Participation In Outdoor Activities Research Articles

From Social Media to the Outdoors: Exploring Messages That Connect With Underserved Urban Youth

Despite the mental and physical benefits of visiting natural areas, and increases in outdoor activity participation among U.S. youth overall in the past decade, outdoor access is skewed toward nonurban, nonminority populations. This environmental justice issue is particularly pronounced for minority youth in urban areas, such as the Los Angeles Basin. While decreased contact with nature has been associated with increased technology use, the popularity of new technologies and social media outlets presents novel opportunities to connect underserved urban youth with natural areas. Seven focus groups with 42 urban youth in the L.A. Basin explored underserved youth perspectives on connecting with nature, social media, and how social media can deliver nature-related messages of interest to this population. Content analysis revealed commonly preferred social media platforms and Web-based activities, and six themes related to participants’ perceptions of nature: unique experiences, escape, social connections, challenge, adventure, and accessibility. Subscribe to JOREL

The effects of a heat acclimation protocol in persons with spinal cord injury

Persons without spinal cord injury (SCI) physiologically acclimate between seven to fourteen consecutive days of exercise in the heat. Decreased resting and exercise core temperature, decreased heart rate, increased plasma volume and increased thermal comfort during exercise are changes consistent with heat acclimation. Autonomic dysfunction after SCI impairs heat dissipation through sweating and vasodilation. The purpose of this study is to determine if seven consecutive days of exercise in the heat would result in physiologic changes consistent with heat acclimation in persons with SCI. Ten persons with SCI divided into two groups: tetraplegia (n=5) and paraplegia (n=5) exercised in 35°C using an arm ergometer at 50% Wpeak for 30min followed by 15min rest. This protocol was repeated over seven consecutive days. Heart rate (HR), skin temperature, aural temperature (Taur), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), rate of perceived thermal strain (RPTS), and plasma volume (PV) were measured throughout the protocol. There were no significant differences in resting Taur exercise Taur, mean skin temperature, HR, PV, RPE or RPTS over the 7 days for either the tetraplegic or paraplegic group. Participants with SCI did not demonstrate the ability to dissipate heat more efficiently over 7 days of exercise at 35°C. The lack of heat acclimation seen in persons with SCI has implications for the athlete and non-athlete alike. For the SCI athlete, inability to acclimate will impair performance and endurance especially in warm environments, compared to the person without SCI. For the SCI non-athlete, there is a greater risk of heat-related illness in warm environments that can negatively affect participation in outdoor activities and thus quality of life.

Jiggers Detrimental To Pupils’ Outdoor Play Activities

This study intended to investigate the relationship between jigger infestation and participation at school by pre-primary and lower primary school children. The study was carried out in Gatundu South sub-county, which is one of the highly jigger infested zones in Kiambu County, Kenya. The specific objective of this study was to find out the level of participation in outdoor activity by pupils who were infested with jiggers. The Ecological systems theory was utilized and the descriptive survey design was employed. The population of the study comprised of pre-primary, lower primary school children and their class teachers from all the public schools in Gatundu South Sub-County. The sample size was eleven schools. Purposive sampling technique was applied to sample 44 jigger infested children in these schools. Forty-four pupils who were not infested were randomly sampled to be compared with those who were infested. The teachers handling pre-primary school and lower primary classes were also purposively sampled. Data was collected through the use of questionnaires for teachers, observations and document analysis. Qualitative and quantitative methods of data analysis were applied. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to prepare and organize data for analysis. Pearson’s correlation coefficient test was used to compute the relationship between the variables. Frequency distribution tables, percentages, and descriptions were utilized for data presentations. The study concluded that jiggers were a health hazard to the realization of pupils’ outdoor activities. The Pearson correlation coefficient indicated that jiggers significantly affected children’s play in outdoor activities at r =0.306 p = 0.043, n = 44. The study recommended that school managers liaise with health officials to treat those infested, carry out routine checkups on pupils and sensitize communities on the causes, dangers and preventive measures of the jigger parasite in order to help all children realize their full educational potential in life and especially in play because it enhances mental stimulation in children.

Environmental Factors Affecting Where People Geocache

Outdoor leisure activities are important for public health as well as family cohesiveness, yet environmental factors may easily affect someone’s ability to participate in such activities. We explored this with a focus on the social web-based treasure hunt game called Geocaching. We collected data on all US and Canadian geocaches from OpenCaching.com and conducted an online survey with twenty geocachers as a follow-up to our data analysis. Data analysis showed that geocaches were more often found in areas that were wealthier, better educated, younger, and more urban, and had higher population density and better weather. Survey results showed similar trends: Most people actively thought about where they would cache and tried to minimize risks, despite cache hiders thinking less about these concerns. These results further emphasize the importance of environmental factors when it comes to participation in outdoor activities and leads to Human–Computer Interaction design implications for location-based online social activities.

Outdoor activities and depressive symptoms in displaced older adults following natural disaster: community cohesion as mediator and moderator

Objectives: This investigation examined whether community cohesion mediates or moderates the relationship between outdoor activities and depressive symptoms in older adults displaced by Typhoon Morakot in Taiwan.Method: This cross-sectional study included 292 adults aged 65 years or older who were relocated to permanent houses after Typhoon Morakot damaged their homes on 8th August 2009. Multiple regression analysis was applied to test the role of community cohesion on the association between outdoor activities and depressive symptoms.Results: The sample of displaced older adults displayed higher prevalence of depressive symptoms than the average for community dwelling older people in Taiwan. Community cohesion fully mediated the relationship between outdoor activities and depressive symptoms. Community cohesion also moderated the relationship between outdoor activities and depressive symptoms.Conclusion: Community cohesion occupies a key role on the link between outdoor activities and depressive symptoms. Participation in outdoor activities was associated positively with community cohesion, while high community cohesion was related negatively to depressive symptoms. Additionally, the benefit of outdoor activities to fewer depressive symptoms only manifested in older adults with high community cohesion. Programs and services should be designed to enhance community cohesion in order to maximize the benefit of outdoor activities to the mental health of displaced older adults after natural disasters.

"I'd Rather Dance Outside": A Phenomenological Examination of Youth Experiences in Outdoor, Noncompetitive Physical Activity

Research has shown that youth with low levels of fitness or little interest in organized sports and traditional physical education are more likely to participate in noncompetitive outdoor physical activity. However, little is known about what influences youths’ decisions to participate in these activities. This study examined rural young adolescents’ experiences of participating in noncompetitive outdoor physical activity. In depth qualitative interviews were conducted with young adolescents aged 11-13 years (N = 24) from one rural middle school to elicit detailed descriptions of experiences of participation in outdoor physical activities. Interview transcripts were analyzed inductively and emergent themes related to young adolescents’ participation in outdoor, noncompetitive physical activity were identified. Twelve themes were categorized as either respondents’ relationship with the outdoors, activity preferences, and external conditions that determine participation. The results of the study indicate the presence of a complex dynamic relationship of social and physical environmental factors influencing young adolescents’ participation in outdoor activities. These include parental and peer influence, personal choice and enjoyment, spending time outdoors, appreciation for nature, availability of equipment, and previous experiences of participation. More research is needed to corroborate the results of the study and to better understand youths’ preferences for noncompetitive versus competitive physical activity.

Does Participation in Outdoor Activities Determine Residents’ Appreciation of Nature: A Case Study From the Great Barrier Reef, Australia

Different people engage in different activities for different reasons. This paper contributes to literature examining participation in various outdoor activities and its association with perceived importance of environmental values. Using data from a survey of more than 1500 residents living adjacent to the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area (GBRWHA) in Australia, we examine (1) residents’ participation and frequency of participation in a number of GBRWHA-related outdoor activities; (2) if a range of socio-economic characteristics played a role in determining participation in these activities; and (3) the linkages between participation in outdoor activities and a range of environmental values related to the GBRWHA. Going to the mainland beaches and swimming were reported as the most frequent activities. Males, residents with higher income, and those with the main household income from fishing and tourism industries, are more likely to participate in outdoor activities than others. There is a link between participation in activities and the perception of values. We found that occasional participation in an activity does not necessarily change perceptions of importance of the GBRWHA values. However, as frequency of participation increased, importance of some of the values also increased. Frequent participation in consumptive activities such as fishing was linked to higher appreciation of use values. However, with the non-consumptive uses, such as beach and island visitation, the association extends to a whole range of use and non-use values. Findings have implications for management as they indicate that frequent participants in outdoor recreation place higher importance on environmental values and may therefore stand as stronger environmental stewards than others.

Validation of the Greek Version of the Responsible Environmental Behavior Scale and Relationships with Participation in Outdoor Activities

Validation of the Greek Version of the Responsible Environmental Behavior Scale and Relationships with Participation in Outdoor Activities

EPA-1362 – Nature and mental health: to what extent can nature and outdoor activities improve the mental health of young people with depression?

Background Mental health problems affects one in four people, with the most common being depression with anxiety. Such conditions can often be detrimental to the individual in their socialising, education, relationships, general demeanour and outlook on life. In this poster we explore the effects of depression on young people (aged 16–25) and the self-management strategies used in overcoming depressive symptoms, with focus on the effectiveness of nature, outdoor activities and exercise. Introduction In this literature review we specifically choose the age group 16–25. We believe these ages are important in a person's life, as many people in this age range attend school and university (especially true for developed countries), and use this period to create their identity. Depression experienced in this age range can influence an individual's characteristics and social interactions, and so shape their future friendships and relationships. Method We looked into papers dealing with Natural therapies as early intervention in people diagnosed of depression/anxiety. Reliable information, relevant books, journals and websites were used, in addition to databases PsycINFO, Pubmed and ScienceDirect for online articles. We looked at effectiveness of self-management strategies. Song links have been made between exposure to natural environments and participation in outdoor activities. Results suggested that increasing exposure to natural environments helped alleviate depressive symptoms. Similarly, participation in outdoor activities- walking, cycling and organised group work proved successful. However, success in treatment was especially evident for the shortterm, so in order to achieve long-term recovery from depression, such activities are best carried out regularly.

Screen Smart: Evaluation of a Brief School Facilitated and Family Focused Intervention to Encourage Children to Manage Their Screen-Time

Background: Screen-time (ST) has been associated with child health. We designed a brief intervention (Screen Smart) based on social cognitive theory that targeted children and their parents to raise awareness of and support management of recreational screen-time. Key components were: 3 brief school lessons, a 10-day ‘homework’ passport, a one day turn-it-off challenge and two weeks of follow-up tracking. Our purpose was to examine the impact of Screen Smart on children’s knowledge, self-efficacy, and outcome expectancies, ST goals, ST, Physical Activity (PA) and sedentary time. Methods: We used mixed methods and randomly assigned 12 schools to Screen Smart or Usual Practice and recruited Grade 4 and 5 children. We used The Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) and accelerometers to measure PA and sedentary time and questionnaires assessed demographics, household environment (access and limits), knowledge, self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, ST and PA. We used Repeated Measures ANOVA to assess differences between groups over time and analyzed Passport entries qualitatively. Results: 368 children (mean age 9.8 years, S.D.=.585; 167 boys, 201 girls) consented. Screen-time knowledge and awareness of guidelines increased significantly (F=10.46, p<.001) and self-reported TV time decreased (F=3.81, p<.05) in the intervention condition. Screen Smart children absorbed key messages. Self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, ST goals and both self-reported and measured PAdecreased significantly in both groups over time. Home screen access increased significantly while ST limits didn’t change. Conversely, accelerometry showed that the intervention group became less physically active on weekends (F=5.75, p=.018). Seasonal reductions in organized sport and outdoor activity participation may have contributed. Conclusion: A brief school-facilitated ST intervention focused on students and families to enhance ST management had a modest impact on knowledge and self-reported TV time but not on computer use, gaming or physical activity. Enhanced dose may be required to change these behaviors.

Screen Smart: Evaluation of a Brief School Facilitated and Family Focused Intervention to Encourage Children to Manage Their Screen-Time

Background: Screen-time (ST) has been associated with child health. We designed a brief intervention (Screen Smart) based on social cognitive theory that targeted children and their parents to raise awareness of and support management of recreational screen-time. Key components were: 3 brief school lessons, a 10-day ‘homework’ passport, a one day turn-it-off challenge and two weeks of follow-up tracking. Our purpose was to examine the impact of Screen Smart on children’s knowledge, self-efficacy, and outcome expectancies, ST goals, ST, Physical Activity (PA) and sedentary time. Methods: We used mixed methods and randomly assigned 12 schools to Screen Smart or Usual Practice and recruited Grade 4 and 5 children. We used The Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) and accelerometers to measure PA and sedentary time and questionnaires assessed demographics, household environment (access and limits), knowledge, self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, ST and PA. We used Repeated Measures ANOVA to assess differences between groups over time and analyzed Passport entries qualitatively. Results: 368 children (mean age 9.8 years, S.D.=.585; 167 boys, 201 girls) consented. Screen-time knowledge and awareness of guidelines increased significantly (F=10.46, p<.001) and self-reported TV time decreased (F=3.81, p<.05) in the intervention condition. Screen Smart children absorbed key messages. Self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, ST goals and both self-reported and measured PAdecreased significantly in both groups over time. Home screen access increased significantly while ST limits didn’t change. Conversely, accelerometry showed that the intervention group became less physically active on weekends (F=5.75, p=.018). Seasonal reductions in organized sport and outdoor activity participation may have contributed. Conclusion: A brief school-facilitated ST intervention focused on students and families to enhance ST management had a modest impact on knowledge and self-reported TV time but not on computer use, gaming or physical activity. Enhanced dose may be required to change these behaviors.

Addressing physical inactivity in Omani adults: perceptions of public health managers.

To explore barriers and solutions to addressing physical inactivity and prolonged sitting in the adult population of Oman. Qualitative study involving semi-structured interviews that took place from October 2011 to January 2012. Participants were recruited through purposive sampling. Data collection and analysis was an iterative process; later interviews explored emerging themes. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed and continued until data saturation; this occurred by the tenth interviewee. Thematic content analysis was carried out, guided by an ecological model of health behaviour. Muscat, Oman. Ten mid-level public health managers. Barriers for physical inactivity were grouped around four themes: (i) intrapersonal (lack of motivation, awareness and time); (ii) social (norms restricting women's participation in outdoor activity, low value of physical activity); (iii) environment (lack of places to be active, weather); and (iv) policy (ineffective health communication, limited resources). Solutions focused on culturally sensitive interventions at the environment (building sidewalks and exercise facilities) and policy levels (strengthening existing interventions and coordinating actions with relevant sectors). Participants' responses regarding sitting time were similar to, but much more limited than those related to physical inactivity, except for community participation and voluntarism, which were given greater emphasis as possible solutions to reduce sitting time. Given the increasing prevalence of chronic disease in Oman and the Arabian Gulf, urgent action is required to implement gender-relevant public health policies and programmes to address physical inactivity, a key modifiable risk factor. Additionally, research on the determinants of physical inactivity and prolonged sitting time is required to guide policy makers.

Early-Life Outdoor Experiences and Involvement in Outdoor Recreational Activities in Adulthood: A Case Study of Visitors in Da-Keng, Taiwan

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between outdoor experiences in adolescence and outdoor activity involvement in adulthood, with the aim of determining which kinds of outdoor experiences could significantly influence outdoor activity involvement. According to a literature review, five variables appeared to be common in early-life outdoor experiences, including participating in outdoor activities with family and friends, participating alone, participating in outdoor activities provided by organizations, and extracurricular outdoor activities provided by schools. Data were collected from 800 participants in outdoor activities in the Da-Keng recreational area in Taiwan, with questionnaires asking about their level of activity involvement and their early-life outdoor experiences. The results revealed that there were three significantly predictive factors: participating in outdoor activities with parents, participating in outdoor activities with friends, and participating in outdoor activities provided by organizations. Based on these results, suggestions were made and discussed.

Impacts of Outdoor Activities, Demographic Variables and Emotional Intelligence on Life Satisfaction: An Econometric Application of a Case in Turkey

The purpose of this study is to examine and explain the impacts and directions of some outdoor activities as cycling, trekking and mountaineering/rock climbing and the other determinants as emotional intelligence (EQ), age, gender, marital status, education, monthly income, and occupation on life satisfaction (LS) level by linear regression model in Turkey. The Sampling group of this study consists of 1,719 persons who are mountaineers/rock climbers (n = 426, \( \overline{\text{X}} \)age = 36.12 ± 10.10), cyclists (n = 373, \( \overline{\text{X}} \)age = 31.36 ± 9.73), trekkers (n = 382, \( \overline{\text{X}} \)age = 39.92 SD = 10.30) and non participants in outdoor activities (n = 538, \( \overline{\text{X}} \)age = 31.78 ± 11.47). The exact number of mountaineers/rock climbers, cyclists and trekkers in Turkey is not known. In this study, sampling has been applied and an electronic questionnaire form has been sent to all members of mountaineering and cycling clubs under Turkish Mountaineering Federation and Turkish Cycling Federation. All the received survey answers have been assessed. Non participants of outdoor activities were selected randomly. To determine the EQ and LS level of Turkish mountaineers/rock climbers, cyclists, trekkers and the persons who are not interested in any of the outdoor activities, the Satisfaction with Life Scale which was developed by Diener et al. (J Person Assess 49:71–75, 1985) and during the assessment of EQ dimensions the scale by Chan (Pers Individ Differ 36: 1781–1795, 2004; Teach Teach Educ 22:1042–1054, 2006) was utilized. This study is a descriptive and a definitive research which uses Regression Model for LS and in order to analyze the data, the descriptive statistics such as frequency (f), percentage (%), average (M) and standard deviation (SD) were performed. As a result of this study, it was found that being a participant in outdoor activities as cycling, trekking and mountaineering/rock climbing, having a high monthly income, and being a woman, being coupled and/or married, being occupied, capability on emotion assessment and positive emotional management have positive impacts on LS and being a man, being single, being older, and emotions positively have negative impacts on LS.

Thermal comfort effects of urban design strategies in high-rise urban environments in a sub-tropical climate

Outdoor thermal comfort is associated with the usage pattern of urban open spaces. Thermally uncomfortable outdoor environments could discourage participation in outdoor activities and increase buildings' cooling energy consumption. This article evaluated the effects of various urban design strategies on summertime outdoor thermal conditions, focusing on applications of high-albedo pavement and vegetation. Field measurement was carried out in two high-rise residential quarters in Shanghai. The result of the measurement was used to interpret the numerical simulation. Numerical simulation using ENVI-met was then applied to examine a series of urban design strategies, using the physiological equivalent temperature (PET) as the thermal comfort index. The result shows that an increase of 0.4 in the ground surface albedo overall reduces the thermal comfort, as indicated by an increase of 5–7°C in PET during the day with a marginal decrease of less than 1°C at night. Increasing greenery cover, especially tree cover, improves thermal comfort during the whole period under evaluation. A reduction of up to 15°C in daytime PET is achieved by adding a dense tree cover (LAI = 6.4) over a grass lawn and up to 20°C by adding the tree cover over the hard pavement with an albedo of 0.2.

An experimental investigation of revealed environmental concern

This paper explores the determinants of revealed environmental concern. Specifically, the model proposed in this paper examines the connection between the willingness to sacrifice monetary well-being to support the environment and stated environmental concern, psychological predispositions, socio-economic and demographic characteristics, and pecuniary incentives. Empirical tests show that certain facets of stated environmental concern (such as New Environmental Paradigm, environmental-economic tradeoff, and participation in outdoor activities), psychological traits of trust and empathy, socio-demographic characteristics of gender and residence, as well as pecuniary incentives, including monetary benefits and opportunity costs, are good predictors of actual behavior in the revealed environmental concern experiment. The results support general external validity of environmental concern constructs. They also add to the discussion of what psychological factors drive individuals' actions benefiting the environment, which is of particular interest to environmental agencies and organizations. In addition, we find evidence of a common understanding of how much ought to be donated, as donations are less sensitive to external factors compared to actions based on monetary incentives. The results also demonstrate that an increase in the opportunity costs of donations leads to a very modest decrease in donations, which is good news for environmental agencies.

Six-year dialysis freedom in end-stage renal disease

Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) cannot sustain life in the absence of renal replacement therapy (RRT). However, a 4-year dialysis freedom with improved well-being has been reported in ESRD using a new therapeutic approach combining conservative measures and acacia gum (AG) supplementation. The aim of this paper is to report the achievement of 6-year dialysis freedom. During December 2001, six patients with ESRD and significant uremia that required at least one dialysis session to maintain life were enrolled in a clinical trial investigating the use of a new therapeutic approach combining conservative measures and AG supplementation aiming at improving well-being and providing patients with ESRD dialysis freedom. Three patients were treated with this approach. One patient complied with protocol for only 10 days and died after 6 months peritoneal dialysis. Two patients completed 1 year on this therapeutic regimen. Both patients reported improved well-being. Neither became acidotic nor uremic, and neither required dialysis during the 1 year of the study period. Both patients maintained serum creatinine and urea levels not previously achieved without dialysis. The other three patients were managed with intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD). All died within less than 6 months. Of the two surviving patients on AG supplementation, one patient stopped AG supplementation after 1 year and died within 1 month despite IPD. The other patient continued to be treated with this novel approach and continued to experience improved well-being and dialysis freedom. The aim of this paper is to report the achievement of 6-year dialysis freedom in this patient. During 6 years of therapy the girl continued in experiencing improved well-being and good participation in outdoor activities. Mild uremic symptoms occurred only during periods of noncompliance. Periods of decreased compliance with pharmacologic therapies were associated with anemia and renal osteodystrophy and some degree genue vulgum has resulted. It was possible to address ESRD in this particular patient as a disease process that can be treated by totally different medical treatment approaches without the use of either chronic dialysis or transplant.

Outdoor Recreation, Health, and Wellness: Understanding and Enhancing the Relationship

The research literature on outdoor recreation as it relates to human health is vast and growing. To help policymakers take new and emerging findings into account when designing recreation and park services and initiatives for the 21st century, this paper summarizes the salient issues and identifies research gaps. It considers how being outside in natural surroundings may improve health and how outdoor physical activities benefit participants. Particular attention is given to children’s health problems that can be mitigated through outdoor play, sports, and nature study. The paper describes approaches to measuring physical activity and recent trends in park visitation and outdoor activity participation. It looks at variables that affect participation in outdoor activities and considers the projected demographic changes that will affect policymaking in this arena. The findings of this literature review point to potential new directions for outdoor recreation policy, as well as new policy questions to be explored.

The role of social capital in predicting and promoting ‘feelings of responsibility’ for local environmental issues in an Australian community

Engaging individuals and communities with environmental sustainability initiatives is an international public policy priority, with recent research focused on understanding the role and value of social capital in fostering environmental responsibility and action. This article investigates the extent to which socio-demographic factors, participation in outdoor activities and eight distinct elements of social capital predict ‘ feelings of responsibility’ for local environmental issues in a drought-prone, urban Australian community. Most residents felt some responsibility for addressing environmental issues, with logistic regression analyses revealing that the ‘neighbourhood connections’ element of social capital was a key predictor of water and community responsibility. Conversely, residents who scored higher on the ‘feelings of trust’ and ‘safety’ elements of social capital were less likely to report feeling responsible for water conservation and keeping the neighbourhood clean. Such contradictory findings highlight how different dimensions of social capital may either enable or hinder sustainability. Overall, this research indicates that building specific aspects of social capital might be an effective environmental education and engagement strategy, one that could work at the local level to promote feelings of environmental responsibility and, potentially, foster environmentally sustainable attitudes and behavioural change.

Conflict in the Indian Kashmir Valley I: exposure to violence

BackgroundIndia and Pakistan have disputed ownership of the Kashmir Valley region for many years, resulting in several conflicts since the end of partition in 1947. Very little is known about the prevalence of violence and insecurity in this population.MethodsWe undertook a two-stage cluster household survey in two districts (30 villages) of the Indian part of Kashmir to assess experiences with violence and mental health status among the conflict-affected Kashmiri population. The article presents our findings for confrontations with violence. Data were collected for recent events (last 3 months) and those occurring since the start of the conflict. Informed consent was obtained for all interviews.Results510 interviews were completed. Respondents reported frequent direct confrontations with violence since the start of conflict, including exposure to crossfire (85.7%), round up raids (82.7%), the witnessing of torture (66.9%), rape (13.3%), and self-experience of forced labour (33.7%), arrests/kidnapping (16.9%), torture (12.9%), and sexual violence (11.6%). Males reported more confrontations with violence than females, and had an increased likelihood of having directly experienced physical/mental maltreatment (OR 3.9, CI: 2.7–5.7), violation of their modesty (OR 3.6, CI: 1.9–6.8) and injury (OR 3.5, CI: 1.4–8.7). Males also had high odds of self-being arrested/kidnapped (OR 8.0, CI: 4.1–15.5).ConclusionThe civilian population in Kashmir is exposed to high levels of violence, as demonstrated by the high frequency of deliberate events as detention, hostage, and torture. The reported violence may result in substantial health, including mental health problems. Males reported significantly more confrontations with almost all violent events; this can be explained by higher participation in outdoor activities.