Participation In Outdoor Activities Research Articles

The Participation of Teachers in Greece in Outdoor Education Activities and the Schools’ Perceptions of the Benefits to Students

International research highlights the potentially valuable contribution of outdoor education to the healthy development and proper holistic education of students. Among the various benefits that students gain from participating in outdoor activities are the mitigation of symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), improved respiration, memory improvement, skills development and others. Despite the well-documented contribution of such activities to children’s wellbeing, there is an increasing trend of younger children lacking contact with nature. The current study investigates to what extent teachers in Greece, at schools where students aged 6–18 attend, provide opportunities for outdoor activities to their students. Furthermore, it investigates the teacher’s perceptions of the benefits the students gain from such activities, based on their personal experience and the experience of other co-teachers in their school. The results presented in this study indicate that the percentage of teachers who choose outdoor activities during the educational process in Greece is rather low, although they identify that such activities provide significant benefits to students. Based on the perceptions of teachers regarding the mental, cognitive and physical benefits that students gain from outdoor activities a positive association was found between the participation of students in such activities and these benefits. Therefore, this study reveals that it is of significant importance to increase the number of opportunities for students’ participation in outdoor learning activities, by supporting teachers, creating learning communities with them and empowering them to provide more outdoor learning opportunities.

Examining the Opinions of Mothers Who Have Children Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) on Outdoor Practices

Outdoor activities are a need for children. This need is felt more in children diagnosed with ASD. These children's limited eye contact, avoidance of physical interaction, and inability to adapt to the rules of social life limit their participation in outdoor activities. From this point of view, this study aimed to examine the views of mothers who have children diagnosed with ASD on outdoor practices. The participants consisted of 13 mothers with children diagnosed with ASD in a special education kindergarten affiliated to the Ministry of National Education in Adapazarı district of Sakarya province in the 2022-2023 academic year.

Exploring the benefits of outdoor activity participation in national parks: a case study of the Peak District National Park, England

ABSTRACT This study aims to explore the role that regular outdoor activity participation in national parks plays in subjective wellbeing (SWB). It also considers the influences on SWB, including the national park environment, resilience-building, coping skills, mental health and stress alleviation. There is a wealth of research on the benefits of outdoor recreation in natural settings, yet studies which specifically examine the impacts of regular activity engagement in national parks are scarcer. Using the Peak District National Park (England) as a case study, fifteen online stakeholder interviews were conducted, probing participants about their outdoor recreation experiences both during and before the onset of the pandemic. Findings suggest that frequent outdoor activity participation in the Park positively influences coping, resilience and subjective wellbeing, and, relatedly, helps to improve mental health, and alleviate stress. These outcomes are valuable for dealing with the vicissitudes of everyday life and in facilitating long term SWB.

The effect of outdoor activities on the medical expenditure of older people: multiple chain mediating effects of health benefits

BackgroundWith the global aging population, attention to the health and medical issues of older adults is increasing. By analyzing the relationship between older people's participation in outdoor activities and medical expenditure, this study aims to provide a scientific basis for improving their quality of life and reducing the medical burden.MethodsData on outdoor activity participation, medical expenditures, and relevant variables were collected through questionnaires and databases. A multi-chain mediation effect model was established to analyze the impact of outdoor activities on the medical expenditure of older people, considering mediation effects and heterogeneity.ResultsResults revealed that increased participation in outdoor activities among older adults correlated with lower medical expenditures. Outdoor activities positively influenced their health by improving mental health, cognition, eating habits, and activities of daily living, resulting in reduced medical expenditures. Robustness tests confirmed the consistent effect of outdoor activities on older people's medical expenditure.ConclusionThese findings contribute to understanding the relationship between outdoor activities, health, and medical expenditure in older people, guiding policy formulation and interventions. Encouraging and supporting older adults in outdoor activities can enhance their quality of life and alleviate medical resource strain. The study's conclusions can also inform health promotion measures for other populations and serve as a basis for future research in this area.

Gait Features in Different Environments Contributing to Participation in Outdoor Activities in Old Age (GaitAge): Protocol for an Observational Cross-Sectional Study.

The ability to walk is a key issue for independent old age. Optimizing older peoples' opportunities for an autonomous and active life and reducing health disparities requires a better understanding of how to support independent mobility in older people. With increasing age, changes in gait parameters such as step length and cadence are common and have been shown to increase the risk of mobility decline. However, gait assessments are typically based on laboratory measures, even though walking in a laboratory environment may be significantly different from walking in outdoor environments. This project will study alterations in biomechanical features of gait by comparing walking on a treadmill in a laboratory, level outdoor, and hilly outdoor environments. In addition, we will study the possible contribution of changes in gait between these environments to outdoor mobility among older people. Participants of the study were recruited through senior organizations of Central Finland and the University of the Third Age, Jyväskylä. Inclusion criteria were community-dwelling, aged 70 years and older, able to walk at least 1 km without assistive devices, able to communicate, and living in central Finland. Exclusion criteria were the use of mobility devices, severe sensory deficit (vision and hearing), memory impairment (Mini-Mental State Examination ≤23), and neurological conditions (eg, stroke, Parkinson disease, and multiple sclerosis). The study protocol included 2 research visits. First, indoor measurements were conducted, including interviews (participation, health, and demographics), physical performance tests (short physical performance battery and Timed Up and Go), and motion analysis on a treadmill in the laboratory (3D Vicon and next-generation inertial measurement units [NGIMUs]). Second, outdoor walking tests were conducted, including walking on level (sports track) and hilly (uphill and downhill) terrain, while movement was monitored via NGIMUs, pressure insoles, heart rate, and video data. A total of 40 people (n=26, 65% women; mean age 76.3, SD 5.45 years) met the inclusion criteria and took part in the study. Data collection took place between May and September 2022. The first result is expected to be published in the spring of 2024. This multidisciplinary study will provide new scientific knowledge about how gait biomechanics are altered in varied environments, and how this influences opportunities to participate in outdoor activities for older people. RR1-10.2196/52898.

Experiences of People Living with Dementia and their Care Partners in Participating in Outdoor Activities

AbstractBackgroundThere is increasing evidence for non‐pharmacological interventions to prevent dementia and delay disease progression. Outdoor recreational activities, such as visits to local parks, may help improve behavioural symptoms of dementia, cognition, and quality of life for both people living with dementia (PLWD) and their care partners. However, little is currently known about the experiences of PLWD and care partners about participating in outdoor activities. Understanding their experiences will help inform interventions and policies to promote participation in outdoor activities. Our objectives are to understand the experiences of PLWD and care partners in participating in outdoor activities.MethodsWe conducted semi‐structured interviews with PLWD and care partners, either alone or in dyads. Self‐reported characteristics of PLWD and care partners were recorded by online surveys. Interviews were recorded and transcribed for analysis. Interview questions included questions about the following topics: individuals relationships to outdoor activities; how these relationships may have changed over time; their current patterns of outdoor activities; perceived benefits of outdoor activities; potential risks of outdoor activities; and facilitators and barriers to participating in activities. The transcripts of interviews were coded by two independent members of the research team to identify common themes.ResultA total of 10 participants (7 care partners; 3 PLWD) have participated in interviews to date. Themes identified from interviews include: 1.) Outdoor activities help people maintain a sense of identity and connection with their lives before being diagnosed with dementia; 2.) Both a diagnosis of dementia, stage of dementia, and physical changes associated with aging impact on the types of activities people participate in; 3.) Outdoor activities are associated with psychological benefits for PLWD and care partners; 4.) There are unique considerations for PLWD and care partners that need to be considered when designing outdoor spaces or programs for PLWD.ConclusionOutdoor activities are important to PLWD and care partners and help maintain connections to individuals' identities and are perceived as important to maintaining quality of life. The design of outdoor spaces and activities programs for PLWD and care partners need to incorporate their perspectives to maximize participation and benefits associated with outdoor activities.

Association of home and community-based services and cognitive function of Chinese older adults: social participation as a mediator

BackgroundThis study makes an effort to examine the impact of home and community-based services on maintaining cognitive function and understand the mediating effect of social participation on the relationship of community services and older adults’ cognitive function in China.MethodThe empirical data comes from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). A total of 38,582 (person-time) respondents were gathered for this study. The two-way fixed effects regression model is used to estimate the associations between independent variables, mediating variables and cognitive ability after controlling for socio-demographic, family responsibility, and time variables.ResultThis study has confirmed that participating in daily and social activities is associated with the cognitive functions of Chinese older adults. Social participation can stimulate cognition. Active participation in outdoor activities, doing housework or taking care of kids, daily playing cards or mah-jong, reading books and newspapers, watching TV, and listening to the radio can significantly promote the cognitive ability of older adults. In addition, the findings have indicated the importance of community services for older adults. This study shows personal daily care services, legal aid services, health education services, as well as dealing with family and neighborhood disputes have a positive effect on maintaining older adults’ cognitive functions. Meanwhile, the provision of door-to-door medical services hurts their cognitive functions. This study also illustrates that community-based services can increase the level of older adults’ social participation, and then enhance their level of cognitive function.ConclusionThis study can inform service provision agencies to develop targeted programs to support older adults’ continued engagement.

Childhood experiences and undergraduate student interest in STEM disciplines: Attending to setting and activity type.

Informal STEM learning experiences (ISLEs), such as participating in science, computing, and engineering clubs and camps, have been associated with the development of youth's science, technology, engineering, and mathematics interests and career aspirations. However, research on ISLEs predominantly focuses on institutional settings such as museums and science centers, which are often discursively inaccessible to youth who identify with minoritized demographic groups. Using latent class analysis, we identify five general profiles (i.e., classes) of childhood participation in ISLEs from data reported by a nationally representative sample of college students (N = 15,579). Results show that childhood participation in specific typologies of ISLEs (i.e., setting and activity type) is associated with youth's disciplinary interests at the end of high school. Participation in outdoor activities that invite observation is more often reported by female respondents and is negatively associated with interest in computing and mathematics. Participation in indoor activities that invite object manipulation is more often reported by male respondents and is positively associated with interest in computing and engineering. However, frequent participation in multiple ISLEs is positively associated with interest in "science." Theseresults elucidate stereotypical discourses that reinforce the exclusionof minoritized students and exposecritical areas needing reform.

Pocket park in urban regeneration of China: Policy and perspective

Perched on the edge and corner of the city center, pocket parks transform urban vacant land into vibrant urban oases. It can greatly shorten the distance from citizens to the park, thereby promoting citizens' participation in outdoor activities and improving urban vitality. The construction of pocket parks in China started late. However, it has developed rapidly in recent years, which supports urban regeneration. A government document, published by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China in 2002, promotes the construction of pocket parks. In the process of promoting the construction of pocket parks in Chinese cities, problems such as unclear construction standards, difficult operation and maintenance, blind copying, and emphasis on the landscape over the function have emerged. The aforementioned issues are elaborated and corresponding suggestions are pointed out in this short communication.

Wildlife Knowledge and Attitudes toward Hunting: A Comparative Hunter–Non-Hunter Analysis

Assessing the public’s attitudes toward hunting and knowledge about wildlife is critical for successfully managing and conserving resources. This need is further emphasized by the increase in urbanization, resulting in decreasing participation in outdoor activities, such as hunting. This study aimed at investigating the attitudes toward hunting and the wildlife knowledge of Greek residents and at understanding the variation among hunters and non-hunters. Respondents to on-site, face-to-face surveys (n = 461; hunters, 146; non-hunters, 315) were asked to rate their acceptance of the motives for hunting and of hunting as a management tool and their knowledge about the ecology, biology, and behavior of wildlife. The hunters were highly motivated for hunting and supported it as a management tool. The non-hunters’ attitudes were, however, neutral to negative. The hunters had greater knowledge about wildlife species, both game and non-game, than the non-hunters. The more experienced hunters with greater knowledge about wildlife were generally more positive toward hunting. Older, male, non-hunters who have a greater knowledge about wildlife and who consume game meat and have hunters in the family or among their friends were generally more positive toward hunting. The findings suggested that hunting is a controversial social issue. Policies aimed at informing public groups about good hunting practices and at increasing the public’s engagement in outdoor activities would reduce such controversies, improve human health and well-being, and reinforce nature and wildlife stewardship and support for biodiversity conservation.

Comparative Review of Environmental Audit Tools for Public Open Spaces from the Perspective of Children's Activity.

Public open spaces are important venues for children’s participation in outdoor activities and social life. This study performs a comparative and qualitative review of the tools that can be used to audit the environments of children-focused public open spaces. The analysis reviews 25 studies involving 11 tools for comparison. The results reveal that (1) the tools were developed in different fields; (2) the tools use two data resources, field investigation and geographic databases; (3) the tool dimensions are diverse, as are the number of items covered, and are generally related to four categories: surrounding environment and accessibility, activity and perceived safety, children’s sports and play opportunities, and aesthetic and comfort of the environment; (4) the reliability of most tools has been verified, with some validity still to be confirmed; (5) there are differences in tool users, settings, and aims. Among the tools, the CPAT and the EAPRS are the most comprehensive. Comparative analysis of the tools provides a reference for studies on children-focused public open spaces and for the development and improvement of corresponding tools in the future.

The epidemiology of infectious diseases in Europe in 2020 versus 2017–2019 and the rise of tick-borne encephalitis (1995–2020)

Health control measures instituted in 2020 to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic decreased the case numbers of many infectious diseases across Europe. One notable exception was tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). In Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Lithuania, and the Czech Republic, the upturn was significantly higher compared to the average of the three years previously (P<0.05), with increases of 88%, 48%, 51%, 28%, and 18%, respectively. Six countries reported TBE incidences of ≥5 cases/100,000, defined as highly endemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). Possible factors contributing to this surge may include increased participation in outdoor activities in endemic regions and increased tick counts/tick activity. In highly endemic regions, the WHO recommends that vaccination be offered to all age groups, including children.

Self-reported participation in outdoor and nature-based recreation before and during the COVID-19 pandemic supports psychological health and well-being

Restrictions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic significantly altered daily lives and affected human health and well-being. Outdoor and nature-based activities could potentially mitigate some of these negative impacts. To assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on outdoor recreation and subjective well-being, we combined two samples of U.S. adults collected from April 30th - June 15th, 2020 and from August 7th - August 26th, 2020 (total n = 2178) using Qualtrics XM. During the pandemic, participation in outdoor activities declined by 35%, participation in nature-based activities declined by 33%, and subjective well-being declined by 24%. Participation in outdoor activities and nature activities prior to the pandemic and during the pandemic predicted smaller declines in subjective well-being. Results highlight the importance of outdoor recreation for building resilience to changes in subjective well-being before and during global crises like the COVID-19 pandemic.

Consuming in a crisis: pandemic consumption across consumer segments and implications for brands

PurposeThis paper aims to understand how the Covid-19 pandemic has changed consumers’ perceptions of outdoor consumption categories, such as retail shopping, eating out, public events and travel and how these perceptions may impact businesses in these domains in the long term. Further, this research aims to understand demographic effects on outdoor consumption inhibition during the current pandemic and discuss how businesses can use these insights to rebrand their offerings and evolve after the pandemic.Design/methodology/approachData collected by CivicScience, a survey-based consumer intelligence research platform, during April–July 2020 forms the basis of the preliminary analysis, where the chi-square test has been used to examine significant differences in consumer attitudes between different age groups, income groups and genders. Further, a social media analysis of conversations around outdoor consumption activities is undertaken to understand the rationale behind these demographics-based attitude differences.FindingsResults lend varying degrees of support to the hypothesized consumer attitudes toward outdoor consumption activities during the Covid-19 pandemic. As the pandemic wore on, older (vs younger), female (vs male) consumers and lower (vs higher) income-group consumers had reportedly higher inhibition toward different outdoor activities. Older individuals were significantly less likely to shop, dine and attend public events than younger individuals. Lower-income consumers were significantly less likely to dine and travel than higher-income consumer consumers. Female consumers were significantly less likely to shop and travel than male consumers. Social media scan of conversations suggests that differences in perceived health and financial risks may have resulted in demographics-based differences in outdoor consumption activities.Research limitations/implicationsThis study contributes to the literature by understanding demographic differences in consumer participation in outdoor activities. One limitation is that due to the time-sensitive nature of the pandemic research, further studies could not be conducted to understand the implications of other variables, beyond demographics that influence consumer behavior during a crisis. A future research direction is to understand how other psychological variables or traits, influence health and financial risk-taking behavior during a similar crisis.Originality/valueThe principal contribution of the present research is that it tests the risk-taking theory in the context of outdoor consumption during the Covid-19 pandemic. The present research has implications for businesses as they continue to evolve during and post Covid-19.

Connection to Nature Boosts Adolescents’ Mental Well-Being during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Growing evidence suggests that connection to nature may be linked to mental health and well-being. Behavioral changes brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic could negatively affect adolescents’ connection to nature, subsequently impacting health and well-being. We explored the relationship between connection to nature and well-being before and during the pandemic through a nationally representative survey of adolescents across the United States (n = 624) between April and June 2020. Survey items focused on connection to nature, mental well-being, and participation in outdoor activities before and during the pandemic. Paired-sample t-tests revealed declines in connection to nature, mental well-being, and participation in outdoor activities during the pandemic. Multiple linear regression analyses examining connection to nature’s mediating role between outdoor activity participation and mental well-being indicated that connection to nature fueled higher levels of mental well-being at both time intervals. Z scores comparing connection to nature’s mediating role between outdoor activity participation and mental well-being between time intervals indicate that during the pandemic, the direct effect of outdoor activities on mental well-being increased, generating a greater impact than before the pandemic. This study illustrates how the health and well-being benefits associated with adolescents’ outdoor activities are reinforced when those activities also foster a stronger connection to nature.

Spatial-Temporal Variation of Air PM2.5 and PM10 within Different Types of Vegetation during Winter in an Urban Riparian Zone of Shanghai

Particulate matter (PM) in urban riparian green spaces are undesirable for human participation in outdoor activities, especially PM2.5 and PM10. The PM deposition, dispersion and modification are influenced by various factors including vegetation, water bodies and meteorological conditions. This study aimed to investigate the impact of vegetation structures and the river’s presence on PM in riparian zones. The spatial-temporal variations of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in three riparian vegetation communities with different structures (open grassland (G), arbor-grass (AG) and arbor-shrub-grass (ASG) woodlands) were monitored under relatively stable environment. The removal percentages (RP) and ratios of PM2.5 and PM10 were calculated and compared to identify the removal effect of vegetation structures and the river’s presence. It is found that: (1) when the wind was static (hourly wind speed &lt; 0.2 m/s), the RP was ranked as follows: G &gt; AG &gt; ASG. When the wind was mild (0.2 m/s &lt; hourly wind speed &lt; 2 m/s), the RP was ranked as follows: G &gt; ASG &gt; AG. Generally, the G had the best removal effect during the monitoring period; (2) the lowest RP occurred in the middle of the G (–3.4% for PM2.5, 1.8% for PM10) while the highest RP were found in middle of the AG and ASG, respectively (AG: 2.1% for PM2.5, 6.7% for PM10; ASG: 2.4% for PM2.5, 6.3% for PM10). Vegetation cover changed the way of natural deposition and dispersion; (3) compared with static periods, PM removal percentages were significantly reduced under mild wind conditions, and they were positively correlated with wind speed during the mild-wind period. Thus, a piecewise function was inferred between wind speed and PM removal percentage; (4) for all three communities, the 1 m-to-river PM2.5/PM10 ratio was significantly lower than that at 6 m and 11 m, even lower than that in the ambient atmosphere. The river likely promoted the hygroscopic growth of PM2.5 and the generation of larger-sized particles by coagulation effect. Based on these findings, open grassland space is preferred alongside rivers and space for outdoor activities is suggested under canopies in the middle of woodlands.

The Effects of Yoga Practice on Practitioners' Environmental Behaviours &amp; Sustainability

Yoga philosophy includes ethical codes of conduct, guidelines, meditation and other practices that respect the Earth, its natural resources, humans and other living beings. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of yoga practice on practitioners' environmental behaviours and sustainability. A total of 195 adults (66 men and 129 women) from two cities in Greece participated in this study. The participants completed the General Environmental Responsible Behaviour scale (Zafeiroudi &amp; Hatzigeorgiadis, 2013) and provided additional information about their personal lifestyles, leisure activity preferences and frequency of participation in outdoor activities. Independent sample T-test analysis was used to investigate differences between practitioners' demographics and the General Environmental Responsible Behaviour scale as the dependent variable. The results indicated statistically significant differences in environmental behaviour scores among practitioners in different yoga demographics. On the basis of yoga philosophy, the study findings suggested that participation in yoga practices strengthens beliefs, behaviours and awareness regarding the environment. The individual values taught by the philosophy of yoga also foster friendlier attitudes and behaviours towards the environment. Moreover, the findings indicated that yoga practice might be an effective supplement and tool to promote green sustainable programs currently run by environmental and social organizations.

Examining family-based nature activities among Latinx students: contexts for reinforcing family relationships and cultural heritage

ABSTRACT There is a strong need to conduct research and inform practice related to increasing racial and ethnic diversity in the leisure field (Floyd and Stodolska [2019]. “Scholarship on Race and Ethnicity: Assessing Contributions to Leisure Theory and Practice.” Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 37 (1): 80–94). Using a routines and rituals framework, we explored how and why Latinx families spend time together outside. We collected qualitative data via an online questionnaire from 134 Latinx students from an urban, west coast university. Findings showed participants engaged in a variety of outdoor family traditions from routine walks, bike rides, and backyard activities to longer ritualized adventures in parks, beaches, and natural areas that reinforced family relationships and cultural heritage. Engagement in family-based nature activities provided opportunities to strengthen relationships, communicate meaningfully, and spend quality time together, given fewer technological distractions outdoors. Participants suggested focusing on improving existing outdoor spaces and community facilities, implementing more family-based community events, and creating educational campaigns to promote participation in outdoor activities.

The Effects of Yoga Practice on Practitioners' Environmental Behaviours &amp; Sustainability

Yoga philosophy includes ethical codes of conduct, guidelines, meditation and other practices that respect the Earth, its natural resources, humans and other living beings. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of yoga practice on practitioners' environmental behaviours and sustainability. A total of 195 adults (66 men and 129 women) from two cities in Greece participated in this study. The participants completed the General Environmental Responsible Behaviour scale (Zafeiroudi &amp; Hatzigeorgiadis, 2013) and provided additional information about their personal lifestyles, leisure activity preferences and frequency of participation in outdoor activities. Independent sample T-test analysis was used to investigate differences between practitioners' demographics and the General Environmental Responsible Behaviour scale as the dependent variable. The results indicated statistically significant differences in environmental behaviour scores among practitioners in different yoga demographics. On the basis of yoga philosophy, the study findings suggested that participation in yoga practices strengthens beliefs, behaviours and awareness regarding the environment. The individual values taught by the philosophy of yoga also foster friendlier attitudes and behaviours towards the environment. Moreover, the findings indicated that yoga practice might be an effective supplement and tool to promote green sustainable programs currently run by environmental and social organizations.

Identification of Disability Risk in Addition to Slow Walking Speed in Older Adults

Introduction: A cutoff speed of 1.0 m/s for walking at a comfortable pace is critical for predicting future functional decline. However, some older adults with walking speeds below the cutoff point maintain an independent living. We aimed to identify specific predictors of disability development in older adults with slow walking speeds in contrast to those with a normal walking speed. Methods: This prospective cohort study on 11,987 community-dwelling independent Japanese older adults (mean age, 73.6±5.4 years) was conducted between 2011 and 2015. Participants were classified into slow walking speed (comfortable walking speed slower than 1.0 m/s) and normal walking speed (speed of 1.0 m/s or faster) groups and followed up to assess disability incidence for 24 months after baseline assessments. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to identify predictors of disability development in the slow and normal walking groups. Results: Overall, 26.7% of participants had a slow walking speed. At follow-up, 11.3% and 2.7% of participants in the slow and normal walking groups, respectively, developed disability (p < 0.01). Cox regression models revealed that age (hazard ratio 1.08, 95% confidence interval 1.06–1.11), walking speed (0.10, 0.05–0.20), grip strength (0.97, 0.95–0.99), Parkinson’s disease (4.16, 2.05–8.44), and Symbol Digit Substitution Test (SDST) score (0.98, 0.96–1.00) were significantly associated with disability incidence in the slow walking group. In the normal walking group, age, grip strength, cognition, 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) score, and reduced participation in outdoor activity were significantly associated with disability incidence; however, there was no significant association with walking speed. Conclusions: Decreased walking speeds have considerably greater impact on disability development in older adults with a slow walking speed than in those with a normal walking speed. Health-care providers should explore modifiable factors for reducing walking speed; they should also encourage improvement of risk factors such as muscle weakness and depression to reduce disability risk in older adults with slow walking speeds.