Outcome Of Game Research Articles

THE EFFECT OF ONLINE IN-GAME INTERGENERATIONAL CONTACT ON AGEISM TOWARD THE OPPOSITE GENERATION

Abstract Previous research indicated that online games represent a unique context of intergroup contact but may enhance prejudice toward outgroup players during gameplay. Despite the growing number of older gamers and increasing opportunities of online in-game intergenerational contact, few study have focused on the online in-game intergenerational contact and its effect on ageism. To address such research gap, we designed an online quiz game by manipulating in-game intergenerational contact type (competition vs. cooperation) and game outcome (win vs. loss). 148 young participants (Mage = 22.71, SD = 2.88) and 155 older participants (Mage = 65.4, SD = 4.23) were recruited and randomly assigned into the four experimental conditions to play with a virtual game partner of opposite generation. Positive and negative dimensions of age-stereotype perception, individual’s cooperative orientation, and potential covariates were measured. Results showed significant intergenerational contact type × outcome × cooperative orientation effects on the perception of negative old-age-stereotype among younger participants and positive young-age-stereotype among older participants. Younger participants showed significant more negative old-age-stereotypes under competition loss (vs. win) condition, but older participants showed significant more positive young-age-stereotypes under cooperation loss (vs. win) condition. The findings indicated the negative impact of intergenerational competition among younger participants in the online game context, and also suggested the internalized self-ageism among older participants. Moreover, the boundary condition of personal factors revealed, that the effects of in-game intergenerational contact were only significant among those of lower (vs. higher) cooperative orientation. Our study also offered practical implications on designing gamified intergenerational-based intervention.

The origins of fairness in economic experiments: how evolutionary behavioural economics makes a case for doux commerce

ABSTRACT Behavioural economics works toward more realistic accounts of economic action, which includes efforts to endogenise the ‘social’. In its social strand, behavioural economics is specifically concerned with fair outcomes in interactive economic games, which are explained by reference to social preferences, norms and institutions. While these concepts also matter to scholars in political economy and socioeconomics, behavioural economists seek to go further in specifying their behavioural and evolutionary foundations. This article critically evaluates evolutionary research strategies in the social strand of behavioural economics, which aim to uncover the evolutionary origins of fairness in economic experiments. Representatives of this field offer new support for the classical idea of ‘doux commerce’, or the civilising function of markets, by suggesting that cooperation with strangers in economic exchange fundamentally shaped the course of human evolution. Their explanatory framework is gene-culture coevolution, which covers long timespans of human existence. However, the case for the virtuous effect of markets in human prehistory remains ambiguous: basic concepts, causal mechanisms, and timescales of analysis vary to an extent that it is possible to arrive at very different projections of ‘doux commerce’ into the past. With regard to the present, these fulfil a similar function in naturalising market moralities.

The impact of videogames on the mood of amateur youth players during consecutive games.

Esports have experienced tremendous growth in recent years. In the scientific field, previous research has shown the determining role of psychology in competitive performance, but little is known about the factors that may be more determinant. In addition, in the amateur field, where fun and enjoyment are the most important factors, it has been observed that players can see their psychological state altered due to different factors, but it is not known if the outcome of the game (win or lose) can be influential. For this reason, the aim of the present investigation was to analyze changes in players' mood between three consecutive games as a function of the outcome of each game. A total of 14 amateur players participated in the research, all of them with previous experience and being regular League of Legends players. The participants completed the POMS questionnaire before the start of each game and the outcome of each game was recorded at the end. The results showed that no significant pre-game differences were found in any of the games, regardless of winning or losing. Significant differences were found in the pre-game mood between the first and second game, according to the outcome of the first game, and between the second and third game, according to the outcome of the second game. Between the first and second games, there was a significant increase in depression (p = 0.038) and anger (p = 0.003) when the first game was lost; and between the second and third games, there was a decrease in tension (p = 0.003) and anger (p = 0.022) when the second game was won. In addition, it should be noted that fatigue increased significantly after each game, regardless of the outcome, and with respect to the change in mood, this was more noticeable when the first game was lost and the second was won, as significant changes were observed in tension (p = 0.028), depression (p = 0.030) and anger (p = 0.006). Pre-match mood does not influence post-match performance, but mood changes do occur between successive matches depending on the outcome of the match.

Comparing the performance of machine learning and statistical models in predicting football games

In the realms of sports analytics and betting, the ability to accurately predict the outcome of specific games has been a particular subject of interest that has undergone intense research and development. In recent years, with the widespread distribution of technology and online resources, the utilization of algorithms and models has gradually become more prevalent in sports forecasting as they are able to consume and interpret high volumes of data, far beyond the capacity of humans. Algorithms such as random forest classifiers and Poisson regression have stood out in particular, each with its own strengths and limitations.

A Narrative Review of the Dominant Physiological Energy Systems in Basketball and the Importance of Specificity and Uniqueness in Measuring Basketball Players

Basketball playing entails the repetitive performance of short intense actions using lower limb explosive power. As such, it is important to measure this capability in basketball players, especially among young players, and to optimize training programs and game plans. After presenting an in-depth understanding of the specific physiological requirements when playing basketball, as well as the type of movements required, the aim of this review is to better understand the importance of the physiological energy systems in basketball, to examine the contribution of each energy system and, accordingly, to heighten awareness of the importance and dominance of the alactic anaerobic physiological system in basketball for actions requiring high-level explosive power. This review of the literature depicts the horizontal and vertical physical movements and physiological requirements entailed in playing basketball and presents eight standardized anaerobic alactic measurement tools relevant to the game. As some of these tests suit a number of ball games, the findings of this review article are important for making the order of the elements unique to basketball as well as additional parameters to consider when testing basketball players. By reliably and validly testing the anaerobic alactic capabilities of basketball players, test results can be used for training purposes and for improving game outcomes. Despite the fact that much of the information in this review is familiar to coaches, highlighting the specific needs of basketball will help them choose the most suitable tools and also shed light on new directions for developing basketball-specific assessment tests.

Does parents'perceived style of setting limits to gaming matter? The interplay between profiles of parental mediation and BIS/BAS sensitivity in problematic gaming and online gambling.

Parents try to prevent possible negative outcomes associated with gaming by setting rules on their adolescent's gaming behavior (i.e., restrictive mediation). Parents can use either more autonomy-supportive or more controlling styles to communicate those rules. Using a person-centered approach, this study aims to, first, identify profiles of parents'perceived degree of restrictive mediation in gaming and styles of communicating these rules (i.e., autonomy-supportive and controlling); second, to examine how adolescents in different profiles differ in terms of maladaptive gaming outcomes (i.e., problematic gaming, simulated, and online gambling); third, to investigate the moderating role of gaming frequency and adolescents'personality (i.e., behavioral inhibition system [BIS]sensitivity and behavioral activation system [BAS]sensitivity)in the associations between the parental profiles and the outcomes. The study used quantitative, cross-sectional survey data from Belgian adolescents (N = 1651, mean age = 14.00 years, 51.2% boys), collected between November 2021 and February 2022 in schools. Cluster analysis yielded four profiles of perceived restrictive mediation: an exclusively controlling one, an autonomy-supportive one, one where parents used a perceived mix of both communication styles, and one where there was an overall perceived lack of restrictive mediation. Adolescents in the controlling profile displayed the most maladaptive outcomes. Some of the associations between the parental profiles and the outcomes were stronger for more frequent gamers and for adolescents scoring higher on both BIS and BAS sensitivity. Associations between the parental profiles and gaming outcomes were theoretically meaningful, yet small in terms of effect size.

Individual differences in cooperative and competitive play strategies.

Cooperation and competition are common in social interactions. It is not clear how individual differences in personality may predict performance strategies under these two contexts. We evaluated whether instructions to play cooperatively and competitively would differentially affect dyads playing a Pong video game. We hypothesized that instructions to play cooperatively would result in lower overall points scored and differences in paddle control kinematics relative to when participants were instructed to play competitively. We also predicted that higher scores in prosociality and Sportspersonship would be related to better performance during cooperative than competitive conditions. Pairs of participants played a Pong video game under cooperative and competitive instructions. During competitive trials, participants were instructed to score more points against one another to win the game. During the cooperative trials, participants were instructed to work together to score as few points against one another as possible. After game play, each participant completed surveys so we could measure their trait prosociality and Sportspersonship. Condition was a significant predictor of where along the paddle participants hit the ball, which controlled ball exit angles. Specifically, during cooperation participants concentrated ball contacts on the paddle towards the center to produce more consistent rebound angles. We found a significant correlation of Sex and the average points scored by participants during cooperative games, competitive games, and across all trials. Sex was also significantly correlated with paddle kinematics during cooperative games. The overall scores on the prosociality and Sportspersonship surveys were not significantly correlated with the performance outcomes in cooperative and competitive games. The dimension of prosociality assessing empathic concern was significantly correlated with performance outcomes during cooperative video game play. No Sportspersonship survey score was able to predict cooperative or competitive game performance, suggesting that Sportspersonship personality assessments are not reliable predictors of cooperative or competitive behaviors translated to a virtual game setting. Survey items and dimensions probing broader empathic concern may be more effective predictors of cooperative and competitive performance during interactive video game play. Further testing is encouraged to assess the efficacy of prosocial personality traits as predictors of cooperative and competitive video game behavior.

Quantum games with separated entanglements

Abstract In this paper, we propose quantum games with continuous-variable strategies and separated entanglements, and analyze the outcomes of quantum games with respect to entanglement levels. We find that the entanglement level of own environment has a positive role in own quantum equilibrium supply quantities, and the properties of quantum equilibrium utilities are determined by the entanglement levels of two environments. Finally, we provide some numerical evidences to explain quantum games with separated entanglements.

More than just a game: Understanding how internet games are used in times of stress

Problematic Internet gaming is considered a type of behavioural addiction, but such a perspective carries a risk of pathologising common behaviours and stigmatising non-problematic Internet gameplay. The mechanisms underlying problematic Internet gaming are complex and to gain a better understanding it is important to investigate the real-life experiences of gamers. This study aimed to give insight into the experiences of people who have played World of Warcraft (WoW) in times of real-life stress. A convergent mixed-methods approach was used to combine both qualitative and quantitative data (N = 46) which were collected from a larger survey of adult WoW players. First, qualitative data were subjected to thematic networks analysis, and themes related to playing WoW to cope with stress were identified. Second, integration of themes and scores on a measure of Negative Gaming Outcomes (NGOs) was made. Findings suggested that escapism in the online video game context taps into three distinct concepts: avoidance, distraction, and immersion. While distraction and immersion emerged as a form of self-care, avoidance as playing to forget was linked to more problematic outcomes. Participants displayed present and retrospective awareness that their gaming had become problematic, supporting the notion that there may be two pathways to problematic Internet gaming – one temporarily limited (e.g., a temporary reaction to an event) which may remedy itself, and the other leading to more pervasive and persistent problems related to maladaptive coping strategies. This research helps to elucidate how gamers respond to stress and offers new insight into how their responses translate to problematic gaming outcomes.

Air quality and employee performance in teams: Evidence from the NFL

Emerging research documents the impact of poor air quality on employee performance in a number of settings, including sport. Unlike other settings, sports teams have limited ability to influence previously scheduled games, making air quality exogenous to unobservable factors affecting game outcomes. We link play-level data from National Football League (NFL) games to data from air quality monitoring stations located near NFL stadiums. Results using data from about 90,000 offensive plays in 900 NFL games indicate that yards gained per offensive play increase with PM2.5 concentration. Defensive players are relatively more affected by air quality than offensive players.

Navigating uncertainty: The interplay of ‘magical football’ and ‘football magic’ in Cameroonian football

Cameroon's Indomitable Lions (a nickname for the Cameroon national football team) are renowned for their ‘magical football’, a term that embodies their extraordinary performances. This article delves into the intertwining concepts of ‘magical football’ and ‘football magic’, seeking to understand how these elements contribute to the Lions’ success. The study reviews historical instances of the Lions’ participation in the Africa Cup of Nations and FIFA World Cup competitions, analyzing how natural football abilities interweave with supernatural enhancement to influence game outcomes. The findings suggest that talent alone does not guarantee victory, and the uncertainty of elements beyond our rational comprehension can significantly impact the game.

Development of an Enjoyable Educational Game on Fundamental Programming: Designing for Inclusion and Learning Analytics

A well-discussed problem is how to attract a new public to computer programming, and especially how to reach girls and women. At the same time research reports on that children spend considerable amounts of time playing different types of games, where educational games today are part of formal, informal and non-formal learning. However, many educational games still have a design that appeals more to boys than to girls. Another problem addressed in this paper is how to measure the learning outcomes of an education game. It is a challenge per se to design for joyful gaming, but to assess the learning outcomes is important if the game should be accepted by teachers and a part of teaching and learning activities. The aim of this study was to describe and discuss the design and development of an educational game where girls would like to play together and at the same time learn fundamental programming. The research question that guided this study was: " How could a motivating and inclusive educational game on fundamental programming be designed and developed, with minimal prerequisites for students and teachers?". The overall strategy for the design and development of the was the Design Science Research (DSR) approach. This work was carried out according to the recognised DSR process with the five phases of: 1) Explicating the problem, 2) Defining the requirements, 3) Designing and developing the artefact, 4) Demonstrating the artefact, and 5) Evaluating the artefact. Phase one was based on a minor literature study, while Phase 2 was a combination of a larger and more systematic literature study combined with game testing. Phase 3 was conducted with brain storming sessions for design followed by implementation in the Unity game development tool. Finally, the game has been demonstrated for, and tested by, a group of academic game developers. Results from the formative evaluation look promising, but the important next step in this project is a more formal evaluation using game-based learning analytics with a larger and more diverse test audience.

Comparing the Outcomes of Virtual Reality-Based Serious Gaming and Lecture-Based Training for Advanced Life Support Training: Randomized Controlled Trial.

Simulation-based Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) or Advanced Life Support (ALS) training for health care professionals is important worldwide for saving lives. Virtual reality (VR)-based serious gaming can be an alternative modality to be used as a part of simulation-based ALS training. The aim of this study is to investigate whether a VR-based ALS serious game module can replace classroom-based ALS lectures, the latter being part of existing conventional ALS training protocols in addition to skills training. Participants were students from Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University's Vocational School for Anesthesiology (N=29) randomly divided into 2 groups with 15 (conventional training group) and 14 (VR-based training group) participants each. Participants in the conventional training group had to complete the pretest consisting of multiple-choice questions at the beginning of the study. Afterward, they took part in an interactive classroom-based ALS lecture. The next step involved skills training with task trainers to teach them compression skills. Following this, the conventional training group was divided into Code Blue teams, each consisting of 5 participants for the simulation session. Two independent instructors evaluated video recordings in terms of technical and nontechnical skills. The score acquired from the manikin-based simulation session was considered the main performance indicator in this study to measure the learning outcome. A similar workflow was used for the VR-based training group, but this group was trained with the VR-based ALS serious game module instead of the theoretical lecture. The final stage of the study involved completing the posttest consisting of multiple-choice questions. A preference survey was conducted among the study participants. Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to analyze the 2 groups' performances in this study. The improvement in posttest results compared with pretest results was significant in the conventional training group (P=.002). Hands-on technical scores of the conventional training group were higher than those of the VR-based training group during manikin-based simulation, but total scores, including those for technical and crisis resource management skills, acquired from the manikin-based simulation session did not reveal any significant difference between the 2 groups. The results of the VR preference survey revealed that the majority of the participants prefer VR-based serious game-based training instead of classroom lectures. Although hands-on technical scores of the conventional training group during the manikin-based simulation session were higher than those of the VR-based training group, both groups' total performance scores, including those for technical and crisis resource management skills, did not differ significantly. The preference survey reveals that the majority of the participants would prefer a VR-based ALS serious gaming module instead of lecture-based training. Further studies are required to reveal the learning outcome of VR-based ALS serious gaming. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05798910; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05798910.

A Study Exploring Different Modalities to Integrate Learning Objectives in Games

This research aims to provide further insight on how to design effective educational games by exploring whether the integration of educational content through game mechanics, text, or a combination of both text and game mechanics is more effective in teaching the learning outcomes in games. The results of the study show that all three methods led to information assimilation. The study showed that the participants did not necessarily learn better through a combination of text and game mechanics as compared with those who were exposed to learning objectives integrated into the game only through text or game mechanics. Some learning objectives were better learned when they were integrated through text while others through game mechanics.

Occupation density of every chess piece by phases, levels of game, outcomes and phase-space according to their entropy differences

In this paper, we statistically analyze the density of each chess piece in four square concentric frames for different skill levels (according to the Elo ranking system), phases (opening, middlegame and endgame) and outcomes. The results indicate a tendency for pawns, knights and bishops to move towards the central areas, particularly during the opening phase. Additionally, we identified intrinsic entropy patterns for each piece throughout the entire game, independent of player skill level. We constructed a phase-space from entropy delay time series to provide probabilistic predictions for game outcomes.

Video Assistant Referee in soccer: A Scoping Review

The Video Assistant Referee (VAR) is a technology that is changing the behavior of referees, players, managers, and fans in soccer. This scoping review mapped the studies on the use of VAR in soccer. An electronic database searching was performed in November 2020 using Medline/PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies that analyzed field referees or video assistants and addressed professional field soccer were eligible. Studies’ characteristics were extracted and summarized. An initial search found 346 potentially relevant titles; six of them followed all eligibility criteria, providing information on VAR in high-performance men’s soccer competitions held in 18 countries. There was a multiplicity of variables analyzed in the primary studies, mainly quantitative approaches of the VAR effects on game parameters, as follows: Decision-making process (n=4), game time (n=3); goals (n=5); offside (n=4); yellow and red card application (n=3); fouls (n=2); penalties (n=3); and VAR incidents (n=2). In general, primary studies have indicated that VAR can significantly enhance the accuracy of referees' decision-making, as well as having had a positive influence on the game's outcome. However, some negative aspects have been observed, such as a reduction in effective playing time and limited training for referees. Studies on VAR in soccer are still in their initial stages, and research priorities were highlighted to help future research and practice on VAR in soccer. Keywords: Sport, Soccer, Football, Decision Making, "Video-Assisted Techniques and Procedures"

Roles of computer agents in digital games: effects on learning performance, perceptions, and behaviors

ABSTRACT When encountering difficulties in conventional educational games, learners seldom self-regulate to discover and organize the learning content in the game environment. With the development of the human–computer interaction technology, computer agents are gradually being applied to educational games to provide personalized guidance or support to learners in specific situations. Different roles of computer agents may affect students' learning achievements and feelings in the learning environment. Therefore, to compare the effects of different roles of computer agents on students' learning outcomes in digital games, this study developed a Tutor Agent-based Digital Game (TA-DG), a Peer Agent-based Digital Game (PA-DG) and a Student Agent-based Digital Game (SA-DG). The experimental results showed that the TA-DG and PA-DG learners had better learning achievements than the SA-DG learners. The PA-DG and SA-DG learners had higher motivation than the TA-DG learners. The PA-DG learners had a higher critical thinking tendency than the other two groups. In addition, the SA-DG learners had the lowest cognitive load, followed by the TA-DG and PA-DG learners. This implies that the individual roles of the agents had different impacts during the digital game-based learning process. The findings provide a good reference for developing future digital game-based learning research with personalized support.

DETERMINING THE PROBABILITIES OF THE OUTCOMES OF LOTTO GAME USING HYPERGEOMETRIC DISTRIBUTION

The probability density function (PDF) of the hypergeometric is used to model the probability of outcomes of lotto game given some selected predetermined scenarios (K) from (n = 5) samples at the instances of six sample scenarios x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. This is exactly mimicking the Nigerian Premier Lotto game where interested players are expected to choose five random numbers from 1 to 90. That ‘A’ win implies that at least three of the randomly chosen 5 numbers are drawn from the national lotto draw often televised to the players. In this paper, different predetermined scenarios are defined and the probability is computed using the probability density function of the hypergeometric distribution. The data are results from 31625 games played on premier lotto in a span of 3 years. The data are for morning, afternoon, night, in Enugu center, regional and national premier lotto results during the period. The chi-square test of goodness of fit shows that the premier lotto is random, fair, and validates the results of the adoption of the PDF of hypergeometric distribution. Players of lotto games are advised to be aware of the slim chances of winning and play reasonably and sensibly.

Revisiting the Uncertainty of Outcome Hypothesis and the Loss Aversion Hypothesis in the National Basketball Association: Adding a Predicted Game Quality Perspective

The unparalleled popularity of major professional sports leagues in the United States has led to numerous sold-out events, regardless of the uncertainty surrounding the game's outcome. This phenomenon prompts us to examine the relationship between outcome uncertainty and attendance, specifically in matchups between high-quality teams compared to games involving lower-quality teams in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Based on our analyses, we have discovered a notable distinction in the relationship between outcome uncertainty and attendance in high-quality games. When analyzing high-quality games, we observed a linear relationship between these two variables that was only marginally significant. Conversely, when exploring nonhigh-quality games, a U-shaped relationship emerged between outcome uncertainty and attendance. While the attendance of nonhigh-quality games was influenced by varying levels of uncertainty, high-quality games attracted fans irrespective of the outcome uncertainty. This research provides valuable insights into the factors that contribute to the popularity and attendance of NBA games.

Athlete External Load Measures Across a Competitive Season in High School Basketball.

Askow, AT, Jennings, W, Jagim, AR, Fields, JB, Beaudoin, RG, Sanchez, GM, Weeks, JE, Oliver, JM, and Jones, MT. Athlete external load measures across a competitive season in high school basketball. J Strength Cond Res 37(11): 2206-2212, 2023-The purpose of this retrospective analysis was to quantify in-season external load and to determine if relationships existed between load metrics and basketball performance. Eleven male high school varsity basketball athletes (n = 11; mass 80.5 ± 9.6 kg, height 190.2 ± 9.4 cm, age 17.6 ± 0.7 years) were monitored across a season. PlayerLoad (PL), PL per minute (PL·min -1 ), total jumps, and explosive movements (EMs) were quantified using a commercially available local positioning unit. Basketball-specific performance metrics, including points scored, points allowed, point differentials, and shooting percentages for each quarter and game, were compiled. Data were analyzed using repeated-measure analysis of variance to evaluate differences in load by starting status, session type, game outcome, and game type. Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to assess relationships between load metrics and basketball performance. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. The mean values across 23 games for PL, PL·min -1 , total jumps, and EMs were 457 ± 104 AU, 10.9 ± 1.6 AU, 42.6 ± 9.6, and 46.7 ± 7.2, respectively. Relationships were observed ( p < 0.05) between PL and points scored ( r = 0.38) and free throw percentage ( r = 0.21). Further relationships were observed between PL·min -1 and free throw shooting percentage ( r = -0.27), and between points scored and total jumps ( r = 0.28), and EMs ( r = 0.26). Notable differences in game demands were observed for playing status. Meaningful differences in measures of external load were observed between each quarter of play, with the highest measures evident in quarters 1 and 3. Guards and forwards experienced minimal differences in external load during gameplay, and game outcome did not result in differences. Higher point totals corresponded with higher PL, total jumps, and EM.