Outdoor Facilities Research Articles

Physical activity breaks and facilities in US secondary schools.

Research on physical activity breaks and facilities (indoor and outdoor) in secondary schools is relatively limited. School administrators and students in nationally representative samples of 8th (middle school) and 10th/12th grade (high school) students were surveyed annually from 2008-2009 to 2011-2012. School administrators reported information about physical activity breaks and facilities. Students self-reported height, weight, and physical activity. The prevalence of physical activity breaks and indoor and outdoor facilities (dichotomized by median split) differed significantly by region of the country, school size, student race/ethnicity, and school socioeconomic status (SES). Breaks were associated with lower odds of overweight (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.91, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.83-1.00) and obesity (AOR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.75-0.99) among middle school students. Among low-SES middle school students and schools, higher indoor facilities were associated with lower rates of overweight and obesity. Among high school students, higher indoor and outdoor facilities were associated with 19-42% higher odds of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Physical activity breaks and school facilities may help to address high rates of overweight/obesity and low physical activity levels among secondary students, especially lower-SES students. Students in all schools should have equal access to these resources.

Host cell pigmentation in Scenedesmus dimorphus as a beacon for nascent parasite infection.

Biofuels derived from the mass cultivation of algae represent an emerging industry that aims to partially displace petroleum based fuels. Outdoor, open-pond, and raceway production facilities are attractive options for the mass culture of algae however, this mode of cultivation leaves the algae susceptible to epidemics from a variety of environmental challenges. Infestations can result in complete collapse of the algal populations and destruction of their valuable products making it paramount to understand the host-pathogen relationships of known algal pests in order to develop mitigation strategies. In the present work, we characterize the spatial-temporal response of photosynthetic pigments in Scenedesmus dimorphus to infection from Amoeboaphelidium protococcarum, a destructive endoparasite, with the goal of understanding the potential for early detection of infection via host pigment changes. We employed a hyperspectral confocal fluorescence microscope to quantify these changes in pigmentation with high spatial and spectral resolution during early parasite infection. Carotenoid abundance and autofluorescence increased within the first 24 h of infection while chlorophyll emission remained constant. Changes in host cell photosynthesis and bulk chlorophyll content were found to lag behind parasite replication. The results herein raise the possibility of using host-cell pigment changes as indicators of nascent parasite infection.

Case Studies of Insulation Failures in Outdoor Facilities and Countermeasures against Failures

Case Studies of Insulation Failures in Outdoor Facilities and Countermeasures against Failures

Talking about the Residential Outdoor Environment Design in the Context of the Aging

Home-based care for the aged is a dominant endowment type in china. Today, the trend of population aging has become increasingly apparent, corresponding outdoor environment and facilities must be provided in residential community. As Qinghuayuan community of Zhengzhou for example, on the basis of investigation to outdoor environment and the elderly utilization, the author put forward suggestions about walking, leisure and communication to explore the design essentials of outdoor environment in residential area suitable for the elderly.

Application of Wood-Plastic Composites in Exhibition Design

Mostly used in packing and outdoor facilities in the early stage, wood-plastic composites are gradually applied to other design sectors thanks to their advantageous features including cost efficiency, environmental protection, recyclability as well as being easy to be processed and fabricated. The application of this kind of green and new material in the exhibition design sector will be beneficial to developing the standardized structure and rapid fabrication in the exhibition design to save the project construction material costs and shorten erection time. In this article, the feasibility and ecological significance of using wood-plastic composites in the exhibition sector are explored from the aspects of the physical and chemical properties of the wood-plastic composites as well as their processing methods.

A Web-Based Tool for Product Ideas Screening and Lifestyle Analysis

In the era of consumerism nowadays, market needs are the key factors that trigger the commercial opportunity of a product. In addition to the functional and aesthetic requirements of products, designers need to consider user’s demands and preferences in product design and development. In this study, a web-based tool was developed by the combination of life style questionnaire and image scale survey. The data obtained from the survey served as references for new product design and marketing promotion. In our study, proposals for public outdoor facilities with local cultural features were developed as an example to illustrate the application of the web-based tool. Through such a web-based tool, demographic data, attitudes in life style, and suitability of design proposals were collected in the form of coordinate and diagrams. In this way, a suitable design proposal for the community was selected and the life style characteristics of the target user group were specified for further design and development of the public facility.

역사문화경관 보전을 위한 경관협정 항목에 관한 연구

본 연구는 지역의 경관관리를 위해 경관협정이 많이 이루어지고 있는 현 시점에 역사문화경관을 보전하기 위한 방안으로 경관협정을 제시하고자 하였으며, 경관협정의 내용이 포괄적이고 광범위한 내용으로 구성되어 있는 문제점 및 경관유형에 따른 경관관리 방법과 경관협정내용의 일반화가 필요하다는 문제에서 진행되었다. 이를 위해 역사문화경관 보전 관련 가이드라인 고찰 및 주민자치 및 참여에 의한 경관관리가 이루어지고 있는 국 내외 지역 사례 등을 고찰하여 도출된 항목들을 통해 지역민이 직접 참여하여 스스로 지킬 수 있는 지속적이고 실효성 있는 경관관리방법을 제안하고자 하였다. 역사문화경관 보존을 위해 지역 주민이 자발적으로 지키는 것이 바람직한 것으로 판단되는 경관협정 항목으로는 역사문화경관 주변의 조성에 있어 건축물 외형 및 외부공간 등이 역사문화경관을 모티브로 하여 접근성과 상징성이 나타나도록 조성할 것으로 고려해야 하며, 가로환경에서 보행 친화적인 환경을 유지하기 위해 옥외광고물 및 시설물의 유지관리에 주의를 기울이고, 기존의 역사문화경관과 조화로운 디자인을 추구하는 것을 제안하였다. 중요도가 낮아 필요시 포함될 수 있는 사항으로 제안할 수 있는 내용은 건축물의 규모를 제한하고, 건축설비시설의 은폐 및 집약화로 노출을 막는 세부 사항과 외부공간의 유지관리, 자연친화적인 재료의 사용 및 야간경관의 네온표지판관리 및 야간조명시간 운영에 대한 사항 등으로 나타났다. 연구 결과를 통해 전통성이 나타나는 역사문화경관의 경관관리를 위해 지역민이 스스로 추진하여 경관향상 및 지역민의 경관에 대한 의식의 전환을 기대할 수 있는 것으로 판단된다. This study was designed to suggest a landscape agreement in order to effectively preserve historical and cultural landscapes at this point of time when many landscape agreements are being concluded for landscape management, to analyze landscape management methods according to the problems of comprehensive and widespread landscape agreements and landscape types and to generalize landscape agreement contents. To begin, sustainable and practical landscape management plans that local people can themselves participate and carry out were proposed, based on historical and cultural landscape preservation guidelines extracted from the consideration of domestic and foreign cases about landscape management by citizen autonomy and participation. The guidelines considered what regional residents would follow by themselves, as well as what should be considered with regard to the accessibility and symbolism of a building's appearance and external spaces designed with the motif of historical and cultural landscapes. The guidelines also pay attention to the maintenance management of outdoor advertisements and facilities in order to maintain a pedestrian-friendly street environment which pursues designs in harmony with the existing historical and cultural landscapes. In addition, the recommended guidelines that are considered less important,are restricting the sizes of buildings, encouraging maintenance management of the details and external spaces to hide building facilities and block them from being exposed and including information about the use of nature-friendly materials, and the management of neon signs in the landscapes and lighting time during the night. These results demonstrate that local residents need to improve the landscapes and change their consciousness by themselves to maintain the historical and cultural landscapes with a sense of tradition.

옥외형 화재경보시스템의 개발과 성능시험에 관한 연구

본 연구는 자연 발생적인 화재 및 방화자에 의한 화재를 탐지하는 고효율 저비용의 옥외형 화재경보시스템으로 중소문화재, 천연기념물 및 옥외 시설물 등 화재 발생 시 관리 감시가 취약한 곳을 대상으로 한 소방시스템의 옥외 적용시 성능 및 시험에 대한 것이다. 재래적 화재감지시스템으로부터 탈피하여 지능적인 이동형 무인 화재감지시스템의 도입을 위해 화재경보시스템 성능시험, 기능시험, 옥외 환경시험, 불꽃시험 및 EMI/EMS 적합시험 등을 실시하였다. 성능시험, 기능시험, 불꽃시험 및 옥외방치시험을 3개월간 실시한바 양호하였고, 온도변화 성능시험도 <TEX>$-30{\sim}70^{\circ}C$</TEX>에서 양호하였으며 EMI/EMS 시험도 적합하였다. 불꽃검출거리는 75 m까지 증가되었고 대기모드 전원은 4시간 증가, 운영모드 전원에서의 동작시간은 3일까지 가능하였으며 센서뿐만 아니라 영상으로 상황을 인지하는데 적합함을 확인하였다. This paper is concerned with the Performance and Reliability Certification for fire detection system in outdoor area such small and middle sized cultural assets, natural monument and outdoor facilities. Especially, if a fire were to occur in vulnerable area, it is difficulty to detect a fire. therefore we propose a high efficiency and low cost unmanned fire detection system in capable of an early detection regardless spontaneously fire or firebug. for Adoption of Intelligent Fire Detection System with movable and unmanned function breaking from the existing Conventional Fire Detection System, this Range of R&D includes the Performance test, Function test, Field test, Flame Detection test and EMI/EMS Compliance test. the Result data of Performance test, Function test and Field test is generally good during 3 months. also we checked that thermal variation test and EMI/EMS compliance test are good result data within allowable range. As a result of general test, we verified improvement results that the measure distance of fire detection extend 75 m, the Power of waiting time increase 4 hours, the Power of operation time increase 3 days and the context awareness with video as well as sensors.

Do preschools differ in promoting children’s physical activity? An instrument for the assessment of preschool physical activity programmes

BackgroundPreschools offer high potential for preventive interventions. However, little is known about the structure of preschool programmes to promote physical activity (PA) in preschoolers although almost all children aged three to six years spend one third of the day at preschool. The aim of this study was to determine whether and to what extent preschools implement systematic PA promotion measures using an instrument specifically developed to assess and systematize preschool PA programmes.MethodsIn the cross-sectional study a baseline survey of preschool education policies was conducted to identify and assess the type and extent of PA programmes and opportunities in preschools in the State of Lower Saxony, Germany. An assessment instrument was developed to identify preschools with systematic PA programmes (type 1) and those without PA programmes (type 2) based on the following quality criteria: A) written PA policy, B) structured weekly PA offerings for all children; C) at least one qualified physical education teacher; D) PA-friendly indoor and outdoor facilities (exercise room, situational PA opportunities, outdoor areas, play equipment etc.), and E) structured PA promotion in place for at least two years. A third type of preschool that promotes PA in children to some extent (i.e., that meets the criteria partially but not completely) was classified as “preschools with limited PA programmes”.Results2415 preschools participated in the survey (response rate: 59%). The results show that 26% (n = 554) have a systematic PA programme while 3% (n = 64) have no PA programme. Most (71%, n = 1514) were classified as limited PA programme preschools. All three types of preschools differed significantly (p = .000) from each other in terms of size (small vs. large). Most of the preschools without PA programmes are small half-day preschools.ConclusionsThe study investigated an assessment-instrument providing extensive insight into the nature, extent and routine practical implementation of PA promotion in preschools. The criteria used to evaluate preschool PA programmes are well-suited to identify the different preschool PA programme types and target areas in the field of PA promotion in which specific measures (teacher education, structured PA offerings, etc.) can be implemented in future interventions.

Development of Leaching Procedures for Synthetic Turf Systems Containing Scrap Tyre Granules

Scrap tyres are widely reused in the form of granules as infill materials or component of sub-base layers in construction of sporting grounds such as synthetic turf areas and athletic track surfaces. The recycled rubber may contain organic and inorganic pollutants due to the presence of vulcanisation catalysts, stabilisers and other additives which can be released into soil and groundwater in the case of outdoor sports facilities. In order to evaluate the amount of potentially mobile pollutants, leaching tests can be employed. This study aimed particularly at the investigation of the feasibility of column tests using complete synthetic surface flooring or turf system assemblies. The release of zinc and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) leached from components of sports surfaces containing recycled rubber granules was considered. Additionally, batch tests on coated and uncoated styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) granules aged by artificial weathering were performed to indicate its possible influence on the leaching behaviour of zinc and PAH. The chosen approach of column tests simulating typical complete synthetic sports surface installations has been proven to be feasible and robust. The time-dependent leaching behaviour and interactions between single components can be evaluated by column tests. Zinc was the most relevant contaminant in the eluates and its leachability was enhanced after accelerated ageing by artificial weathering. Leachable PAH were found in relatively low but well detectable amounts which increase by ageing as well.

인위적인 자외선 조사량에 따른 폴리머애자에서의 코로나 방전 특성

In this study, degradation was observed by irradiating UV rays to the polymer insulators which have been widely used in outdoor electric power facilities. For an indoor accelerated UV test, 0.55 w/m2 of UV rays were applied using a xenon-arc method. A UV detection system with 65 Ø㎜ in diameter, 100 ㎜ in length and 1.0 of brightness (F/#) has been designed. Even though efflorescence on the surface of polymer insulators wasn"t observed according to the accelerated UV test. UV rays were detected at around 50% and 40% of insulation breakdown in EPDM and silicone-type insulators respectively. As degradation continued because of an indoor accelerated UV test, breakdown voltage with which UV rays can be detected in an early stage decreased as well. A silicone polymer insulator would be severer than EPDM polymer insulator in terms of surface degradation because of UV strength against Vm/VBD was high in silicone polymer insulators. UV strength in silicone-type insulators increased at 1,000 kJ/㎡ because contact angle at the intial stage sharply decreased to from 113° to 92.1°

En sti er en sti – eller? Udvalgte resultater fra projektet Rum og rammer for aktivt udeliv

Research indicates that physical surroundings and outdoor facilities have an impact on peoples active outdoor recreation. Most research however has a quantitative approach, and there seems to be a lack of research and knowledge regarding people’s preferences and experiences of places related to their activity and their motives for being active in the outdoors. The study Rum og rammer for aktivt udeliv [Spaces for Active Outdoor Recreation]intends to study specific places and analyse how and why these places correspond to motives and needs from selected groups of users. Methods are case studies using observation and qualitative interviews. In this article we present selected results regarding motives for outdoor recreation and meanings and implications of paths to mountain bikers and runners. Results show both important differences and similarities with regard to motives and to meanings and implications of paths between mountain bikers and runners. The study underlines the importance of taking a qualitative approach looking at specific places and specific groups. It gives valuable knowledge to be used in planning and designing for active outdoor recreation with perspectives to improving people’s health and quality of life.

치유경관의 개념을 적용한 병원 옥외공간 조경설계 - 창원 경상대학교 병원을 사례로 -

본 설계안은 경상남도 창원시 성산구 삼정자동 555번지 일대에 건립예정인 부지의 면적 약 <TEX>$79,743.1m^2$</TEX>의 경상대학교병원 주변 옥외공간 설계의 기본계획안이다. 이 설계안의 목적은 환자의 회복과 일반 대중의 웰빙(well-being)을 돕고, 지역사회에 기여하며 주변 환경을 존중하는 생태적인 공간을 조성하는데 있었다. 이 목적을 위하여 세 가지 설계 목표가 설정되었는데, 첫 번째는 경관의 치유기능을 높이는 것이고, 두 번째는 생태적으로 재생이 가능한 경관을 조성하고, 세 번째는 그 지역의 특성을 반영한 경관의 미적인 가치를 드러내는 것이었다. 먼저 치유의 기능을 강화하기 위해서 주변의 양호한 수림대와 연계를 하고, 치유의 기능이 있는 식물재료를 선별하여 식재하고, 다양한 감각 치유원, 명상의 공간, 약초원 등 치유프로그램을 공간에 도입하였다. 또한, 많은 연구에서 병원의 공간조성에 있어서 환자의 프라이버시가 중요하다고 강조한대로 환자의 유형과 일반인들을 고려하여 공간과 동선을 구분하는 것을 고려하였다. 생태적인 환경을 조성하기 위해서는 기존의 소나무 숲과 지형을 보존하고, 부지내로 연장할 것을 제안하였으며, 또한 자연 수체계를 복원하고, 그 물을 재활용하여 조경 등의 용수로 사용하게 하였다. 마지막으로 이용자의 미적인 체험을 위해서는 주변 상록수림에 대비하는 활엽수와 각종 초화류를 식재하여 계절감을 강화시키고, 열매가 열리는 수종을 배치하여 산새가 날아들고 동물이 찾아오는 "자연속의 치유공간"이라는 분위기를 연출하였다. 더불어 모든 공간과 시설물은 유니버설 디자인 원칙에 따라 계획 및 설계되어 환자들에게 장애물이 없는 환경을 제공하려 하였으며, 생태적이고 경제적이며 관리가 용이한 유지관리를 위하여 지속가능한 관리계획을 제안하였다. This paper presents a landscape design proposal for the Kyeongsang National University Hospital in Changwon, Kyeongsangnam-do. The site is located at 555 Samjeongja-dong, Seongsan-gu, Changwon, Kyeongsangnam-do, and its area is approximately <TEX>$79,743.1m^2$</TEX>. The goal of the design was to create a landscape that helps the patients' recovery and public well-being as well as respects the surrounding environment. In order to achieve this goal, three design subjects were considered: maximizing the healing functions of the landscape, promoting ecologically regenerative landscape, and increasing the aesthetic value of the landscape based on the local context. For the healing aspect, first, therapeutic plants were carefully selected and various healing programs were introduced to the open space area such as the sensory garden, meditative space, the medicinal herb garden, outdoor acupressure treatment facilities, remedial playground etc. In addition, as the importance of patient's privacy is emphasized in research, the space and circulation patterns were divided according to the characteristics of the users. For ecological consideration, the design proposed to preserve and extend the existing ridgeline with pine forest, and recover the natural water system and recycle the water for the landscape management. For the aesthetic experience of the people, in contrast to the surrounding evergreen forest, diverse deciduous and flowering plants were introduced to arouse a sense of the season, and fruit bearing trees for wildlife to create a specific mood of being in nature so that people can listen to the songs of the birds and watch squirrels play etc. In addition, all the spaces and facilities were designed and placed according to universal design principles so that there would be no barrier for the patients to use them. Also, a sustainable management scheme was suggested to maintain the landscape in ecological and economical ways.

‘[We're on the right track, baby], we were born this way’! Exploring sports participation in Norway

Based on quantitative data from the Norwegian Statistisk Sentralbyrå (Statistics Norway) study of Mosjon, Friluftsliv og Kulturaktiviteter, this paper explores trends in Norwegians' participation in sports, with a focus on young people. Norway boasts particularly high levels of sports participation as well as sports club membership and young Norwegians are the quintessential sporting omnivores. Among other things, the Statistics Norway study reveals substantial increases in participation (among young people and females especially) during the period 1997–2007, a shift in the peak of participation to the late teenage years, a relatively high level of lifelong participants, a re-bound effect in the post-child rearing years and a growth in lifestyle sports. Young Norwegians grow up in a socio-economic context of relative equality between the sexes and high standards of living. An abundance of natural and artificial outdoor and indoor sporting facilities alongside a well-established voluntary sports club sector and an elementary school system that emphasizes physical exercise and recreation, as well as high levels of parental involvement, add to the favourable socio-economic conditions to create seemingly optimal circumstances for sports participation. All these reinforce the sporting and physical recreation cultures deeply embedded in Norwegian society and embodied by the very many middle-class parents in a country which, for the time being at least, remains relatively young in demographic terms. In terms of lessons to be learned for policy towards sports and physical education beyond Norway, there may be grounds for some optimism around parental involvement in children's sport as well as the potential appeal of lifestyle sports. That said, it is likely to be the greater socio-economic equalities in Scandinavian countries such as Norway that make them unrealistic benchmarks for sports participation elsewhere.

농촌 마을회관의 현황과 개선방안 연구 -밀양시 삼랑진읍을 대상으로-

This study is to suggest the improving methods for rural community centers by analysis of 30 community centers in Samnangjin-eup, Miryang city, Gyeongnam. To fulfill this purpose, the facilities, usable condition and management system were examined. The user needs and level of satisfaction were also investigated through the interviews with 858 citizens. The average size of the centers is <TEX>$96m^2$</TEX>, and 73% of them are one-story buildings. Women use the community center more frequently than men in ratio of 6:4. 43.4% of interviewees visit the center 1 or 2 times a month, but on the other hand 27.4% of them use the center almost every day. Recess is surely the main purpose, and health care and community meeting are next two reasons. 67.8% and 72.4% of them are not satisfied with the inside and outside of the community center respectively. The interview results demonstrate that the most important issue is the lack of facilities. To improve the community centers in Samnangjin-eup, first of all, various kinds of indoor and outdoor facilities must be equipped. Secondly, considering the center is the core of rural community life, the qualitative improvement in accommodation is also needed as well as facility diversification. The efficiency of space utilization is another issue. A small piece of land or abandoned space must be utilized. Moreover, it is very critical that the users are mostly seniors and elders, so improvements of facilities will be executed in terms of safety and convenience. Finally, administrative and financial support should be made for the people, so as to maintain the the rural community center on their own.

Neighbourhood food and physical activity environments in England, UK: does ethnic density matter?

BackgroundIn England, obesity is more common in some ethnic minority groups than in Whites. This study examines the relationship between ethnic concentration and access to fast food outlets, supermarkets and physical activity facilities.MethodsData on ethnic concentration, fast food outlets, supermarkets and physical activity facilities were obtained at the lower super output area (LSOA) (population average of 1500). Poisson multilevel modelling was used to examine the association between own ethnic concentration and facilities, adjusted for area deprivation, urbanicity, population size and clustering of LSOAs within local authority areas.ResultsThere was a higher proportion of ethnic minorities residing in areas classified as most deprived. Fast food outlets and supermarkets were more common and outdoor physical activity facilities were less common in most than least deprived areas. A gradient was not observed for the relationship between indoor physical activity facilities and area deprivation quintiles. In contrast to White British, increasing ethnic minority concentration was associated with increasing rates of fast food outlets. Rate ratios comparing rates of fast food outlets in high with those in low level of ethnic concentration ranged between 1.28, 95% confidence interval 1.06-1.55 (Bangladeshi) and 2.62, 1.46-4.70 (Chinese). Similar to White British, however, increasing ethnic minority concentration was associated with increasing rate of supermarkets and indoor physical activity facilities. Outdoor physical activity facilities were less likely to be in high than low ethnic concentration areas for some minority groups.ConclusionsOverall, ethnic minority concentration was associated with a mixture of both advantages and disadvantages in the provision of food outlets and physical activity facilities. These issues might contribute to ethnic differences in food choices and engagement in physical activity.

A longitudinal study of the residents’ perceptions of tourism impacts using data from the sunshine coast Australia

This study investigates whether there has been a change in residents' perceptions of living and tourism impacts, on the Sunshine Coast, in 2009 from their perceptions of 2008. In 2009 more respondents reported that lifestyle and general pace of life were the key attractions of living on the Sunshine Coast. The results also demonstrate a signifi cant increase in residents' perceptions that tourism is likely to have a positive impact on the cultural identity of the community. The study also found that between 2008 and 2009 there was a signifi cant decrease in the residents' concerns re- garding traffi c congestion; noise and pollution; crime rates; destruction of the natural environment; and unpleasantly overcrowded beaches, and bush walking paths, parks and outdoor facilities in the community. The research, however, reveals no signifi cant differences in the residents' perceptions of conservation of natural resources; creation of employment; and the possibility of having more cul- tural exchange between tourists and residents due to tourism. Overall, these fi ndings are favourable for tourism-related stakeholders in developing future tourism plans for the region in that residents' appear to be more willing to support tourism development.

Strategies Proposed by Healthy Kids, Healthy Communities Partnerships to Prevent Childhood Obesity

Healthy Kids, Healthy Communities (HKHC) is an initiative of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation to prevent obesity among high-risk children by changing local policies, systems, and environments. In 2009, 105 community partnerships applied for funding from HKHC. Later that year, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released recommended community strategies to prevent obesity by changing environments and policies. The objective of this analysis was to describe the strategies proposed by the 41 HKHC partnerships that received funding and compare them to the CDC recommendations. We analyzed the funded proposals to assess the types and prevalence of the strategies proposed and mapped them onto the CDC recommendations. The most prevalent strategies proposed by HKHC-funded partnerships were providing incentives to retailers to locate and serve healthier foods in underserved areas, improving mechanisms for purchasing food from farms, enhancing infrastructure that supports walking and cycling, and improving access to outdoor recreational facilities. The strategies proposed by HKHC partnerships were well aligned with the CDC recommendations. The popular strategies proposed by HKHC partnerships were those for which there were existing examples of successful implementation. Our analysis provides an example of how information from communities, obtained through grant-writing efforts, can be used to assess the status of the field, guide future research, and provide direction for future investments.

조경공사 표준품셈 공종 개정에 관한 연구

조경공사 표준품셈은 표준적이고 보편적인 공종과 공법들로 구성되어 있다. 그러나 최근 조경분야는 건설기술의 발전과 공사품질의 고급화가 요구되고 있는 실정이다. 그러나 현행 조경공사 표준품셈으로는 이러한 변화에 대응하기에는 한계가 있다. 이에 본 연구는 조경공사 표준품셈의 발전방안을 제시하는 것이 중요하다고 판단하여 우선 개정들이 필요한 품셈 공종을 파악하였다. 개정이 필요한 공종을 파악하기 위하여 문헌고찰과 예비설문조사를 통하여 설문 항목을 선정하였으며, 선정된 항목들은 조경 분야 전문가 60명으로부터 응답을 받아 통계처리 하였다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 조경공사 표준품셈에 대한 활용도는 식재공종의 품셈이 가장 높았다. 둘째, 신규로 추가될 필요가 있는 공종으로는 정지공사, 조경 구조물공사, 포장공사, 수경시설공사, 옥외 시설물공사들로 파악되었다. 셋째, 조경공사 품셈공종 분야에서는 설문응답자들의 66.7%가 개정이 필요하다고 응답하였고, 개정이 필요한 품셈 공종으로는 식재 공종에서는 대형수목, 조형수목, 수목가식, 수목하자 등으로 파악되었다. 굴취공종에서는 대형수목, 조형수목 등으로 파악되었다. 유지관리공종에서는 전정폐기물 처리 품셈, 정원석 쌓기 및 놓기 공종에서는 돌틈 식재 품셈, 떼붙임 및 초류파종 공종에서는 현실적인 잔디규격의 품셈을 필요로 한다고 응답하였다. 연구의 결과들을 바탕으로 조경공사 표준품셈의 발전방안을 제시하면, 조경 식물의 규격과 조경공사 품질에 대한 공종별 세부 품셈과 조경공사 품질에 영향을 미치는 품셈분야의 개정이 필요하다. The standard unit manpower and material in landscape architectural construction was consist of a standard and universal work classification. However, these constructional methods have created a number of problems in utilizing and responding on a variety of recently-developed working methods such as new constructional skills and technologies. This research decided that presenting the amendments of work classification of a standard unit manpower and material in landscape architectural construction was very important, and investigated those work classifications which required these new amendments. First of all, assessment items were selected through the literature reviews and a preliminary survey. Then, these assessment items were surveyed to the total of 60 professional landscape architecture field. The results of this study were as follows; First, the utilization level of the a standard unit manpower and material in landscape architectural construction was highest in the area of work classification of planting unit manpower and material. Second, the work classifications that needed to be added were recognized as leveling the ground construction, landscape structure construction, paving construction, water facilities construction, and outdoor facilities construction. Third, in the field of the a standard unit manpower and material in landscape architectural construction, 66.7% of the respondents replied that some amendments were necessary, and those amendments needed work classifications were identified as work classification of planting unit manpower and material was gigantic plant, topiary tree, temporary planting, exchange dead tree, etc. In the area of digging out was gigantic plant and plastic tree were recognized. The survey respondents also answered that, in keeping and management work classifications some amendments in pruning waste were necessary, and in the fields of rubble masonry work classifications some improvements were required in rubble aperture planting unit manpower and material and sodding and herbaceous sowing was a realistic lawn size unit manpower and material was needed. Based on the results explained above, this study suggests that amendments for a standard unit manpower and material in landscape architectural construction are necessary, especially in the areas of planting size and quality of work classifications unit manpower and material and in the unit manpower and material that affects the quality of lands caping constructions.

Children's Play: a tool for Public Health interventions

All children need to spend some time playing outdoors. In Northern European countries, schools are equipped with outdoor facilities where children can play during breaks between lessons. The Italian school system, oriented to a mnemonic learning approach, has attached a poor importance to the role of playing for kindergarten age children, and Italian kindergartens are not so well equipped for children's active play. Furthermore, Italian teachers and parents worried that while playing outdoors, children might catch a cold or hurt themselves, and discourage active play outside. The equipment of kindergartens' open spaces with wooden games, where children can play in the morning or after school, resulted in children's increased time of playing outdoors. These playgrounds are also used during vacation day time by children to play and in the evenings, for theatrical and animation events. Finally, watching over their children when playing, "forced" parents to talk to each other creating a social network.