per second, charge, number of charges on the membrane) characteristics of a red blood cell in a narrow capillary are taken into account. Computer calculations made it possible to find the magnetic field strength near a single RBC rolling along a narrow capillary. Calculations were also carried out to determine the magnetic field strength in the vicinity of a capillary through which several RBCs move. The dependence of the maximum magnetic field strength on the distances between RBCs (hematocrit) was found. In particular, it is shown that at distances from the capillary equal to 8 capillary diameters, the maximum magnetic field intensity changes on average by 1.3 times with an increase in hematocrit by 1.5 times (from 12.27% to 18.25%).

High-efficiency organic solar cells enabled by nonfullerene acceptors with varying alkyloxy substitution positions of the phenyl outer side chains

Two isomeric molecules named m-BTP-OEH and p-BTP-OEH were developed by attaching a 2-ethylhexyloxyl substituent at the meta- or para-position of its phenyl side chains and a PCE promotion from 17.23% to 18.02% was achieved.

Enhanced Strain Field Reconstruction in Ship Stiffened Panels Using Optical Fiber Sensors and the Strain Function-Inverse Finite Element Method

Accurately reconstructing the strain field within stiffened ship panels is crucial for effective structural health monitoring. This study presents a groundbreaking approach to strain field reconstruction in such panels, utilizing optical fiber sensors in conjunction with the strain function-inverse finite element method (SF-iFEM). A novel technique for solving nodal strain vectors, based on the element strain function, has been devised to improve the accuracy of strain reconstruction using the inverse finite element method (iFEM), addressing the limitations associated with traditional nodal displacement vector solutions. Moreover, the proposed method for determining the equivalent neutral layer of stiffened ship panels not only reduces the number of elements effectively but also establishes a strain function between the inner and outer surfaces of the structure. Using this function, a layout scheme for optical fiber sensors on the inner side of ship stiffened panels is provided, overcoming the symmetrical arrangement constraints of iFEM for sensor placement on both the inner and outer sides of the structure. The results demonstrate a significant improvement in strain reconstruction accuracy under bending and bending–torsion deformations compared to conventional iFEM. Consequently, the findings of this research will contribute to enhancing the engineering applicability of iFEM in ship structure health monitoring.

The Effect of Light Shelf and Translucent Ceiling on Daylighting Performance in Office Building in Thailand

Daylight control strategies were a challenge for a high-rise building in terms of savingenergy consumption. Light shelf was one of the daylight control systems which was usuallyhorizontal or inclined surfaces, placed on the inner and/or the outer side of windows toreflect sunlight to ceiling and distribute the light deeper into the room. This study aimedto investigate the performance of daylight control strategies in office rooms using alight-self with translucent ceiling. The light shelf, which is typically horizontal or inclined,was placed on the inner or outer side of windows to reflect sunlight and distribute itdeeper into the room. The study investigated the effect of type of daylight techniqueswhich are a combination of different light shelves and translucent ceiling on daylightingperformance. The illuminance level in an office room was calculated using DIALux 4.13 andwas performed for working hours in Bangkok, Thailand. The simulation was performedunder clear sky conditions and using real climatic data from four orientations. Fivetypes of daylight techniques, including the existing room, were investigated in terms ofilluminance level and uniformity of daylight in the office room. The CIBSE (2015) and IESNA(2011) standards indicate that offices room should have uniformity of at least 0.8 andan illuminance level of 500 lux. Thus, the objective of this research was to determine thebest combination of light shelves and translucent ceilings for achieving illuminance anduniformity standards. The results showed that the external light shelf with a translucentceiling and static louver at 90o (option 4) was the best solution for office rooms, providingaverage illuminance level 776 lux (above the standard) and uniformity 0.4 (nearly thestandard). This conclusion suggests that a light-shelf with a translucent ceiling guidesdaylight deep into the room but less uniformity.

Impact of swirling on capillary instability of Walter’s B viscoelastic fluid-viscous fluid interface with heat and mass transfer

The multifaceted applications of swirling interfaces featuring heat and mass transfer extend across diverse industries, encompassing energy, manufacturing, healthcare, and environmental protection. The present study is concerned with examining the swirling impact on the capillary instability occurring at the interface between a Walter’s B viscoelastic fluid and a viscous fluid, under the influence of heat and mass transfer. The setup consists of two rigid cylinders that form an annular region filled with viscous fluid on the inner side and Walter’s B viscoelastic fluid on the outer side. The outer cylinder rotates at a constant angular velocity, while the inner cylinder remains stationary. The study employs the Walter’s B viscoelastic model, which conforms to the potential flow theory for viscoelastic fluids. The proposed flow theory disregards tangential stresses and balances the difference in normal viscous stresses with the surface force at the free boundary. The perturbed equations yield a quadratic equation in growth rate, which is numerically analyzed. The results show that heat and mass transfer enhance the interface’s stability and swirling makes it more stable. Moreover, it is noteworthy that the Weber number exerts a stabilizing influence on the interface, while the density ratio also plays a role in promoting its stability. The centrifuge number exhibits a counteractive effect by impeding interface growth, thus contributing to its stabilization.

METHOD OF REDUCING THE LEVEL OF BACK RADIATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES OF APERTURE ANTENNAS

A method has been proposed and developed that allows you to significantly reduce the level of back radiation of electromagnetic waves of aperture-type antennas of any design. The essence of the method is the excitation of slowed surface waves on the outer side of the edge of the antenna aperture, which are in antiphase with electromagnetic waves of back radiation. Slowed surface waves are formed by an impedance metal comb, which performs the function of a retarding system, placed on the outer side of the opening edge of the antenna. The dependence of the formed characteristics of the electromagnetic field on the design parameters of the impedance comb is shown. The method was tested on the horn-slot ship antenna of the “Mius” type navigation radar station. The results of modeling and calculation of the directional pattern (DP) of the antenna confirm that the proposed method allows to reduce the level of the rear lobe of the directional pattern of the horn-slit antenna with an impedance comb by approximately 1.4 times.

Research on the nonuniform contact characteristics and thermal behavior of friction pairs involving the radial conical buckling deformation in hydro-viscous drive

An equivalent model and a finite element method was established and used for simulating the change of contact state and pressure distribution of friction pairs under the axial pressure to obtain the radial nonuniform contact characteristics and temperature field of conical friction pairs during the soft-start condition. A two-dimensional temperature field calculation model was established based on the results of contact characteristics and convective heat transfer conditions, and the transient temperature field of friction pairs during soft-start was calculated by the finite difference method. Finally, the effects of the soft-start time, deformation degree, and thickness of the steel disk were studied. The results show that the temperature and contact pressure distribution of conical deformation friction pairs exhibit local high-temperature and high-pressure areas during the soft-start process. In the early stage of soft-start, the conical friction element locally contacts in its radial central area. The contact area spreads from the center to both sides as the soft start time increases, and two contact pressure peak areas are formed near the inner and outer diameters with the increase in axial pressure. The degree of axial deformation of conical steel disk has a significant impact on contact pressure. The larger the axial deformation, the pressure distribution would be more uneven. The distribution of temperature field is significantly affected by the contact pressure. It spreads from the middle to both sides, forming high-temperature regions in the pressure peak areas. Meanwhile, the temperature on the outer side of the friction element is higher than that of the inner side due to the influence of convective heat transfer. The duration of soft start also has a significant impact on the maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference. The results could provide a theoretical basis for exploring the correlation between the thermal buckling deformation and torque instability.

Analytical Solution for the Steady Seepage Field of an Anchor Circular Pit in Layered Soil

An analytical study was carried out on an anchored circular pit with a submerged free surface in layered soil. The seepage field around the anchor circular pit was divided into three zones. Separate variable method was used to obtain the graded solution forms of head distribution in the column coordinate system for each of the three regions. Combined with the continuity condition between the regions the Bessel function orthogonality was used to obtain the explicit analytical solution of the seepage field in each region, and the infiltration line was determined. Comparison with the calculation results of Plaxis 2D 8.5 software verified the correctness of the analytical solution. Based on the analytical solution, the influence of the radius of the pit and the distance of the retaining wall from the top surface of the impermeable layer on the total head distribution on both sides of the retaining wall was analyzed. And the variation in the infiltration line was determined with the above parameters. The results show that as the pit radius, r, decreased, the total head on both sides of the retaining wall gradually increased, and the height of the submerged surface drop also increased. As the distance, a, between the retaining wall and the impermeable boundary at the bottom increased, the hydraulic head on the outer side of the retaining wall decreased and the head on the inner side increased. The height of the submerged surface drop increased with decreasing depth of insertion of the retaining wall. The depth of insertion of the retaining wall had a greater influence on the degree of diving surface drop than the pit radius.

Numerically estimated hot strength of coke produced by briquetting and carbonization of lignite

This research aimed to investigate the hot strength of coke prepared by briquetting and carbonization of lignite (Coke D) and mechanisms causing the strength, which have not been well understood. The Coke D samples underwent heating in a nitrogen atmosphere and up to 1000 °C. Three different gasification conditions were employed: inert condition (Inert), 6 min CO2 gasification time (React6), and 9 min CO2 gasification time (React9). The samples were imaged by three-dimensional X-ray computed tomography (CT), and their pore structure was evaluated. Coke D-Inert and Coke D-React6 exhibited decreasing porosity due to the expansion of coke matrix at elevated temperatures. Conversely, the porosity of Coke D-React9 increased owing to the significant disappearance of coke matrix by gasification, despite some expansion of coke matrix. Furthermore, material constants (i.e., Young's modulus) were predicted using the finite element method with coke models derived from the CT images. In the numerical simulation, fracture strains obtained from experiments in our previous work were applied as boundary conditions. The estimated Young’s modulus was 30.6 (maximum value 48.1; minimum value 14.9) on the outer side and 24.4 (max. 41.5; min. 12.4) on the inner side in Coke D-Inert, 16.6 (max. 21.1; min. 13.7) on the outer side and 17.1 (max. 20.4; min. 13.7) on the inner side in Coke D-React6, and 29.4 (max. 30.9; min. 26.5) on the outer side and 22.5 (max. 26.0; min. 19.6) on the inner side in Coke D-React9. Comparing Young's modulus of Coke D-React6 and Coke D-React9, Coke D-React9 showed a higher Young's modulus. These results suggested the significant impact of fracture strain on the predicted value of Young's modulus. The fracture strain was likely influenced by the effects of creep and matrix disappearance due to the reaction with CO2. Nano-indentation measurements of Coke D-Inert (average value 23.4; max. 29.4; min. 15.3) and Coke D-React9 (average 25.4; max. 28.3; min. 22.4) microstructures suggested no change in the material constants at room temperature but the potential for alterations at elevated temperatures.

Physiotherapy Management for Cases of Iliotibial Band Syndrome in Indonesian Para Athletics Athletes : Case Report

Iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS) is an overuse syndrome that commonly causes knee pain and is common in athletics. The prevalence of ITBS in runners ranges from 5%-14%, with a higher prevalence in women (16%-50%) than in men (50%-81%). ITBS can limit Indonesia's athletic performance due to pain on the side of the knee during running, walking and jumping. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiotherapy management for ITBS cases in Indonesian para-athletics. This research is a descriptive case study involving one client with a participatory observation method. The physiotherapy intervention involved Shock Wave Therapy (SWT) and Static Stretching Exercise. The subject of the study was 22 year old national para athlete with height 182 cm, weight 70 kg, and BMI 21.1 in the ideal category. The patient came to the physiotherapy clinic of NPC Indonesia on 20 August 2023 with complaints of pain in the outer side of the right knee. Physical examination showed normal results except for pain examination using Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), where silent pain 2/10, tenderness 4/10, and motion pain 5/10 were found. The diagnosis of ITBS dextra was confirmed through specific examination. After six physiotherapy sessions with SWT and Static Stretching Exercise, there was a significant decrease in pain and an increase in functional activity in ITBS patients. Patients are advised to undergo physiotherapy regularly, do stretching exercises before and after activities, and compress with warm water if experiencing pain.

Experimental study on the liquid film characteristics of annular flow in the helical rectangular channel

A detailed insight into the liquid film characteristics in the helical channel of single screw expander is of great significance for avoiding the leakage loss of higher pressure gas to lower pressure region. The liquid film thickness and fluctuation characteristics of the annular flow on the outer side of the helical rectangular channel is measured using the digital image processing algorithm, and they are evaluated under various flow rates, dimensionless curvature, and dimensionless pitch at different angle positions. Results show that increasing the Reg will decrease the instantaneous liquid film thickness, and a larger decrease in the liquid film fluctuation is found. A larger average liquid film thickness is located at the angle of 90° than that of the 180° and 270°. The instantaneous and average liquid film thicknesses are decreased with increasing the dimensionless curvature and dimensionless pitch at each angle position. Moreover, increasing the dimensionless curvature can weaken the effect of angle position on the liquid film thickness. The time distribution of the liquid film thickness changes dramatically in both wave height and amplitude as increasing the Rel at the smaller dimensionless pitch.

Research on magnetic memory inspection signal characteristics of multi-parameter coupling pipeline welds

Magnetic memory inspection technology is an effective method for detecting early damage in ferromagnetic materials. However, the commonly used force-magnetic coupling models are insufficient for analyzing the distribution characteristics of magnetic signals in ferromagnetic material welds. This study first analyzes the influence of metal phase transformation and residual stress on the magnetic hysteresis characteristics of materials. Based on the principle of magnetic hysteresis characteristics, the magnetic charge density under the combined action of stress and phase transformation is determined, and a magnetic memory analysis model is established for multi-parameter coupling. The study quantitatively calculates the effects of phase transformation volume fraction, residual stress, the lift-off effect, and cracks on the magnetic signal features at welds. The research results show that the magnetic memory signals at welds exhibit extreme values in the tangential component and sinusoidal fluctuations with zero-crossings in the normal component. The peak-to-peak values of both the normal and tangential components of the magnetic signal increase with an increase in metal phase transformation and residual stress, while they decrease with the increase of the lift-off effect. When cracks appear in the weld, the normal component exhibits a double-peak and valley structure, with the inner side representing crack features and the outer side representing weld features. The tangential component shows a maximum value at the center of the crack. Based on the peak and valley values of the magnetic signal, a damage grade index F is determined. The damage index F can characterize the level of weld damage, decreasing approximately linearly with increasing stress.

Variation of Ba concentration in some plants grown in industrial zone in Türkiye

This study was carried out on Fagus orientalis Lipsky (Oriental beech), Carpinus orientalis (Oriental hornbeam), and Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. (Sessile oak) species that naturally spread out in the Çaycuma district of Zonguldak province, an industrial area in the northwestern Türkiye. The study aimed to determine the annual changes in barium (Ba) concentrations in the annual rings of the wood of the species. Moreover, Ba concentrations in the inner and outer bark were compared with the concentration in the wood, and changes in Ba concentration were determined by years and directions. As a result, the lowest mean Ba concentrations were found in hornbeam for all organs, whereas the highest values in the inner bark (944134 ppb) and wood (46996 ppb) were found in beech. The highest values in the outer bark were found in oak with 927482 ppb. For the three species, the values obtained on the outer side of the outer bark were higher. The study showed that all three species are useful in monitoring the changes in concentrations and the pollution of Ba in the air and can be used for this purpose. However, the most suitable species that can be used to reduce Ba concentration is Fagus orientalis, which has the highest Ba storage ability in the wood part.

Unravel the anchoring effect and charge changes of Li2Sn on 2D-TMDs for Li-S batteries: A DFT study

Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (2D-TMDs) with a large specific surface area and stable layer structure, have been produced as catalysis, photonics, or other discipline materials. In this work, we investigated their strong polysulfide compatibility and new possible usage as lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries cathode materials. We explored the anchoring effect and charge changes of polysulfides (Li2Sn, n = 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, including S8) on 2D-TMDs (TM are Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Ni, Pt, and Pd) matrix materials using first-principles calculations. The electrostatic potentials of 2D-TMDs indicated that they possess a plate structure with a positively charged core and negatively charged outer sides, which facilitates the adsorption of positively charged Li+. It was found that 2D-FeS2 is a special one, and it adsorbs Li2S stronger than other 2D-TMDs, with an adsorption energy of − 4.28 eV and charge changes of 1.32 e. We also confirmed a significant linear relationship between the power of charge changes (Q) and the adsorption energy: E = 0.43 + 1.76 Q2.8 for 2D-FeS2 and E = 0.08 + 2.74 Q1.5 for other 2D-TMDs, respectively. And the correlation coefficient is larger than 0.90. These seven materials are expected to be viable cathode materials, providing a theoretical foundation for the usage of 2D-TMDs in Li-S batteries.

Performance evaluation of a novel cement brick filled with micro-PCM used as a thermal energy storage system in building walls

The major crisis the world is facing now is excessive energy use and associated greenhouse gas emissions. Passive cooling techniques that incorporate phase-change materials (PCM) into building components are becoming more popular. In the present study, a novel brick model was developed with PCM directly filled in the holes that are shifted towards the outer wall side. A commercially available micro-encapsulated PCM, MEP29, is used for the purpose. The temperature variations for the inner wall, outer wall, and PCM were numerically analysed in the study, as was the heat flux reduction. The effect of the position of the PCM on the brick wall on its performance is analysed using four different brick models with PCM holes shifted 30 mm, 40 mm, 50 mm, and 75 mm towards the inner wall side. The results proved that the performance and heat flux reduction are greater if the PCM is positioned away from the heat source (outer wall). The mPCM75 brick achieves a maximum heat gain reduction of 32 % and a 1.2 °C decrease in room temperature.

The TSM-net: a new strategy for insulated bearings intelligent faults diagnosis

With the development of power semiconductor devices, pulse width modulation technology is widely used in high-power frequency conversion control motors, which significantly improves the dynamic performance of variable-speed drive system equipment. However, the high-frequency shaft voltage generated during the drive process acts on the bearing to generate high-frequency current. The damage caused by the shaft current sharply shortens the fatigue wear process of the bearing, which in turn leads to premature failure of the bearing. A high insulating ceramic coating is prepared on the outer surface and side face of the inner and outer rings of the bearing by plasma spraying. That is, an insulating protective film is formed on the outer surface of the bearing, which can effectively isolate or reduce the bearing current, prevent the occurrence of electric erosion, and prolong the service life of the variable speed drive system equipment. However, the vibration excitation generated by the variable-speed drive system equipment will cause cracks or fatigue damage to the insulating bearing, resulting in a very complex fault mechanism of the vibration signal. The fault signal characterization lacks a professional signal analysis method, especially the high-reliability, high-precision and long-life high-performance insulating bearing. There is no qualitative formula or characteristic index to explain its failure. To fill this research gap, a new strategy for optimizing the temporal information fusion model and introducing the self-attention mechanism is innovatively developed, and it is named TSM-Net model, and the first attempt is made to realize intelligent identification of insulated bearing faults. Specifically, a multi-channel insulated bearing time information fusion diagnostic model is designed, and the coarse-grained characteristics with timing law are extracted from the measured insulated bearing fault data. Then, the self-attention mechanism is introduced into the designed insulated bearing time information fusion diagnostic model to optimize, and the weight coefficient is continuously updated to calculate the correlation weight between the insulated bearing fault data and the data, so that the final decision of the TSM-Net model is more focused, so as to improve the diagnostic accuracy. Finally, comparing the proposed TSM-Net model with the current five advanced methods, it is found that the proposed TSM-Net model has good diagnostic accuracy for rail transit motor insulated bearing faults, which verifies the effectiveness and superiority of the strategy, and provides a new way for the fault diagnosis of insulated bearings of high-power inverter control motors.