Outdated Term Research Articles

Stroke is Not an Accident: An Integrative Review on the Use of the Term 'Cerebrovascular Accident'.

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is an outdated term for describing stroke as it implies stroke is an accident. We conducted an integrative review to determine use of CVA in terms of 1) frequency in major medical journals over time; 2) associated publication characteristics (e.g., number of authors, senior author country, topic); and 3) frequency in medical records. We searched Google Scholar for publications in leading neurology and vascular journals (Quartile 1) across two 5-year periods (1998-2002 and 2018-2022) using the terms "cerebrovascular accident" or "CVA." Two reviewers independently reviewed full-text publications and recorded the frequency of CVA use. Rates of use (per 1,000 articles/year) were calculated for each journal and time period. Associations of publication characteristics with CVA use were determined using multivariable logistic regression models. In addition, admission and discharge forms in the Auckland Regional Community Stroke Study (ARCOS V) were audited for frequency of use of the term CVA. Of the 1,643 publications retrieved, 1,539 were reviewed in full. Of these, CVA was used ≥1 time in 676 publications, and ≥2 times in 276 publications (129 in 1998-2002; 147 in 2018-2022). The terms CVA and stroke both appeared in 57% of publications where CVA was used ≥2 times in 1998-2002, compared to 65% in 2018-2022. Majority of publications were on the topic of stroke (22% in 1998-2002; 20% in 2018-2022). There were no associations between publication characteristics and the use of CVA. The highest rate of CVA use in 2018-2022 was in Circulation, and increased over time from 1.3 uses per 1,000 publications in 1998-2002 to 1.8 uses per 1,000 publications in 2018-2022. The largest reduction the use of CVA was in Neuroepidemiology (2.0 uses per 1,000 publications in 1998-2002 to 0 uses in 2018-2022). The term CVA was identified in 0.2% of stroke admission and discharge forms audited (17/7808). We found evidence of changes in the use of CVA in the scientific literature over the past two decades. Editors, authors and clinicians should avoid the use of the term CVA as it perpetuates the use of a non-specific, non-diagnostic, and non-scientific term.

El doblete correcto/correcho y sus derivados en la diacronía del español

Abstract Alongside the evolutionary phenomena that arose in the transition from Latin to Romance, there were educated reactions that rescued the original voices to accommodate them, with minor adjustments, to the systems of the Romance languages, at the same time as the patrimonial words, evolved from the same etymons, managed to stay in the spoken register and from there passed to the linguistic system. Such processes gave rise to the development of doublets in the language, pairs of duplicates that, from a common etymological base, gave different results, such as the one formed by the correcto/correcho pair, whose history and geographical distribution (with the exclusive presence of the patrimonial result correcho in the provinces of León and Asturias) itself illustrates phonological processes that, on occasion, go beyond the territorial boundaries established by historical grammars. The derivative adjective escorrecho is related to these words, which enjoyed remarkable vitality in the 13th century and began to decline later until it fell into oblivion, since the Dictionary of Authorities (1929) already defines it as an outdated term whose appearance in lexicographical works does not exceed the margins of the first half of the 19th century. The processes that led to these evolutions will be explained in the present study with the support of databases on Spanish and the main tools of our lexicographical tradition.

The multifaceted phenotypic and genotypic spectrum of type-IV-collagen-related nephropathy-A human genetics department experience.

Disease-causing variants in COL4A3-5 are associated with type-IV-collagen-related nephropathy, a genetically and phenotypically multifaceted disorder comprising Alport syndrome (AS) and thin basement membrane nephropathy (TBMN) and autosomal, X-linked and a proposed digenic inheritance. Initial symptoms of individuals with AS are microscopic hematuria followed by proteinuria leading to kidney failure (90% on dialysis < age 40 years). In contrast, individuals with TBMN, an outdated histology-derived term, present with microscopic hematuria, only some of them develop kidney failure (>50 years of age). An early diagnosis of type-IV-collagen-related nephropathy is essential for optimized therapy and slowing of the disease. Sixty index cases, in whom exome sequencing had been performed and with disease-causing variant(s) in COL4A3-5, were evaluated concerning their clinical tentative diagnosis and their genotype. Of 60 reevaluated individuals with type-IV-collagen-related nephropathy, 72% had AS, 23% TBMN and 5% focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) as clinical tentative diagnosis. The FSGS cases had to be re-classified as having type-IV-collagen-related nephropathy. Twelve percent of cases had AS as clinical tentative diagnosis and a monoallelic disease-causing variant in COL4A3/4 but could not be classified as autosomal dominant AS because of limited or conflicting clinical data. This study illustrates the complex clinical and genetic picture of individuals with a type IV-collagen-related nephropathy indicating the need of a refined nomenclature and the more interdisciplinary teamwork of clinicians and geneticists as the key to optimized patient care.

Disorders of gut-brain interaction: Highly prevalent and burdensome yet under-taught within medical education.

Background and ObjectiveTo determine the population prevalence and associated health impairment of disorders of gut‐brain interaction (DGBI) across Great Britain, and the emphasis placed upon them within medical education.MethodsAn Internet‐based cross‐sectional health survey was completed by 1906 general population adults across Great Britain without self‐reported organic GI disease. The survey enquired for demographics, symptom‐based criteria for Rome IV DGBI, healthcare use, non‐GI somatic symptoms, and quality of life. As a separate analysis, we evaluated which DGBI are considered core knowledge at undergraduate medical school level and post‐graduate specialization level for Gastroenterologists and General Practitioners.ResultsThe overall prevalence of DGBI across Great Britain was 37%, being similar for England (37%), Scotland (33%), and Wales (36%); p = 0.66. There was no difference between English regions (range 33%–43%, p = 0.26). The prevalence of DGBI was highest in those aged 18–40 years (40%), then 40–64 years (37%), and least amongst those ≥65 years (29%); p < 0.001. The most common DGBI were bowel disorders (30%), followed by gastroduodenal (10.5%), anorectal (8.1%) and oesophageal disorders (6.2%). Individuals with DGBI were significantly more likely than those without DGBI to have increased GI‐related healthcare visits, medication use, surgical interventions, non‐GI somatic symptoms, and reduced quality of life. One‐in‐three people with DGBI had multiple GI organ regions involved and this correlated with increased health impairment (p < 0.001).The only DGBI mentioned across all medical training curricula is irritable bowel syndrome, while the General Practitioner and Gastroenterology Curricula also recognise the outdated term non‐ulcer dyspepsia (as opposed to functional dyspepsia). The 2010 Gastroenterology Curriculum also includes functional constipation and disordered defecation, with the incoming 2022 iteration adding in functional upper GI syndromes, functional abdominal pain, and opioid‐induced GI disturbances.ConclusionDisorders of gut‐brain interaction are common across Great Britain and incur substantial health impairment. However, they are generally under‐taught within the British medical education system. Increasing awareness and education of disorders of gut‐brain interaction might improve patient outcomes.

An Expert Roundtable Discussion on Experiences of Autistic Autism Researchers.

An Expert Roundtable Discussion on Experiences of Autistic Autism Researchers.

Principles of implementation of organ preservation activities in a donor hospital

The implementation of organ transplantation programs in our country is far from perfect. Many regions do not have transplantation centers, in many regions the work on organ donation is not carried out. Intensification of this vital work is of key importance – the need for organ transplantation remains unfulfilled in many regions of the Russian Federation by 70–90 %. The activity on organ donation must be realized with strict administrative control and administrative stimulation. It does not represent the sphere of interests of particular transplantologists. It is a strategically important task, the implementation of which should be carried out at the state level. The key importance in the implementation of organ transplantation program is the hospital where the potential donor is located, identified and accompanied. In the literature and daily practice the outdated term “donor base” is often used, the use of which we consider unacceptable. The donor hospital is a spring, a source of life, the work in which has a key, starting character.

Indiana Trainwreck: The Separation Generation, Vol. 1: Divisions in Indiana Quaker Communities Over Inclusion of Homosexuals, Church Authority, Christ &amp; The Bible 2008–2013 by Stephen W. Angell and Chuck Fager

Reviewed by: Indiana Trainwreck: The Separation Generation, Vol. 1: Divisions in Indiana Quaker Communities Over Inclusion of Homosexuals, Church Authority, Christ & The Bible 2008–2013 by Stephen W. Angell and Chuck Fager Andrew S. Taylor Indiana Trainwreck: The Separation Generation, Vol. 1: Divisions in Indiana Quaker Communities Over Inclusion of Homosexuals, Church Authority, Christ & The Bible 2008–2013. By Stephen W. Angell and Chuck Fager. Durham, North Carolina: Quaker Theology 2020. xiv+ 252 pp. Notes, and index. Paper $13.95 This collection of articles, previously published in Quaker Theology, catalogues in almost real time the theological debates within Indiana Yearly Meeting that resulted in roughly a quarter of its meetings being released and ultimately forming the New Association of Friends. The first Quaker schism in Indiana since 1857 was sparked by West Richmond Meeting recording and posting to their website a minute “welcoming and affirming” gay members. Angell demonstrates that the fight over sexuality served as a proxy war for deeper disagreements over Biblical inerrancy and the authority of Yearly Meetings to define the policies and practices of Monthly Meetings, and the volume accordingly focuses less on the usual scriptural and theological debates surrounding gay marriage than the Quaker decision-making processes (or lack thereof) that culminated in the split. His opening essay that provides the historical and theological context for the debates over sexuality is one of the volume’s best. Angell proceeds to marshal documentary evidence supporting his thesis that the division represented less a gradual but necessary separation than a purge of non-conforming meetings by the fundamentalist leadership within IYM. Angell provides numerous instances in which both the letter and spirit of Quaker procedural processes were violated by the IYM and its superintendent David Shoemaker in particular—e.g., clerks claiming to discern a “sense” of meetings in which participants felt no sense was to be found, the use of voting to decide contentious issues, and the inconsistent concern for violations of the [End Page 94] body’s Faith and Practice along political lines. Though this broad thesis is discernable, the editing of the volume leaves much to be desired. Angell and Fager are listed as co-authors even though the vast majority of the articles are written by Angell, and Stephanie Crumley-Effinger contributed more words than Fager, who I assume is a co-editor rather than-author. The volume consists of a confusing mix of journal articles, editor’s introductions to previous issues of Quaker Theology, and primary sources that move chronologically but with no curation. A longer introduction that included a plan for the book could have solved many of these issues. The volume would have benefited immensely from even a basic proofread, as Wikipedia is often cited as a source, and typos and spelling errors abound. (At one point the reader is directed to “Error! Bookmark not defined.”) The titular reference to the outdated term “homosexuals” is similarly cringeworthy. A brief word on tone is also in order. Academics are likely to be uncomfortable with Angell’s explicit invocation of prayer for particular outcomes, and though this reviewer shares much of the theology and political agenda of the editors, their obvious sympathies with the New Association are likely to alienate theologically-conservative readers, even if their documentary evidence is undeniable. Similarly, the authors assume a familiarity with Quaker practices and organizations that will be no issue for folks who have encountered this review in Quaker History, but will present an insurmountable barrier for academics outside the field, limiting the volume’s potential use to specialists in Quakerism rather than historians of American religion or the gay rights movement. Indiana Trainwreck is a timely contribution, as similar splits are cropping up throughout Quaker and Christian communities across America, but its ultimate destiny is perhaps to serve as a collection of primary sources for future histories on denominational schisms over gay marriage. [End Page 95] Andrew S. Taylor University of Virginia Copyright © 2021 Friends Historical Association

The Meaning of Biopolitics in the Age of Numerical Revolution

Marshall McLuhan, in the 1960s, coined the well-known phrase “the world is a global village” at a time when the Internet did not exist, and new communication and media technologies were about to transform the world into a planetary village via interconnection. However, McLuhan may not have anticipated that accelerated technological advances would be made possible by communication without a “physical mediator-factor” and that the utilitarian and instrumental dimension of communication would give way to cultural and social domination and manipulation. In the numerical age, Foucault’s notion of “bio-politics” as a system of complete control and regulation of the body and life by means of science and technology is, at first glance, an outdated term, belonging to the past of modern, biopolitical and repressive societies. The numerical control is today based on a deep urge for individual and narcissistic exhibitionism in the new expository society.

The Land of Letter-Lovers: The Year in the Netherlands

The Land of Letter-LoversThe Year in the Netherlands Monica Soeting (bio) In comparison with the US and the UK, the term "life writing" came to the Netherlands rather late. It wasn't until the first years of the twenty-first century that it was introduced to Dutch readers in publications like Marijke Huisman's 2008 book Publieke levens: Autobiografieën op de Nederlandse boekenmarkt 1850–1918 and in Dutch journals like Biografie Bulletin and De Gids. Yet the term is still being contested by Dutch biography scholars Hans Renders and Binne de Haan of the University of Groningen. Renders sees "life writers" as idealistic therapists who want to offer "retrospective justice" by sustaining "overwhelming attention for the deprived in history" ("Biography in Academia" 172) like "women, coloured people, homosexuals, victims of the Holocaust, and so on" (170), in order to "show that the authors of these autobiographical documents were victimised by their social context" (169). "Life writing," De Haan writes, thus can only be described as "subjective identity politics" (194), in which "Life Writers" use documents and other texts as "vehicles for emancipation" (186). However, most Dutch scholars find no problem in using "life writing" as an umbrella term, i.e., in the sense Sidonie Smith and Julia Watson have defined it in their renowned book Reading Autobiography: "a general term for writing that takes a life, one's own or another's, as its subject" (4). Outside the academy, the term "life writing" is still largely unknown to the general reading public in the Netherlands. Moreover, the catalogue of the Koninklijke Bibliotheek (KB), the National Library of the Netherlands, which holds copies of all books published in the Netherlands, does not use "life writing" as an index term; searching the KB website for "life writing" only turns up book titles containing the words "life" and/or "writing." This doesn't help to popularize "life writing" as an umbrella term. Therefore, to assess the lifewriting publications that hit the Dutch book market in 2019, one must search the KB catalogue for all the different genres that one would consider part of life writing, such as biographies, autobiographies, memoirs, diaries, and collections of letters. [End Page 137] To start with "biography" as a search word, the KB catalogue shows no more than ten books published by Dutch and Flemish authors in the Netherlands in 2019, which does not reflect the actual number. The KB catalogue does not categorize as "biography" one of the most interesting and enjoyable Dutch biographies published last year: Verhalen van de drakendochter by Willem Gerritsen, a book about the life and work of internationally renowned Dutch literary scholar and the second Dutch professor of Celtic Studies, Maartje Draak (1907–1995), of whom Gerritsen was a student. Instead, the book is categorized as "levensbeschrijving" (literally, "life description"), an outdated term, which is also used for several biographies of male politicians, like Chris Hietland's dissertation about Dutch socialist politician André van der Louw, Mathijs van de Waardt's biography of nineteenth-century liberal politician Dirk Donker Curtius, and the biographies of famous prime ministers, Joop den Uyl and Wim Kok, by Dik Verkuil and Marnix Krop, respectively. Also listed as "levensbeschrijving" are the biographies of two male scientists: a life history of R. P. Cleveringa by sociologist Kees Schuyt, and a biography of Franz Joseph Gall by Theo Mulder. In the "stories of the dragon's daughter" ("draak" is Dutch for "dragon"), Draak's self-fashioning, self-presentation, and representation as one of the very few Dutch female professors in the fifties and sixties of the twentieth century take center stage. In this regard, the biography complies with the elements of what Dutch historian Mineke Bosch calls the "new biography" in her article "Persona en de performance van identiteit," published in the unfortunately no longer existing biography journal Tijdschrift voor biografie in 2012. Bosch writes, "In de nieuwe biografie wordt afscheid […] genomen van het zoeken naar de crux van een leven in termen van (jeugd)trauma's en geheimen onder invloed van het twintigste-eeuwse psychoanalytische complex" [The new biography takes leave of searching for the crux of a life in terms of (youth) traumata and...

ORIGINS OF THE UKRAINIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE POLISH HYPOTHESIS ON GENESIS POLISH LITERARY LANGUAGE

The analysis of discussions, regarding the creation of the Polish has become a powerful stimulus for creating a completely new point of view on the beginnings of the Ukrainian language.This article proposes a new approach to research into Ukrainian standard. This term - much better than the somewhat outdated term literary language, suggesting a certain artistry of the author's utterance - is, however, still used in parallel with the generally accepted term language.The authors start from the theory created by Stanislaw Urbanczyk and developed by Bohdan Walczak, according to which one can speak about language with the emergence of the first norm.The norm of the Ukrainian language has undoubtedly been created for many centuries and taking into account various cultural influences. However, undoubtedly its origins can be traced back to the period of Kyivian Rus. Similarly to Latin for Polish the Church Slavonic language for Ukrainian became an incentive to create one's own standard. The process of shaping the Polish and Ukrainian standards, however, was not the same.Incomprehensible to the ancestors of today's Poles, Latin forced the creation of a completely separate system that only used Latin lexis.Not completely understood by the ancestors of today's Ukrainians, for some time Church Slavonic language was a sufficient means of expression. However, from the very beginning (i.e. from the 11th-11th centuries) there are visible attempts to adapt this language to local pronunciation, which can be treated as the first attempts to create a general language norm.The oldest texts in the Church Slavonic language reflect the most characteristic features of the Ukrainian which today are the norm of the language. In this approach, they should be treated as the oldest monuments of the Ukrainian language.

47 Respite Care for People with Dementia and their Carers: A Qualitative Study with Multiple Stakeholders

Abstract Background Traditional models of respite, particularly those based within residential care settings, may not always be effective, and there is evidence of low acceptability for some people with dementia and carers. The aim of this study was to synthesise multiple stakeholders’ experiences of respite services for dementia and their perspectives on respite service development. Methods Purposive sampling was employed. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 35 key stakeholders, including people with dementia (n=6), carers (n=9), front-line staff (n=7), managers (n=8), policy-makers/academics (n=5). Data were interpreted inductively using thematic analysis, with a focus on latent patterns of meaning. Results Three salient themes were identified (‘Phases of Transition’, ‘Person-centred Respite Care’; and ‘Recalibrating Respite’). Three distinct phases of respite transitions for people with dementia and carers are discussed. Respite services that actively support transitions through empathic communication regarding clients’ concerns, support needs and preferences are highly valued. Clients described care resembling a ‘person-centred’ approach as their ideal, without using that term, but people with dementia do not always experience this type of care. The majority of providers indicated that they provide ‘person-centred care’, but many demonstrated a poor understanding of the concept; many of these providers have a biomedical view of dementia and the personhood status of people with dementia. Regarding service development, clients would prefer more choice, flexibility and responsiveness, including a shift away from residential provision towards an integrated continuum of personalised, strengths-focused community-based and in-home supports. Conclusion Any recalibration of respite towards a home/community focus will require a transformation in how dementia is constructed by society, as well as a significant financial investment. Other implementation considerations include: staffing and staff competency; and the co-ordination, integration and regulation of personalised, home-based care models. Finally, it may be necessary to replace the outdated term ‘respite’ with an alternative nomenclature that is not discordant with person-centred care principles.

Surgical anatomy of the pelvis: role of parametrium

Parametrium is a unique structure. Its definition has undergone significant changes throughout the evolution of concepts on the anatomy, embryology, and surgery of the pelvis. Knowledge of the parametrium anatomy is very important not only for surgeons dealing with the female reproductive system, but also for surgeons involved in the treatment of rectal cancer. For example, an outdated anatomical term “lateral ligaments of the rectum” is still widely used by gynecologic oncologists and is considered as a part of the parametrium. Combination surgeries for rectal cancer in women often involve the structures of parametrium. This paper reviews the history of studying the parametrium, its embryology, evolution of anatomical concepts, and their association with the development of pelvic surgery. We also propose allocating additional layers of the parametrium in order to make anatomical description closer to surgical practice.

2142. Understanding Errors in Sterile Processing of Surgical Instruments That Lead to Need for Immediate Use Sterilization in the Operating Room

Background“Flash sterilization”, an outdated term for immediate-use sterilization. Immediate use is broadly defined as the shortest possible time between a sterilized item’s removal from the sterilizer and its aseptic transfer to the sterile field for use in the procedure for which it was sterilized, but at our institution, immediate-use sterilization of individual unwrapped objects has a very specific definition: this is a vacuum sterilization performed in a pre-vacuum sterilizer (as opposed a gravity displacement steam sterilizer) with a complete cycle composed of a 4-minute exposure time at 275°F followed by a 16 minute dry time. This process was initially intended for a single instrument (e.g., a one of a kind item that may have been dropped during the surgical procedure). Although efforts to minimize flash sterilization at our institution have been successful (we saw only 11 instances in February, 2018), immediate-use sterilization remains common in some operating rooms (OR).MethodsWe performed a prospective 30-day study in our sterile processing department (SPD) of the causes of surgical tray errors, which result in need for immediate-use sterilization in the OR. Mistakes were categorized as tray assembly errors, sterilization mistakes, and cart or other errors.ResultsOver 30 days, 17,348 trays were processed in our SPD department for a total of 1,868 surgical procedures. During this time a total of 86 errors were identified: 38 assembly errors (e.g., 10 trays with missing or incorrect instruments and 10 trays with improper filter placement); 30 sterilization errors (17 documentation errors); 10 case cart mistakes (four missing trays); and eight mistakes categorized as other.ConclusionWe have identified two key opportunities for improvement in tray assembly in our SPD to decrease the need for immediate use sterilization. Recognition of the causes of surgical tray defects can help identify opportunities to decrease errors that result in need for immediate use sterilization.Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Women in the Qur’an: An Emancipatory Reading

Women in the Qur’an: An Emancipatory Reading

Women in the Qur’an: An Emancipatory Reading

Women in the Qur’an: An Emancipatory Reading

From “Learning disability to intellectual disability”—Perceptions of the increasing use of the term “intellectual disability” in learning disability policy, research and practice

Accessible summary: “Learning disability” replaced the outdated term, “mentally handicapped” in the UK over 20 years ago. Recently, some services and professionals have been using the term “intellectual disability” instead. In America, “intellectual disability” has been chosen to replace the old term, “mental retardation.” There has been lots of explanation why this has happened. In the UK, there has not been much explanation. It is important to know what terms mean and why they are being used because their use affects the lives of people with learning disabilities. This article looks at what different people in the UK think about term “intellectual disability.” AbstractBackgroundThe term “intellectual disability” is increasingly used to refer to people with learning disabilities in British learning disability policy, practice and research. This change is undoubtedly a reflection of the changing international context. The inclusion of the term “intellectual disability” has been particularly pronounced in countries such as the USA. By contrast, this change has been relatively silent in England.MethodsIn light of this, the paper explores the discussions of 12 focus groups conducted with professional and lay groups working in or influencing learning disability research and practice in England. Each focus group was asked the following two questions: Have you heard of the term “intellectual disability” and how do you feel about the term “intellectual disability?.”Discussion and ConclusionThematic analysis of the discussions identified four dominant themes: dislike and disbelief; ambiguity; tautology; and fear. It is concluded that more explanation is required in order for researchers and practitioners in England to understand this semantic change.

HISTORICAL VIEW OF HYSTERIA

Conversion disorders – this group of diseases are common and may occur not only neurologists` and a psychiatrists`, also in general practice. This expression was known as hysteria in the past. “Hysteria” – is outdated term. Nowadays it is taken off from the classification and is substituted as “conversion” disorders, functional disorders “dissociation”, mental, psychological disorders. Hysteria originates from the Greek word for womb, uterus – hystera; by Hippocrat and he confessed the importance of woman sexual spheres in the etiology of this ailment. In the middle of ХIХ century the scientists such as W.Hovers, P.Janet, J.M.Charcot, Z.Freyd, J.Binsvanger and others had done more for the investigation of hysteria. First scientific research work was written by Paul Brike in 1859. Until the ХIХ century origin of hysteria was associated with woman sexual spheres. At the end of ХIХ, in the beginning XX century was formed imaginations taking place on consciouness. Since 80th years of XX century the scientific investigations are researched by scientists and going on nowadays.

Academics and Imaginary Communities

There is more than a verbal tie between image, imagine, and imaginary to steal from the memorable association that John Dewey made in Democracy and Education (1916) between common, community, and communication. The choice of word sets here is neither accidental nor incidental: The tie between them has been given us by Benedict Anderson. His Imagined Communities (1983) has captured the imagination of academics, who have found his tale of nation-states cum communities a satisfying explanation of what has been otherwise a source of irritation, if not disdain. The notion of community has been out of favor among social scientists generally and among communication scholars in particular since the heyday of University of Chicago community studies. It is now academically fashionable to consider community a stifling regime of conformity, an outdated god term of progressivism, and too laden with positive baggage to be of analytical value.Clay Carey, however, puts community squarely before us for re-consideration. With Anderson's Imagined Communities as his guide, Carey invites us to imagine how the Amish and Mennonites who subscribe to a nationally distributed newspaper achieve a transcendent virtual community. Finessing Anderson's account, Carey describes The Budget, a 125-year-old weekly newspaper with a stable circulation of 18,000, as creating a community out of a religious diaspora rather than out of a nation-state. Its readers' identification with mostly strangers across distance derives from the newspaper's expression of shared values of faith, tradition, and social cohesion. Letters from scribes representing local settlements display the ongoing and reassuring routines of community life.Carey's respectful if uncritical description of the role of the newspaper and of the communal life it purports to represent provides us a set of challenges for understanding community and the news. Is a newspaper all it takes to pull off community in the minds and hearts of strangers? Do communities exist only in our imaginations without any material standing? How do we as scholars imagine the communities invoked and experienced by others? How do they, Amish and Mennonites, read this newspaper, both literally and figuratively, and what functions do they ascribe to it? Would they agree they are part of an imagined community? Are any of the grounds for community that are practiced locally and displayed in the newspaper contested or resisted? To explore these questions, we need to turn to some other thinking about communities and newspapers to see where they lead.Ontical CommunitiesThinking of community as a sense of shared identity achieved through the imagination, as Anderson does, has led to some academics who have appropriated Anderson's usage to apply it wholesale, too often without sufficient reflection or nuance. The material world, including our bodies, disappears from consideration when community is considered to be, in essence, all in our heads. Geographic and other tangible markers of shared identity can be ignored, which accords the concept a peculiar and unique status among other descriptors of social formations. One is hard-pressed to consider terms such as imagined capitalism or imagined racism or imagined democracy as adequate for these complex, multi-layered meanings that are experienced and put into practice in the material world. Why then community? As a result, Carey's invocation of Anderson as his almost sole explanation for the effect of The Budget on its readers short-changes the analysis. Carey himself claims to be demonstrating how an imagined community comes about by undertaking his own close reading of the newspaper. Carey, however, has grounds for a more original analysis of the connection between material, geographic communities and collective and individual identities across time and space than Anderson can offer.James Mackin's Community Over Chaos: An Ecological Perspective on Communication Ethics (1997) provides a counter view to Anderson's too simplistic imagined communities. …

Osseous Dysplasia with Gross Jaw Expansion: A Review of 18 Lesions.

Fourteen cases with 18 grossly expansive lesions diagnosed over a period of 15years as either "familial gigantiform cementoma" or "osseous dysplasia with jaw expansion" in an African population sample were reviewed. Eight lesions occurred in the anterior mandible, the maxilla was affected by four, three patients presented with more than one lesion and the most common associated pathologies were tooth displacement, conventional non expanding florid osseous dysplasia and simple bone cyst. No history of similar lesions in relatives of the diseased were recorded. The radiolucent fibrous component contained globular bone deposits and cellular osteoid with trabecular differentiation which matured into radiodense mineralized masses. Resorption of the cellular bone created cavities which are proposed to represent the early stage of simple bone cyst formation. It is recommended that "expansive osseous dysplasia" replace the out-dated term "familial gigantiform cementoma". The differential diagnoses of expansive osseous dysplasias are discussed.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Kidney Injury in Pediatrics

The term acute kidney injury (AKI) has replaced the outdated term acute renal failure throughout the literature and clinical practice. The term “injury” highlights the spectrum of organ injury that may occur and reflects the fact that even small changes in serum creatinine (rise of 0.3 mg/dL) can be associated with adverse outcomes. A major advance in the field of AKI research has been the development of standardized staged definitions of AKI that allow for comparison of incidence, prevalence, and outcomes across studies. The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) AKI definition represents the most recent consensus definition which is currently recommended for use in pediatric populations. Utilization of standard AKI definitions has made it clear that AKI occurs often in hospitalized patients and is associated with adverse short-term and long-term outcomes (hospital length of stay, mortality, subsequent chronic kidney disease). Awareness of the impact of AKI has resulted in increased efforts to understand, diagnose, prevent, and manage AKI earlier in the course of illness. While attempts at finding a treatment for AKI have been unsuccessful, largely due to the lack of sensitivity of the primary biomarker, serum creatinine, there have been many major advances in this field over the last 15 years. The development of novel biomarkers to predict the development of AKI in a timely manner and improve diagnostic accuracy is being pioneered by pediatric AKI researchers. The development of risk stratification scores (renal angina) and functional bedside tests (furosemide stress test) is enhancing our use of these biomarkers and our ability to predict those patients most likely to develop severe AKI. The recognition of the impact of fluid overload on mortality and hospital length of stay in patients with severe AKI has prompted more timely and frequent use of renal replacement therapy in critically ill children. Finally, we are recognizing that children who suffer AKI are at long-term risk for the development of chronic kidney disease and warrant follow-up.