Entrepreneurial Outcomes Research Articles

Work-family conflict, entrepreneurial regret, and entrepreneurial outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic

This study aims to propose a clarification on how female entrepreneurs cognitively process their work-family conflict (WFC) experiences during the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, with implications related to their attitudes toward their current entrepreneurial activities. It does so by using social cognitive theory as an overarching theoretical perspective. Our hypothesis sheds light on regretful thinking (also known as entrepreneurial regret) as a cognitive mechanism that elucidates how WFC may affect female entrepreneurs’ outcomes, such as exit intention and work satisfaction. We further proposed family support as a boundary condition that may help female entrepreneurs to better respond to WFC. We develop and administer a questionnaire survey and analyze data from 346 female entrepreneurs in Japan. The results of our analysis, which is performed using the bootstrapping method to clarify the significance of the moderated mediation mechanism, support our hypotheses. Our results demonstrate that WFC leads to higher exit intention and lower work satisfaction through entrepreneurial regret. Notably, these experiences become stronger when WFC is coupled with low family support. Finally, we discuss the important implications of our findings for researchers and practitioners and highlight opportunities for future research.

A serial mediation model of entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurial intention: a social cognitive career theory approach

PurposeThis study aims to answer two questions: do self-efficacy and outcome expectations serial mediate the effect of entrepreneurial education (EE) on the intention to start a business? and how can the social cognitive career theory explain entrepreneurial intention (EI)?Design/methodology/approachThis study is based on the social cognitive career theory to examine the effect of EE on start-up intention via self-efficacy and outcome expectations by a serial mediation model. A sample of 1,232 students in Vietnam and the structural equal modelling method was used to test the hypotheses.FindingsThe results of this study reveal that entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) significantly mediates the effect of EE on the intention to start a business. Similarly, entrepreneurial outcome expectations (EOEs) mediate the association between EE and EI. Especially, the results of serial mediation analysis show that ESE and EOEs serially mediate the EE–intention relationship.Originality/valueUnder a new perspective of social cognitive career theory, the current study is expected to contribute to clarifying the gap in the relationship between EE and EI. In addition, this study also contributes to investigating the antecedents of ESE and outcome expectations and providing empirical evidence supporting the relevance of social cognitive career theory in explaining EI.

Colonialism versus independence—the role of entrepreneurial ecosystems in Azerbaijan over time

Entrepreneurial activity, its emergence, and development are considered important for the well-being of nations, especially for those in transition from one economic system or industrial setting into another. A crucial question is, why countries with similar basic resources develop differently regarding entrepreneurial activities over time? This study delivers new insights on ecosystems developing during different historical eras, and why some ecosystem factors have an impact not only during one point in time but also in the long term. The paper focuses on Azerbaijan, a country with a turbulent history, and volatile formal institutions, endowed with natural resources, and now heavily dependent on the export of oil and gas. To transform the economy and overcome this resource dependency, entrepreneurial activities could provide one solution; however, the contribution of entrepreneurship to the economic development and growth remains low. This paper provides an analysis of why the promise of entrepreneurship remains quite elusive in Azerbaijan. The study contributes to the literature on entrepreneurship by drawing on archival data to gain insights on how the historical role of entrepreneurship and the underlying ecosystem have imprinted their long-term development of current entrepreneurial activities. It proposes a framework for a systematic and long-term analysis of the factors and mechanisms comprising the ecosystem approach and shaping entrepreneurial outcomes across a broad spectrum of historical and contemporary contexts.

Venture tales: Practical storytelling strategies underpinning entrepreneurial narratives

Narratives help entrepreneurs and potential venture supporters to make sense of new ventures and to frame entrepreneurial journeys. Despite current understanding of how narratives shape entrepreneurial outcomes, however, there is limited guidance about how entrepreneurs might craft their own narratives in practice. In this article, we identify six types of entrepreneurial narratives—(1) an identity narrative, (2) an opportunity narrative, (3) a projective narrative, (4) a failure narrative, (5) a pivot narrative, and (6) a resourcefulness narrative—and we detail practical storytelling strategies entrepreneurs can use to shape each of these narrative types. We then propose that entrepreneurs can combine, sequence, and revise these narratives as the entrepreneurial journey unfolds. Knowledge of how to strategically manage the full entrepreneurial narrative repertoire enables entrepreneurs to create meaning and value where there once was none and to capture that value over time as a venture grows.

Tinkering or orchestrating? The value of country-level asset management capability and entrepreneurship outcomes

Drawing on entrepreneurship policy literature and resource orchestration theory, we ask whether asset management capabilities of countries explain differences in entrepreneurship outcomes. We define the term asset management capability as the orchestration of inputs and outputs to improve entrepreneurial activity. Using time-series data of 512 inputs and outputs in 219 countries (2000–2018), we model for non-linear dynamic latent variables, allow for inefficiencies and slack, deconfound the model to improve predictive inference, and use cross-validation. The results illustrate systematic variations in asset management capabilities across countries and have implications for entrepreneurship and policymakers.

Divergent Thinking and Post-Launch Entrepreneurial Outcomes: Non-Linearities and the Moderating Role of Experience

Divergent Thinking and Post-Launch Entrepreneurial Outcomes: Non-Linearities and the Moderating Role of Experience

Testing a Model of Entrepreneurship Intention among Iranian ELT Learners

Within the last two decades, research on entrepreneurship has received increasing attention throughout the world. However, most of the research in this area has been done in business and vocational fields and more research is needed in educational and non-business contexts. This study took the initiative to explore the connections among entrepreneurship intention (EI), entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE), entrepreneurial identity aspirations (EIA), entrepreneurial outcome expectations (EOE), and subjective norms (SN) in an English language teaching (ELT) context. To this end, 382 Iranian ELT students were conveniently chosen and requested to complete a questionnaire survey. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was run. The findings of SEM analysis revealed that ESE and EIA directly predicted EI. Further, SN proved to be a significant predictor of ESE, EIA, and EOE. The results also showed that ESE could significantly predict EOE and EIA. EOE also significantly predicted EIA. In addition, ESE, SN, and EOE could indirectly affect EI through the mediation of EIA. Altogether, this study can help enhance the realization of the stated entrepreneurial concepts, and guide potential entrepreneurship education programs in the ELT context.

Do dark personality traits add to the entrepreneurial intention predicting ability of theory of planned behaviour? An empirical study

Antecedents of individuals’ intentions have received growing consideration in entrepreneurship research. The purpose of the present study is to analyse the impact of dark personality traits on entrepreneurial intention, within the context of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). A questionnaire-based online survey was conducted on 520 undergraduate university business students at a Greek public university. Data analysis was implemented through structural equation modelling (SEM). Findings indicate that perceived behavioural control impacts entrepreneurial intention and that attitude has a direct impact on entrepreneurial intention through the dark triad variable. The implications of the findings are significant both for academic policymakers as well as for educators, since the systematic fostering of students’ entrepreneurial intention could provide empirical evidence and help formulate policies that inspire them to choose entrepreneurship as a career option. Findings will contribute to the understanding of the relationship between dark personality traits, entrepreneurial intention, and the TPB, providing valuable insights for entrepreneurship education to identify individuals who are more likely to become successful entrepreneurs. Finally, findings could add to the theoretical framework on the impact of personality traits on entrepreneurial intention and behaviour and to the use of TPB in predicting entrepreneurial outcomes.

How Knowledge Sharing Behaves in Technopreneurship and Entrepreneurial Outcomes

Technopreneurship is considered to reconfigure entrepreneurial outcomes, but how knowledge sharing moderates the interaction is an academic and practical concern. In pursuit of knowledge, data were collected through the primary sources (questionnaire) after establishing the questionnaire’s validity and reliability. Findings revealed that technopreneurship and knowledge sharing individually affected entrepreneurial outcomes. However, knowledge sharing could not significantly moderate the interaction between technopreneurship and entrepreneurial outcomes. Hence, the recommendation was anchored on improving knowledge sharing, technopreneurship, and managerial dexterity of owners and managers.

The Influence between the Use of Online Learning Media and Student Learning Independence on Learning Outcomes in Creative Product and Entrepreneurship Subjects

This research uses quantitative research. The objectives are to: 1) know the influence of the use of online learning media on the learning outcomes of Creative Products and Entrepreneurship, 2) know the influence of student self-reliance on the learning outcomes of Creative Products and Entrepreneurship and 3) know the influence of the use of online learning media and student learning independence on the learning outcomes of Creative Products and Entrepreneurship. The problems in this study are as follows: 1) is there any influence of the use of online learning media on CPE learning outcomes? 2) Is there any influence of student self-reliance on CPE learning outcomes? 3) Is there any influence of the use of online learning media and student learning independence on the learning outcomes? This research method uses path analysis method or path analysis. The sample consisted of 34 students with random sampling techniques. Data analysis in this study using questionnaires and documentation. In proving hypothesis 1, there was a direct and significant influence of Online Learning Media (X1) on CPE Learning Outcomes (X3) of 31.61%. There are other variables with a variation of 68.39% that can affect the learning outcomes beyond the variables of online learning media that need to be researched further. In proving hypothesis 2, there was a direct and significant influence of Learning Efficacy (X2) on CPE Learning Outcomes (X3) of 30.39%. There are other variables with a variation of 69.61% that can affect the learning outcomes beyond the variables of Self-Reliance Learning. In proving hypothesis 3, there was a direct and significant influence of Online Learning Media (X1) on Learning Independence (X2) of 31.56%. There are other variables with a variation of 68.44% that can affect Learning Independence beyond the Variables of Online Learning Media. Thus 1. The concept of online learning media is done in an indirect or indirect way between the teacher and the student. Teaching and learning activities using online Learning Media can be done flexibly where students can access or conduct learning anytime and anywhere. 2. This online learning media is very suitable for learning activities in the midst of the current pandemic. 3. If the online learning media is packed with good and unique, this learning media can be the most efficient learning media and close to learners. Even this learning media is not only as a learning media but also can be as a medium of information, entertainment and education.

“And Yet It Moves”: National Entrepreneurial Culture and Entrepreneurship-Friendly Policies: Evidence From OECD Countries

Abstract This paper investigates the impact of public policies aimed to foster entrepreneurship on the national entrepreneurial culture of a country. While most of the existing studies focus on the direct impact of policies on entrepreneurship outcomes, we propose that the impact of policies on entrepreneurial culture may be even more important for the development of economies in the long term. Using data for 36 OECD countries in the period 2002–2014, we investigate econometrically the impact of policies on culture usually associated with entrepreneurship and find that such impact is stronger for policies that address a broader target of potential beneficiaries, rather than a narrow one. Moreover, we find that, among the values that are usually associated with entrepreneurial activity, entrepreneurship-friendly policies foster those that are related to creativity, innovation and risk taking, but not those that relate to individualism and the belief that success is achieved through one’s own personal efforts. Lastly, we find that the positive impact of policies on culture only applies to the countries with a higher initial level of entrepreneurial culture, and not to the countries with lower initial levels.

Should I stay or should I go? The impact of entrepreneurs’ loneliness on business exit intentions through entrepreneurial passion

Loneliness is a serious source of suffering for entrepreneurs. Although the negative impact of loneliness on entrepreneurs' well-being has been studied, the mechanism through which loneliness affects entrepreneurial outcomes is less known. In this research, instead of examining the negative consequences of loneliness as related to well-being, we focus on its impact on entrepreneurs' business exit intentions. In particular, we identify entrepreneurial passion as one mediating mechanism through which entrepreneurs' loneliness influences business exit intentions. One time-lagged survey using a sample of entrepreneurs from the United Kingdom and an additional survey using a sample of Indonesian entrepreneurs show that high levels of entrepreneurs' loneliness increase their business exit intentions through reducing entrepreneurial passion. Our findings advance research on entrepreneurs' loneliness by identifying a new mechanism and extending its impact from entrepreneurs’ well-being-related outcomes to a business-related outcome.

How Does Guanxi Shape Entrepreneurial Behaviour? The Case of Family Businesses in China

AbstractThis paper explores how Guanxi shapes different levels of entrepreneurial behaviour of family businesses in China. Extant research draws on network theory, suggesting that firms focusing on less intimate social relationships are more entrepreneurial than those focusing on intimate social networks. However, this notion of networks neglects Guanxi’s indigenous cultural roots that promote intimacy in social relationships, thus limiting our understanding of why some firms in China demonstrate a higher level of entrepreneurial behaviour than others. Through an in‐depth multi‐case study analysis of eight family firms in China, we find that Guanxi is a multi‐dimensional concept that can only be effective through intimate relationship building. This study contributes to the social network literature on entrepreneurial behaviour by incorporating the gift exchange theoretical perspective and demonstrating that political Guanxi in China can only facilitate entrepreneurial behaviour when it is built around a significant level of intimacy. We also contribute to family business research by demonstrating that family ties are multi‐dimensional. Different cultural values may inform different dimensions of family ties via differences in family business governance structures, which can give rise to different levels of entrepreneurial outcomes. This study offers theoretical and practical implications alongside avenues for future research.

Pathways to social value and social change: An integrative review of the social entrepreneurship literature

AbstractSocial entrepreneurship has emerged as an important means of addressing grand challenges. Although research on the topic has accelerated, scholars have yet to articulate an overarching framework that links the different pathways taken by social entrepreneurs with the positive effects of these efforts. To address this shortcoming, we conducted a systematic literature review which enabled us to conceptually differentiate between social value and social change as distinct outcomes of social entrepreneurship and identify seven pathways for achieving these outcomes. Building on our analysis, we outline a research agenda for questions pertaining to: the dynamics between social value and social change; how contextual factors and social entrepreneurs influence various pathways; design principles of business models and innovations that facilitate social value and social change; and defining, measuring, and ensuring accountability for social value and social change.

Entrepreneurship for unsettled times in the architectural profession – A review

Internationally, the architectural profession is doing introspection and debating its future role and relevance. In South Africa, the profession, like others in the built-environment sector, is under pressure, due to political and economic uncertainties and a low growth rate. While many voices call for a greater emphasis on the business aspect of architectural practice, this review article suggests that, in addition, if architects were to adopt a more entrepreneurial approach – as many have already done – the profession could gain new ground and fresh relevance. In support of this suggestion, the article proposes how the inclusion of entrepreneurship education into architectural education can inculcate an entrepreneurial attitude. Based on a literature study, the article provides examples of entrepreneurial endeavours by architects in practice. The study found that entrepreneurial architects have created opportunities not only for themselves, but also for others, including persons who previously enjoyed hardly any benefit from architects; that entrepreneurial architects can practise away from mainstream locations; that the advent of the Fourth Industrial Revolution might bring a host of entrepreneurial opportunities to those who are ready and have an entrepreneurial mindset; that entrepreneurial architects seem willing to share and help others who wish to follow, and that entrepreneurship and good design are not incompatible. A further finding was that the profession in general benefits, and will continue to do so, from the entrepreneurial endeavours of its members. A change of mindset was found to be the main factor prohibiting support for the notion that architectural education should include entrepreneurial outcomes into current and new programmes. Finally, it emerged that there is a need for support in the form of mentorship, incubators, and support groups from professional organisations such as the South African Institute of Architects.

Personality and Entrepreneurial Behavior: Relations among Entrepreneurship-Relevant Traits and Entrepreneurial Status, Intentions, and Prior Venture Experiences

Increasing investments in incubators, accelerators, and academia coincide with current and historical perceptions of the United States as a world leader in creating new businesses, as well as an economic force dependent, in part, on entrepreneurship. Research identifies various personality characteristics related to entrepreneurship, however, entrepreneur-specific personality measures have rarely been studied. This study investigates relationships between the 11-factor Entrepreneur Core Characteristics Profile and entrepreneurial outcomes in a sample including students, working adults, and current entrepreneurs. Results expand our understanding of how entrepreneur-specific measures may be useful for predicting entrepreneurial outcomes, with implications for practitioners who work with entrepreneurs.

Entrepreneurial opportunity and related specialization in economic ecosystems

• Related specialization is a new measure of entrepreneurial opportunity in metropolitan regions • Unlike existing measures of entrepreneurial opportunity at the regional scale, related specialization is based on the structure of regional economies, revealing the economic potential of specific industries represented by that structure • An advantage of related specialization as a measure of entrepreneurial opportunity is that it can be applied consistently at any scale of economic analysis where data on output are available • Policymakers have a new tool to identify and target industries with the greatest potential to catalyze sustained growth in their regions Entrepreneurial ecosystems are most often defined as locally bounded networks of institutions and individuals that help entrepreneurs to identify and exploit market opportunities. However, a prerequisite of the ability to exploit an entrepreneurial opportunity is the existence of the opportunity to begin with. In this paper, we propose an approach to representing how entrepreneurial opportunities are embedded in a regional economy. The central methodological contribution of our paper is to introduce the concept of related specialization, which we define as the concentration of high interdependencies between specialized industries within a metropolitan region, relative to the national level of concentration. We find that related specialization is positively correlated with entrepreneurial outcomes across U.S. metropolitan areas. We use related specialization to make a first attempt at representing the trophic structure of an economic ecosystem. In a biological ecosystem, the trophic structure refers to energy-transfer relationships between different species. As introduced in this paper, we propose the analogy that, in an economic ecosystem, the trophic structure may be mapped in terms of the supply-chain relationships between industries within a region. We argue that these analytic tools can help policymakers more readily understand the opportunities that are imminently available to entrepreneurs in their local environments.

A composite indicator analysis for optimizing entrepreneurial ecosystems

• We use the ‘benefit of the doubt’ (BOD) weighting to evaluate the entrepreneurial ecosystem at the global scale. • We compute endogenous weights to identify country-specific policy priorities. • We show how countries can design optimal entrepreneurship policy using objective criteria. • Effective policy is conditional on the configuration of countries’ entrepreneurial ecosystem. • Quality improvements in entrepreneurial ecosystems are conducive to higher levels of venture capital investments. We employ the ‘benefit of the doubt’ approach rooted in non-parametric techniques to evaluate the entrepreneurial ecosystem of 71 countries for the period 2016. By scrutinizing the relative efficiency of countries’ entrepreneurial ecosystems, the proposed analysis of composite indicators allows the computation of endogenous (country-specific) weights that can be used for developing more informed policy making. The results show that countries prioritize different aspects of their national system of entrepreneurship which confirms that, contrary to homogeneous prescription, tailor-made policy is necessary if the objective is to optimize the resources deployed to enhance the countries’ entrepreneurial ecosystem. The findings of the empirical application reveal significant improvements in the quality of the entrepreneurial ecosystem can be realized by targeting the policy priorities of the local entrepreneurship system identified by the ‘benefit of the doubt’ weights. By analyzing the variation in economic and entrepreneurship outcomes over the seven-year period centered on the study year (period 2013–2019), we found a significant positive correlation between quality improvements in the entrepreneurial ecosystem and venture capital investments.

Does education enhance entrepreneurship?

Formal education is correlated with entrepreneurial activity and success, but correlation does not indicate causation. Education and entrepreneurship are both influenced by other related factors. The current study estimates the causal effects of formal education on entrepreneurship outcomes by instrumenting for an individual’s years of schooling using cohort mean years of maternal schooling observed decades prior. We differentiate self-employment by industry employment growth and firm incorporation status. Policymakers are especially interested in entrepreneurship with the potential to create substantial employment growth. We find that an additional year of schooling increases self-employment in high-growth industries by 1.12 percentage points for women and by 0.88 percentage points for men. Education reduces the probability of male self-employment in shrinking industries. Education also increases incorporated self-employment for women and men and reduces unincorporated self-employment among men but not women. The overall probability of self-employment increases with education for women but is unaffected by education for men. The results suggest that formal education enhances entrepreneurship.

Curious enough to start up? How epistemic curiosity and entrepreneurial alertness influence entrepreneurship orientation and intention.

Epistemic curiosity as the desire to acquire new knowledge and ideas is considered as an important attribute for successful entrepreneurs among practitioners, yet there is lacking empirical evidence of epistemic curiosity having an effect on entrepreneurial outcomes. This study aims to put a spotlight on epistemic curiosity as a predictor for entrepreneurial intentions and orientation. We found that epistemic curiosity has a stronger influence on entrepreneurial outcomes in comparison to the Big Five personality trait openness to experience, which is a widely used and conceptually related predictor for entrepreneurship. Furthermore, we found evidence for a mediating role of entrepreneurial alertness which gives further insights about how personality influences the ability to recognize business opportunities and leads to the formation of entrepreneurship orientation and intentions. Our findings contribute to the field of entrepreneurship research by emphasizing that epistemic curiosity may be one of the most important personality indicators for the emergence of entrepreneurial intentions and behavior.