Emigration Flows Research Articles

Global Trends in the Labor Market and Balance of Losses and Benefits from Labor Migration

The study deals with the analysis of global labor market trends in the European Union countries under the influence of free movement and labor migration within the European Union. Named analyzes include defining trends in the emigration and immigration flows of the workforce among the countries of the European Union that apply the policy of migration and countries that are the source of labor emigration. On this basis, labor migration losses and benefits are assessed and their impact on GDP creation on the labor market, the state budget and other economic and social indicators for countries with a migration policy and for countries with a strong majority of labor migration flows abroad are examined. On this basis, the processes of creating imbalances in the European labor market, which are affected by the absence of balance sheets in the benefits and losses of labor migration for individual countries, are examined. The analyzes and investigations carried out have resulted in the definition and justification of the shift in the balance of losses and benefits of labor migration towards a predominance of benefits for countries with a migration policy and a prevalence of losses for countries with a strong dominance of labor migration flows abroad.

Air Pollution Quotas and the Dynamics of Internal Skilled Migration in Chinese Cities

This paper examines the role of a sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions quota introduced as part of China's 11th Five-Year Plan on internal movements of high-skilled labour across Chinese prefecture cities. Using data on migration flows calculated through changes in Hukou status, this study suggests that a 1,000 tons increase in the SO2 emissions reduction quota leads on average to approximately a 1.5 percentage points increase in high-skilled net outmigration. Compared to the largest prefectures, this regulation effect is twice as large in the smaller regulated prefectures. A possible mechanism could be that the implementation of SO2 quotas decreases relative labour demand in polluting industries in the regulated cities in the short term, thereby resulting in sectoral transitions from dirty-to-clean industries as well as skilled net outmigration flows. However, this net outmigration trend fades in the long term due to stabilisation in air quality. Our findings help contribute to a broader understanding of the effects of environmental policies on internal labour migration and labour force dynamics.

“Foreign Land, I Greet You!”: the Evolution of Russian Emigration in the Late 20th and Early 21st Centuries

The article examines the evolution of emigration from Russia in the post-Soviet period (from the beginning of the 1990s up to the present time). The multifaceted nature of the phenomenon under study requires an integrated, systemic and interdisciplinary approach with the use of general scientific and special methods. Everett Lee’s pull-push theory was used as a methodological basis for the study. The statistical base of the study was made up of data from Rosstat, foreign statistical agencies, the UN DESA Population Division, and the UNHCR. Relying on quantitative and qualitative approaches to emigration flows from Russia in 1990—2019 the authors identified three periods of emigration that differ in the determinants of emigration, the emigration potential of the population, the main categories of emigrants, the structure of outflows, and the directions of emigration. The analysis of the transformation of “push” factors was an important part of the study. The list of such factors has shown a shift towards reducing the spectrum and increasing the influence of economically determined causes of emigration. The study revealed that the characteristics of each period are inextricably linked to the historical context. The transition from one period to another occurred due to socio-economic and political changes in Russia. To analyze the impact of emigration on the demographic and socio-economic development of Russia, special attention was paid to the qualitative features of migration flows. The results of the study have a practical focus and can be used to improve migration legislation and policy in relation to compatriots living abroad. A necessary condition for implementing an effective migration policy in Russia can be considered its connection with the strategy of sustainable development based on an understanding of the global development goal.

Postmodern social policy in Romania. Between needs and expected changes of the welfare regime

This paper discusses current challenges of the welfare regime in Romania, from the standpoint of postmodern cultural changes that started to affect society. Acording to the main argument, Romania is intertwined with other societies that have already underwent through fundamental changes due to increasing postmodern cultural orientation. Such process comes together with a need for individualization of intervention, due to individualization of needs. Delocalization and denormalization overlap individualization, in a world dominated by mobilities. The paper delves with the basic characteristics of these changes and shows how they already affect or may affect Romania in the near future, in specific domains such as family, education, or housing. International migration is in particular addressed, since Romania is experiencing a large and long-lasting out-migration flow. Changes in technologies are used as material basis for future changes, while cultural preferences and their changes are the red line for all subchapters.

REALITIES OF THE MIGRATION PROCESS IN RUSSIA: QUANTITATIVE “PROS” AND QUALITATIVE “CONS”

The article discusses the features of immigration and emigration flows in Russia, their quality indicators. There is a mismatch in the distribution of labor migrants in the country regions, as well as the intellectual and professional characteristics of immigration and emigration flows are being analyzed. The authors pay great attention to the main modern trends of migration processes in Russia and problems of migration’s regulation.

The Role of Precarious Employment in Emigration Flows from Croatia

Current global economic trends, trade competition and technological change, have greatly expanded the complexity of labour market contracts and increased the number of employees working under temporary work status and non-standard forms of employment. Part of economic theory tries to explain the influence of those labour market trends on migration. This is particularly important in the case of Croatia, which has been experiencing a large scale of emigration in recent years. The number of people that left abroad increased four times from 2012. The aim of this paper is to investigate the role of precarious employment in international migration movements, especially from Croatia, but also from Central and East European countries (CEEC). Data on migration, wages, employment quality, GDP and unemployment used in this paper come from the Croatian Bureau of Statistics for Croatia and Eurostat databases for the rest of the sample.

ІНГІБУВАННЯ МІГРАЦІЙНИХ ВТРАТ ЛЮДСЬКОГО ПОТЕНЦІАЛУ УКРАЇНИ

Інтенсифікація міграційних процесів ставить нові виклики й завдання перед міграційною політикою України. Однією з найгостріших проблем нині є масовий виїзд працездатного населення, особливо високоосвіченої молоді, за межі країни. Запропоновано авторську концепцію інгібування (уповільнення) втрат людського потенціалу, що передбачає активні заходи міграційної політики за трьома основними напрямами: скорочення темпів еміграції, стимулювання зворотної зовнішньої міграції та посилення внутрішньої міграції населення. При цьому висвітлено шляхи реалізації кожного з цих блоків. Так, скоротити темпи еміграції можна шляхом регулювання її чинників. Проаналізовано два з них: заробітну плату і безробіття. Зроблено висновок про необхідність поетапного підвищення рівня заробітної плати, однак не механічним шляхом, а через комплекс реформ. Щодо вирішення проблем безробіття, то автором розроблено модель механізму стимулювання зайнятості, що передбачає ряд заходів державної політики, які спрямовано на всіх суб’єктів ринку праці. Стимулювання зворотної і циркулярної міграції, рееміграції та репатріації передбачає: програми заохочення і сприяння поверненню та інтеграції, фінансово-економічні й організаційні механізми забезпечення зворотності; сприяння працевлаштуванню реемігрантів; урегулювання пенсійного забезпечення циркулярних мігрантів тощо. Для активізації внутрішньої міграції (як вагомої альтернативи зовнішній) необхідно: зменшити адміністративні перешкоди на шляху внутрішніх переміщень населення; створити сприятливі умови для реалізації права на свободу пересування; посилити міжрегіональний трудовий обмін і співробітництво; розробити заходи щодо стимулювання внутрішньої міграції населення; покращити транспортне сполучення та мережі. Поряд із соціально-економічними інгібіторами необхідно також застосовувати ментальні чинники, які здатні вплинути на міграційну поведінку населення. Викладені пропозиції можуть стати основою для вирішення проблеми міграційних втрат людського потенціалу та для підвищення ефективності міграційної політики України.

A social change theory for interpretation of the migration flows of the Bangladeshi labor emigration

The special features of the Bangladeshi emigrant work force have been considered. The explanation of the reason under the theoretical framework of social change has been presented, on which the neoclassical theory of migration, and, also the push and pull factors theory, cannot clarify the specific distribution of migrants, which is observed. The neoclassical theory of migration has been analyzed, which supposes, that economic factors should determine the choice of a destination country by a emigrant, and it shows how the theory would predict, that the distribution of emigrants should be correlated to the relative average income of the hosting countries. Therefore, the theory is not respected in the case of the Bangladeshi emigration. The network model of migration, even though it partially fixes this problem, can still not explain the emergence of enclaves of Bangladeshi citizens in hosting countries.The theory of social changes, with some modifications originating from the network approach and the “governmentality” approach, might however explain the distribution of Bangladeshi emigrants abroad, and it has been assumed, that this theoretical development sheds light on the studied problem and its causes. According to this theory, the Bangladeshi emigration is one part of a global process, which creates a global civilization from a number of previously independent societies. A consequence of this theory is that the flows of migrants should more or less follow the waves of development of a globalised society, and, therefore, that it should be possible to measure modifications in the trend of globalisation by measuring the variation in the flows of migrants, or in their distribution across regions.

Case Study: Endangered Lithuania

Due to a decreased birth rate and increased emigration, Lithuania’s population fell from 3.5 million to 2.8 million during the period 1990 - 2017. This paper presents a picture of the endangered Lithuanian population conditioned by high emigration flows. Four emigration waves and their reasons during the 27 year period in Lithuania are discussed. Economic and social conditions have only shown a slight change for Lithuanian citizens. In addition, no option of dual citizenship is available for emigrants. These reasons, as well as the Brexit consequences, have an impact on the emigration rates and Lithuania’s endangerment generally.

ШЛЯХИ ПОКРИТТЯ ВИДАТКІВ МІСЦЕВИХ БЮДЖЕТІВ ВЛАСНИМИ ДОХОДАМИ ПРИ МОДЕРНІЗАЦІЇ ФІСКАЛЬНОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ

The modernization of fiscal policy consists in the redistribution of powers to make administrative decisions in the fiscal sphere between central and regional public authorities. Fiscal policy modernization aims at ensuring financial autonomy of administrative and territorial units by reducing interdependent transfers. Financing own-source expenditures is the main criterion for local budgets autonomy. The purpose of the article is to develop ways to cover local budget expenditures with their own revenues while modernizing fiscal policy in Ukraine. The article explores the main ways of covering local budget expenditures with own revenues in the context of fiscal policy modernization, which are capable of ensuring the extension of financial autonomy of administrative and territorial units in Ukraine. The necessity to deepen the reform of financial decentralization in order to modernize the regional fiscal policy to expand the sources of own financial resources formation and optimize the expenditures of local budgets is substantiated. During 2014-2017 it was possible to increase the level of local budget expenditures covering with own revenues by 7%. It is proved that in order to increase the level of local budgets expenditures coverage with own revenues it is necessary to create favorable preconditions for the increase of population incomes. Since a 1% increase in household income causes a 0.21% increase in the level of local government expenditures. Another important area for extending the financial autonomy of local governments is to create conditions for reducing the labor emigration flow. After all, increasing the population of the region by 1% leads to an increase in the level of local budgets expenditures coverage with own revenues by 0.37%. Prospects for further research lie in the development of optimization models to increase the level of local budgets expenditures coverage with own revenues.

Estimating a Consistent and Detailed Time Series of Immigration and Emigration for Sub-state Regions of Australia

The size and composition of the Australian population has shifted since the dismantling of the discriminatory White Australia Policy during the 1970s, yet its immigration system and border control remain highly regulated. Despite this, detailed information about the specific locations that immigrants arrive to or depart from within Australia are not available. The picture is further compounded by inconsistencies in the measurement of flows and geographic boundaries over time. To address these issues, we obtained available immigration and emigration flow data provided by the Australian Bureau of Statistics at the state and territory level, and developed methods to harmonise the available data, estimate missing elements and disaggregate to a sub-state geography. The methods are applied to 19 birthplace-specific populations across 47 areas in Australia for annual time periods from 1981 to 2016. This research addresses the need for more detailed estimates of demographic events so that a better understanding of the mechanisms and differences underlying regional population change may be provided.

Population move on Rajasthan: Regional analysis

The physiography of Rajasthan is not suitable for agricultural activity. Most parts of Rajasthan are sandy regions and Aravalli Mountain, which is a barrier for agriculture. Eastern part of Rajasthan is covered with plain soil but this region is also not suitable for agriculture. This is the reason why Rajasthan experienced a large proportion of out-migration from its different physiographic regions. The present research aims to investigate in details, the identification of out migration regions and regional flow of male migration with a geographical perspective. Analysis of inter-regional out-migration flow in Rajasthan was based on secondary data. The migration rates has been calculated for out-migration, in-migration, and net migration, as well as specific population subgroups using Clark method. The Eastern sandy arid region and Eastern plain region have experienced higher rate of inter-regional out-migration. Key words: Male migration, source region, Rajasthan, physiographic region.

Еmigration processes from Russia: directions, scale, ethnic structure

After the collapse of the Soviet Union the structure of migration processes in Russia radically changed, a significant part of the internal migrations transformed into international ones. Although the scale of internal migrations noticeably decreased, still they continued to exceed international by several times. Along with the re-emigration of Russians and the immigration of people of other nationalities to Russia from the countries of the new abroad, which assumed a mass character, the international emigration from Russia to the countries of the old abroad increased significantly. This international migration flow has become permanent in the post-Soviet period. Analysis of statistical data made it possible to conclude that the scale of international migration, that substantially increased in the 1990s, in the zero years of the 21st century declined markedly. This applies both to immigration flows to Russia from the countries of the new abroad and to emigration flows from Russia to the countries of the old abroad. Despite the significant reduction in emigration from Russia in the twenty-first century, the main recipient countries for emigrants, as they were originally, are still Germany, Israel and the United States. The latter is due to the ethnic component. The article shows the extent to which international migrations damage Russia and improve labor (first of all, scientific and technical) and demographic potential of a number of recipient countries. It is emphasized that the solution of these problems is beyond the scope of state migration policy.

Assessment of the impact of emigration on the origin economy

Our article concentrates to the main aim – to assess the impact of emigration on an origin economy. This topic was chosen because the theoretical research has disclosed that the positive impact of emigration usually manifests through monetary transfers to a native country while the negative impact mainly emerges as a reduction in the labour force, which, in its turn, causes deterioration of a country’s demographic and economic situation. It has been found that the growing flows of emigration significantly reduce Lithuanian population and cause “brain drain”. High emigration rates also have a negative impact on Lithuanian national economy, in particular, its unemployment rate (the opposite effect). To reduce the rates of emigration from the country, Lithuania must develop and improve such ALPM’s elements as combination of work and dual vocational training, targeted selection of the industries for arrangement of an apprenticeship, manual training, dual vocational training and workplace training, segmentation of the unemployed by the indications of employment impediment, individual work with the unemployed to restore their basic skills (motivation, practice, health improvement), vocational guidance of young people (students) and early involvement of students into the labour market by combining studies and work.

Modelling factors connected with the effect of international migration for security and economy

This article concerns research conducted on the casual connections between modern global migratory processes and basic socio-economic and safety indexes for countries around the world countries. On the basis of new official dataset there was developed a cluster model of countries distributed according to the basic indicators which characterize migratory streams (emigration/immigration), safety and macroeconomic indexes, related to the international migration. It is established that, in general, people are moving to safer countries that can provide them with better opportunities and social guarantees. The factor models for emigration and immigration processes, and international migration in general have been constructed. The main factors that prompt people to change their place of residence and the economic and safe effects of unprecedented levels of international migration are revealed. The empirical research examined in this paper confirmed the causal link between the volumes of international migration flows and the growth of Foreign Direct Investment in home countries and the reduction of security in host countries. The lack of statistical connection between immigration and emigration flows has been established.

Dynamics and determinants of emigration: the case of Croatia and the experience of new EU member states

This paper analyzes the emigration flows from Croatia and other new EU member states to the core EU countries after their EU accession. In order to assess the magnitude and dynamics of the recent emigration wave properly, we construct the series of indirect emigration flows, resorting to the national statistical offices of the selected core EU destination countries. We compare the Croatian experience with that of other NMS and show that the intensity of Croatia’s emigration flows after EU accession is proportional to that of the Romanian and Bulgarian cases. Finally, we empirically analyze the economic and non-economic drivers of emigration from NMS to the core EU in the 2000-2016 period. Results show that both economic (measured by different GDP and labour market indicators) and noneconomic factors (capturing the EU accession, the level of corruption in the economy and demographic characteristics of the origin country population) are relevant for emigration decisions.

International migration, foreign direct investment, and development stage in developing economies

AbstractThe existing empirical results on the relationship between FDI and migration are rather mixed. This study reevaluates, both theoretically and empirically, how inward FDI relates to emigration in developing countries. Our model illustrates that the relationship between inward FDI and emigration flows depends on the development stage of a developing country, that is, there is a positive association between inward FDI and emigration flows for relatively less‐developed countries but a negative association between these two variables for relatively developed countries. We confirm the empirical validity of our model prediction using the panel data of 21 OECD and 51 non‐OECD countries during the period from 2003 to 2012. Our results argue that as economic development proceeds in a developing country, the home effect of inward FDI associated with intensified labor demand would dominate the linkage effect that induces the brain drain problem through enhancing the socioeconomic ties with migrant networks.

Exploring the Influence of Personal Motivations, Beliefs and Attitudes on Students’ Post-Graduation Migration Intentions: Evidence from Three Major Romanian Universities

Nowadays, when there is much concern about the demographic decline of Europe and the stringent need for public policies that support intelligent, sustainable, and inclusive growth in times of population ageing, this study aims to validate several hypotheses regarding the post-graduation migration intentions of students in economics. To analyse these intentions in the context of Romanian yearly increases of out-migration flows to Western countries, the answers to the questionnaire used for this study were obtained from three important Romanian universities. Using georeferencing, neural networks-based data mining, and two types of regression analysis, the results represent a relevant contribution to the limited body of literature. They empirically show that motivations and attitudes towards a meritocratic environment for professional advancement, and individual freedom are positive key factors for students’ migration intentions after graduation. In addition, the paper emphasises the secondary role of religiosity and intergenerational transfer of parental migration experience. It also finds that, although the income level has some influence on these intentions, its role is far less important than the one emphasised in the specific literature, which leads us to the conclusion that non-economic motivations matter more than the economic ones for the potential decision to migrate after graduation.

A not so common idea

This article focuses on autobiographies of Portuguese emigrants in the USA published outside the literary circuits (A different and longer version of this analysis will be published by The Journal of Lusophone Studies in October 2016). The analysis draws from material collected during fieldwork in New Jersey, where a surprising number of migrant’s written self-portraits were found. The paper examines such works as an expression of self and social (biopolitical) empowerment in contrast with the established negative image associated to the figure of the Portuguese emigrant. The four considered authors emigrated in different periods of the 20th Century marked by continuous Portuguese emigration flows. Escaping misery, poverty, the colonial war, or lack of perspectives, these e/immigrants were improbable authors from the outset, yet, motivated writers of their memories and life experiences. The analysis highlights the heuristic value and social relevance of such autobiographies both in their socio-anthropological meaning, and as historical portraits of Portugal and the Portuguese emigration.
 [Project funded by the Fulbright Commission/Camões Institute and hosted by the Department of Portuguese and Brazilian Studies, Brown University, and the Department of Spanish and Portuguese, Rutgers University, under the 2013 Fulbright Program for PhD researchers and professors].

Russian Emigration at the Turn of 21st Century

The article deals with the evolution of the Russian emigration processes at the turn of the 21st century. Based on the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the Russian emigration flows over the past 25 years, the authors highlighted five emigration waves characterized by their main emigrant categories and emigration channels. Attention has been given not only to the size of the emigration flows but also to the emigration flow’s own compositional characteristics, especially age structure. The authors’ benchmark analysis of the Russian emigration data provided by the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation and the data on Russian immigrants provided by the national statistics services of foreign countries showed the overwhelming quantitative discrepancies in the migration flows set out in the Russian statistics, thus underestimating the intensity of emigration.