Orthogonal Design Method Research Articles

Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction and Antioxidant Evaluation of Resveratrol from Peanut Sprouts

The orthogonal array design method was used to optimize ultrasonic-assisted extraction of resveratrol from peanut sprouts. The results showed that the highest extraction yield of resveratrol using ultrasonic-assisted extraction could be up to 1.1%. The optimal extraction conditions were liquid to solid ratio of 30:1 (mL/g) and ethanol concentration of 80% (v/v) as solvent for 40 min at the temperature of 70 °C. AB-8 macroporous adsorption resin was used to purify the crude extract and the resveratrol content increased to 47.5% after one treatment run. The optimal adsorption parameters were initial concentrations in the sample solution of 2 mg/mL, a pH of 5.0, a flow rate of 2 mL/min, and a temperature of 25 °C. The optimal desorption parameters were 60% ethanol and a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The chemical composition of the peanut sprout’s resveratrol sample was investigated via HPLC, and the predominant constituents were found to be protocatechuic acid, catechins, caffeic acid, epicatechuic acid, resveratrol, and rutin. The antioxidant activities of the resveratrol were measured via the following different analytical methods: reducing power, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhdrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical-scavenger activity, superoxide radical-scavenger activity, the β-carotene bleaching test, and the scavenging nitrite test. The results indicated that the resveratrol in peanut sprouts have significant antioxidant activities and can be used as a source of potential antioxidant. And peanut sprout’s resveratrol has the potential and valuable application to be used as a new type of resveratrol resource. The finding of this study can provide some theoretical reference for the comprehensive utilization of peanut resources in the development of antioxidant health foods.

Investigating Tire Ground Contact Mechanics Under Partial Hydroplaning Conditions: A Multivariate Analysis Approach

Tire hydroplaning is one of the main causes of traffic accidents on slippery roads. In order to study the ground contact mechanical characteristics of tires under partial hydroplaning conditions, 205/55the R16 passenger car tire was taken as the research object, a tire hydroplaning CEL simulation model was established, and the test plan was created using the orthogonal experimental design method. Through range analysis, partial correlation analysis and multivariate linear regression analysis, a tire side slip UA model suitable for different working conditions on slippery roads was established. Comparative analysis shows that the model can accurately predict the tire ground contact mechanical characteristics on slippery roads, and provide a theoretical reference for studying the tire multi-condition hydroplaning performance.

Multi-objective optimization and influence degree analysis of the thermally integrated HP-ORC carnot battery based on the orthogonal design method and grey relational analysis

Thermally integrated heat pump (HP)-organic Rankine cycle (ORC) Carnot battery is a promising solution for efficient energy storage and waste heat utilization. Firstly, in order to research the influence degree of the operating parameters on the system performance, single-objective optimization is conducted by the orthogonal design method. Then, multi-objective optimization is conducted by combining the grey relational analysis (GRA) and orthogonal design method to assess the comprehensive performance of the system. The importance order and contribution rates of the operating parameters and the optimal operating combinations are determined. Finally, in order to explore the influence mechanism of the parameters on the system performance, the influence of the parameters on the subsystems and the subsystems on the whole system is quantitatively analyzed. The results show that thermal storage temperature difference, waste heat temperature difference and cold source temperature are the most important parameters affecting the comprehensive performance of the whole system. Under the optimal operating conditions, round-trip efficiency, exergy efficiency, energy storage capacity (ESC), energy storage density (ESD) and levelized cost of storage (LCOS) are 47.05 %, 22.66 %, 1943 kW, 2.90 kWh/m3 and 0.38$/kWh, respectively. Compared to the ORC subsystem, the HP subsystem is more important to round-trip efficiency and exergy efficiency.

Gradation optimization of AC-20 asphalt mixture based on the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and comprehensive evaluation method

The aggregate gradation of asphalt mixture is one of the most important factors affecting the service life of asphalt pavement. In order to study the gradation of asphalt mixture with the best comprehensive performance, this study puts forward a new method of mineral aggregate gradation optimization based on the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and comprehensive evaluation method, aiming at the multi-level and multi-index evaluation of the road performance of asphalt mixture. First, the orthogonal test design method is applied to design nine target gradations with coarse aggregate (>4.75 mm) and fine aggregate (<4.75 mm) of AC-20 (asphalt concrete) mixture serving as two factors and the upper, middle, and lower positions of the gradation curve as three levels, and then the road performance test research is carried out. Second, a comprehensive model for evaluation of road performance of mineral aggregate gradation is established. A fuzzy complementary judgment matrix is constructed, and the index weights of each level and the hierarchical total ranking weight are calculated. Then, the membership function is introduced into the comprehensive evaluation model for the road performance of mineral aggregate gradation, and the membership values of each index of asphalt mixture road performance are obtained. Finally, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is used to find out the comprehensive evaluation value of the road performance of the nine graded asphalt mixtures, and the mineral aggregate gradation is optimized. The research results show that the 1# gradation of the asphalt mixture has the highest comprehensive road performance evaluation value, and the combination of the fuzzy hierarchical analysis process and comprehensive evaluation method can more objectively and comprehensively evaluate the comprehensive road performance of the asphalt mixture and provide a useful reference for the optimal selection of asphalt mixture mineral gradation.

Optimization of Consolidated Bioprocessing Fermentation of Uncooked Sweet Potato Residue for Bioethanol Production by Using a Recombinant Amylolytic Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strain via the Orthogonal Experimental Design Method

Optimization of Consolidated Bioprocessing Fermentation of Uncooked Sweet Potato Residue for Bioethanol Production by Using a Recombinant Amylolytic Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strain via the Orthogonal Experimental Design Method

Optimization of Laser Cladding Parameters for High-Entropy Alloy-Reinforced 316L Stainless-Steel via Grey Relational Analysis

Laser cladding technology serves as a pivotal technique in industrial production, especially in the realms of additive manufacturing, surface enhancement, coating preparation, and the repair of part surfaces. This study investigates the influence of metal powder composition and processing parameters on laser cladding coatings utilizing the Taguchi orthogonal experimental design method. To optimize the laser cladding parameters, multi-response grey relational analysis (GRA) was employed, aiming to improve both the microhardness and the overall quality of the coatings. The optimal parameter combinations identified through GRA were subsequently validated through experimental tests. The results reveal that the microhardness and quality of the coatings are substantially influenced by several critical factors, including the powder feed rate, laser power, high-entropy alloy (HEA) addition rate, scanning speed, and substrate tilt angle. Specifically, the powder feed rate exerts the most significant effect on the microhardness, dilution rate, and average contact angle. In contrast, laser power primarily impacts the mean contact angle difference. The HEA addition rate notably affects the mean contact angle difference, while the scanning speed affects the microhardness and the substrate tilt angle influences the average contact angle. The results of the validation experiment showed a deviation of only 0.95% from the predicted values, underscoring the efficacy of the grey relational analysis (GRA) in optimizing the laser cladding process parameters. The methodology presented in this paper can be applied to determine the ideal processing parameters for multi-response laser cladding processes, encompassing applications such as surface peening and surface repair.

Effect of deposition parameters on structural and mechanical properties of Novel h-BN doped TiCrNbN coatings

In this paper, the novel h-BN doped TiCrNbN thin films was deposited on the DIN 1.2714 steel using closed field unbalanced magnetron sputtering (CFUBMS) technique with variable working pressure, bias voltage, and LaB6 target voltage. The main goal is to determine the contribution of degrees of these parameters on structural and mechanical properties using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The deposition parameters were leveled based on L9 (33) orthogonal Taguchi design method. Microstructural and thickness of coatings were investigated using SEM. The coatings had granular and flawless surface properties. The thickness of the coatings was determined in the range of 874 nm and 1.69 μm. The deposition parameter that has the highest contribution to coating thickness is working pressure. Hardness and adhesion strength of coatings were determined employing nanohardness and scratch tester, respectively. The highest hardness among the coatings was 24.67 GPa, obtained with the 3x10-3 Torr working pressure, 100 V bias voltage and 600 V LaB6 target voltage parameters. The deposition parameter that has the highest contribution to hardness is working pressure. The coating conditions with the highest hardness exhibited the highest adhesion strength. The superiority of the contribution of working pressure on the adhesion strength was prominent compared to other parameters.

Numerical investigation on thermal management performance of soft packing Li-ion batteries with oblique multi-channel cold plates

During the driving process of electric vehicles (EVs), the continuous high-rate discharge of the power battery causes significant heat accumulation. An efficient battery thermal management system (BTMS) is critical for the safe and stable operation of EVs. In this study, an oblique channel cold plate (OCCP) is designed based on the traditional straight channel cold plate (SCCP) in order to addresses the problem of excessive and uneven temperatures during the high-rate discharge of soft packing lithium-ion batteries. Effects of glycol solution concentration, coolant mass flow rate, coolant inlet temperature, oblique angle for cooling channel, ambient temperature and discharge rate for the cell on the performance characteristics of BTMS, including the cooling efficiency (φ) and pressure drop (ΔP), are analyzed numerically with Ansys Fluent software. The results show that the OCCP has better cooling performance and lower pressure loss than the SCCP. Based on the analysis with the orthogonal design method, when the glycol solution concentration is 20 %, the mass flow rate is 1.0 g/s, and the inlet temperature is 25 °C, the BTMS with SCCP could obtain the optimal performance, corresponding to that the maximum temperature (Tmax) of the battery is controlled at 32.056 °C, while the φ is 0.581, and the ΔP across the cold plate is 52.652 Pa. Furthermore, the cooling efficiency φ of the cold plate decreases with the increase in the oblique angle. When the ambient temperature is 35 °C, the OCCP with a 20° oblique angle provides the best cooling effect for the battery during a 10C discharge. This work is helpful for the design of liquid cold plates in BTMS under high-rate discharge conditions for power battery of EVs.

Analysis of Aluminum Alloy Double-Pulse MIG Welding Arc Signal Characteristics Based on Broadband Mode Decomposition

Welding voltage and current in arc signals are directly related to arc stability and welding quality. Process experiments with different parameters were organized according to the orthogonal experimental design method by constructing an aluminum alloy double-pulse metal inert gas (MIG) welding arc electric signal test platform. The data acquisition system of the aluminum alloy MIG welding process was established to obtain real-time arc signal information reflecting the welding process. The aluminum alloy’s collected double-pulse arc current signals are decomposed adaptively by broadband mode decomposition (BMD). The direct current (DC) signal, pulse signal, distortion signal, ripple signal, and noise signal are separated and extracted, and the composite multiscale fuzzy entropy (CMFE) is calculated for the component set of the electrical signal. The experimental results show that the current waveform obtained by the double-pulse MIG welding current signal is consistent with the corresponding weld forming diagram. Simultaneously, the composite multiscale fuzzy entropy is calculated for the arc characteristic parameters. The rationality of matching process parameters and arc stability of aluminum alloy's double-pulse MIG welding were evaluated.

Study on the promotion multiple of blood flow velocity on human epidermal microcirculation of volcanic rock polymer fiber seamless knitted fabric

Abstract As a material that can release infrared rays, volcanic rock polymer fibers can be used in textiles to improve human microcirculation, which is helpful to relieve chronic inflammatory diseases such as perishoulder arthritis. In this article, there are two different kinds of exterior yarns. Volcanic rock blended polyester, volcanic rock blended polyamide, polyester and polyamide are chosen as the material type of exterior yarn Ⅰ, whereas the material type of exterior yarn II is conductive polyamide yarn. The exterior yarn feed ratio of exterior yarn Ⅰ and exterior yarn II is designed as 8:0, 7:1 and 6:2 when weft plain stitch, 1 + 1 mock rib and 1 + 3 mock rib are used as the knitted structure of the fabric. According to the three-factor four-level orthogonal experimental design method, the sample protocol was established, and 16 knitted sample fabrics were produced. Then, the promotion multiple of blood flow velocity on human epidermal microcirculation of each sample was tested and analyzed. The results show that the promotion multiple of blood flow velocity on human epidermal microcirculation of the fabrics woven by volcanic rock polymer fibers is better than that of the blank control group, and the difference between fabrics with different volcanic rock polymer fibers is small. The higher the proportion of exterior yarn Ⅰ is, the better the promotion multiple of blood flow velocity on human epidermal microcirculation of fabric will be. The effect of knitted structure on the promotion multiple of blood flow velocity on human epidermal microcirculation of fabrics is not obvious. This study provides reference for the design of medical or health textiles for chronic inflammatory diseases.

Design and optimization of a novel porous plate oil–gas separator

In the oil-injection compressor system, it is necessary to separate the lubricating oil by sequentially applying the mechanical separator and the separating filter element, however, the oil–gas separation filter has disadvantages such as short service life, high cost, and great environmental pollution. In this paper, a porous plate separator is proposed to achieve the coalescence of small oil droplets, and then the larger droplets can be removed by mechanical collisions driven by turbulence flow in the separator. This device is designed to be used after the primary separator, in the hope of replacing the separation filter element. The structure of the porous plate oil–gas separator is constructed through the staggered arrangement of two porous plates, and the two-phase flow characteristics in the separator are simulated through the Euler-Lagrangian method with the droplet’s behavior of collision and breakup considered. The hole diameter, hole distance, plate distance, and inlet velocity are the key parameters of the separator, and these parameters are combined through the orthogonal design method to form several different structures and working conditions. The results of range analysis and pressure difference distribution under different layers are analyzed comprehensively, so the best combination is determined in terms of particle size growth rate, oil separation efficiency, and pressure loss. The designed structure is machined, and a test bench is set up, so the performance of the porous plate separator is experimentally tested. It is found that the simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental data, and the best simulated conditions are also verified by the experiment. When the inlet velocity is 0.2 m·s−1, the optimal scheme is suggested as follows: Hole diameter = 1.5 mm; Hole distance = 3 mm; Plate distance = 1 mm; plate layers = 40.

Strain characteristics of reinforced soft clay around tunnel under metro loads

This study investigates the Strain characteristics of reinforced soft clay surrounding a tunnel subjected to cyclic loading, employing the Global Digital Systems cyclic triaxial test on the saturated reinforced clay near Shanghai Metro Line 4’s Hailun Road station. Initially, the study examines the impacts of frequency, dynamic stress amplitude (DSA), and loading cycles on cumulative plastic strain. Following this, the orthogonal design method was employed to organize tests, and an evaluation method for assessing soil strain was developed through mathematical statistical analysis. The results indicate at the constant vibration frequency, cumulative plastic strain increases with an increase in DSA and decreases with as load frequency increases. DSA is the primary factor influencing the axial deformation of subway tunnels, whereas the interaction between load frequency and vibration frequency is negligible. The findings suggest that measures to prevent and control subway tunnel settlement should concentrate on DSA during the early stages of subway operation.

Experiment and simulation assessment of supercritical underground coal gasification in deep coal seam

To explain the impact of geological and process factors on underground coal gasification in deep coal seam (>2200 m) and promote the efficient and clean extraction and conversion of coal, this study employs the orthogonal experimental design method to investigate the impact of CO2 coefficient (0–1), moisture content (30–80 wt%), calcite content (0–10 wt%), albite content (0–10 wt%), kaolinite content (0–20 wt%), reaction temperature (550–650 °C), and reaction pressure (23–27 MPa) on the characteristics of coal underground gasification under supercritical H2O/CO2 conditions. Furthermore, range analysis and variance analysis are utilized to determine the degree of influence of each factor and the interaction between factors. Finally, the Gibbs free energy minimization method is used to conduct a thermodynamic equilibrium analysis of coal supercritical H2O/CO2 gasification at high temperatures (750–1000 °C). The results indicate that the three most significant factors affecting the process of coal supercritical H2O/CO2 gasification are the CO2 coefficient, moisture content, and reaction temperature. The maximum carbon gasification efficiency at 650 °C in experimental cases and 1000 °C in simulation cases is 22.2% and 88.1%, respectively. Although the addition of CO2 at lower temperatures reduces the carbon gasification efficiency, at high temperatures (>900 °C), a higher initial CO2 concentration increases the carbon gasification efficiency. The addition of CO2 under conditions of low moisture content increases the mole fraction of H2, but reduces it under conditions of high moisture content (≥70 wt%). Among the three minerals, calcite has the most significant influence on the gasification process.

High-quality utilization of raw coke oven gas for hydrogen production based on CO2 adsorption-enhanced reforming

To realize the high-quality utilization of raw coke oven gas (RCOG), the adsorption-enhanced steam reforming process was purposed for hydrogen production, coupled with the sensible heat recovery and the conversion of the high-energy components (such as tar). For this process, the hydrogen production performance and energy utilization efficiency were focused via reforming experiment and process simulation. Using the prepared bifunctional catalyst (Ni/Ce–CaO–Ca12Al14O33), the enhanced reforming experiment was conducted based on orthogonal design and Taguchi method. Compared to S/C ratio (the mole ratio of steam to carbon in the simulated RCOG) and WHSV (weight hourly space velocity), reforming temperature shows a higher sensitivity to hydrogen production. At 800 °C, the produced H2 amount can achieve 3.86 times of that in the initial RCOG and the H2 concentration in the produced gas can reach 88.38 %, when the S/C ratio was 15 and the WHSV was 0.0847 h−1. Based on the established process model, the energy consumption of RCOG enhanced reforming system was discussed. Compared to traditional hydrogen production technologies, this novel process exhibits a lower energy consumption, just about 62.5 MJ/kg H2, and also shows a higher energy conversion efficiency.

Experimental study on liquefaction influence factors of saturated silty soil using orthogonal design method

Experimental study on liquefaction influence factors of saturated silty soil using orthogonal design method

An optimal combination of four active components in Huangqin decoction for the synergistic sensitization of irinotecan against colorectal cancer

BackgroundIrinotecan (CPT-11) is a first-line treatment for advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). Four components (baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, and glycyrrhizic acid) derived from Huangqin Decoction (HQD) have been proven to enhance the anticancer activity of CPT-11 in our previous study.ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the optimal combination of the four components for sensitizing CPT-11 as well as to explore the underlying mechanism.MethodsThe orthogonal design method was applied to obtain candidate combinations (Cmb1-9) of the four components. The influence of different combinations on the anticancer effect of CPT-11 was first evaluated in vitro by cell viability, wound healing ability, cloning formation, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest. Then, a CRC xenograft mice model was constructed to evaluate the anticancer effect of the optimal combination in vivo. Potential mechanisms of the optimal combination exerting a sensitization effect combined with CPT-11 against CRC were analyzed by targeted metabolomics.ResultsIn vitro experiments determined that Cmb8 comprised of baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, and glycyrrhizic acid at the concentrations of 17 μM, 47 μM, 46.5 μM and 9.8 μM respectively was the most effective combination. Importantly, the cell viability assay showed that Cmb8 exhibited synergistic anticancer activity in combination with CPT-11. In in vivo experiments, this combination (15 mg/kg of baicalin, 24 mg/kg of baicalein, 24 mg/kg of wogonin, and 15 mg/kg of glycyrrhizic acid) also showed a synergistic anticancer effect. Meanwhile, inflammatory factors and pathological examination of the colon showed that Cmb8 could alleviate the gastrointestinal damage induced by CPT-11. Metabolic profiling of the tumors suggested that the synergistic anticancer effect of Cmb8 might be related to the regulation of fatty acid metabolism.ConclusionThe optimal combination of four components derived from HQD for the synergistic sensitization of CPT-11 against CRC was identified.

Optimization design of semi-open impeller based on thrombogenicity in a blood pump.

Blood clots are composed of aggregated fibrin and platelets, and thrombosis is the body's natural response to repairing injured blood vessels or stopping bleeding. However, when this process is activated abnormally, such as in a mechanical blood pump, it can lead to excessive thrombus formation. Therefore, how to avoid or reduce the probability of thrombus formation is an important indicator of the stable operation of a blood pump. In this paper, Lagrangian particle tracking trajectories are simulated to study platelet transport in a blood pump. The design of the thrombus blood pump was optimized using an orthogonal design method based on three factors: inlet angle, outlet angle, and blade number. The effect of blood pump pressure, rotational speed, impeller outlet angle, inlet angle, and number of blades on thrombus formation was analysed using Fluent software. The thrombogenic potential was derived by analyzing the trajectory and flow parameters of platelet particles in the blood pump, as well as the statistical parameters of residence time and stress accumulation thrombus in the platelet pump. When the impeller inlet angle is 30°, the outlet angle is 20°, and the number of blades is 6, the probability of thrombus formation is minimized in the orthogonal design method, aligning with the requirements for blood pump performance. These design parameters serve as a numerical guideline for optimizing the geometry of the semi-open impeller in blood pumps and provide a theoretical foundation for subsequent invitro experiments.

Double roller negative stiffness mechanism seat suspension optimization design and vibration analysis

To further improve the vibration isolation performance of automobile seat suspension and the riding comfort of automobiles, this paper uses the double roller negative stiffness mechanism (NSM) to calculate the seat suspension with quasi-zero stiffness (QZS) characteristics. The influence of the structural parameters on the QZS characteristics is simulated and analyzed, and the structural parameters are optimized by the orthogonal design method. The effectiveness of the optimization was verified by analyzing the dynamic response of the seat suspension system. The results show that the natural frequency of the vibration isolation system of the seat suspension decreases, the vibration isolation band widens after the introduction of the double roller NSM, and the vibration isolation effect is improved under low-frequency excitation.

Comprehensive evaluation on deposition and heat transfer performance of the mixed tube bundle based on orthogonal experimental study

Deposition on heat exchange surfaces is an urgent problem to be solved to achieve efficient utilization of energy in thermal equipment. To mitigate deposition and the resultant heat attenuation, this work proposes a mixed tube bundle strategy of inserting attached cylinders behind the tube bundle, which can effectively meet the design requirements of high anti-deposition performance, high heat transfer efficiency, and low flow resistance. An integrated dynamic model for deposition is developed to elucidate the effect of ash particles on deposition, flow, and heat transfer characteristics. Based on the inverse distance weighting interpolation, a dynamic mesh smoothing technique is employed to simulate the evolving deposition layer on the heat transfer surface. In addition, the L16(43) orthogonal experimental design method is adopted to study the influence of the arrangement angle, diameter, and distance to the primary bundle of the attached cylinder on the overall performance, and determine the optimal scheme. The results show that deposition in the cases using the mixed tube bundle strategy has significantly decreased. The weakening effects of the attached cylinder on the deposition of small-medium particles and large-sized particles are due to the inhibition of vortex development in the gap of tube bundle and the deviation of the motion trajectory, respectively. The novel design exhibits the lowest deposition mass Mdep = 1.12 g and the best comprehensive performance PEC = 1.14 under the condition of the arrangement angle of 50°, the diameter of 10 mm, and the distance between the primary bundle of 5 mm. The obtained results can provide reference schemes and guidance for the optimization of the design of heat exchange equipment and accessory devices.

Investigation of Machining Parameters for Turning Process

Manufacturing industries mainly concentrates on how to minimize the cost of the products. The process planers have to prepare the process plan of the product based on the availability of the recourses. All the information is available in the plan including inspection and delivery date of the product. Based on the recommendation of the manufacturing and inspection methods, components are produced at affordable cost. Most of the research work concentrated on selection of machining parameters using optimization techniques and also prove that the machining time / cost were minimized for the particular components / operations. In this work, tool nomenclature is to be considered for the investigation for selection of machining parameters. Work presents an experimental investigation of the influence of the three most important machining parameters of depth of cut, feed rate and spindle speed on surface roughness during turning of aluminium alloy. In this study, the design of experiment which is a powerful tool for experimental design is used to optimize the machining parameters for effective machining of the work piece. L9 orthogonal array experimental design method as well as analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to analyse the influence of machining parameters on MRR & Machining Time. Two different grade of aluminium alloy i.e. AL 6063 & AL 6068 were machined with input parameters of depth of cut and speed. The output parameters are MRR and machining time. Based on the results empirical equations are formed and optimized results are validation .The optimal results are recommended to manufacturing industries.