Orthogonal Configuration Research Articles

Fluorescence spatial anisotropy of emission dipoles in an orthogonal imaging system

In this study, we explore the relatively unexplored spatially anisotropic fluorescence emission induced by rotationally polarized excitation light in orthogonal imaging systems, a phenomenon that is particularly pronounced in orthogonal setups compared to coaxial configurations. Despite its significance, this aspect has been largely neglected, given the prevalent use of coaxial Fluorescence Polarization Microscope (FPM) setups. Our research endeavors to bridge this gap by formulating a physical model to investigate the polarization-dependent emission of dipoles and the corresponding fluorescence signal within an orthogonal imaging configuration. Additionally, we introduce the Fluorescence Spatial Anisotropy Index (FSAI) to quantify fluorescence spatial anisotropy.

Actuators with Two Double Gimbal Magnetically Suspended Control Moment Gyros for the Attitude Control of the Satellites.

The paper proposes a novel automatic control system for the attitude of the mini-satellites equipped with an actuator having N = 2 DGMSCMGs (Double Gimbal Magnetically Suspended Control Moment Gyros) in parallel and orthogonal configuration, as well as a DGMSCMG-type sensor for the measurement of the satellite absolute angular rate. The proportional-derivative controller, designed based on the Lyapunov-functions theory, elaborates the control law according to which the angular rates applied to the servo systems for the actuation of the DGMSCMGs gyroscopic gimbals are computed. The gimbal's angular rates create gyroscopic couples acting on the satellite in order to control its attitude with respect to the local orbital frame. The new proposed control architecture was software implemented and validated, and the analysis of the obtained results proved the cancellation of the convergence errors and excellent angular rate precision.

Highly isolated pin-loaded millimeter wave MIMO antenna array system for IoT-based smart environments

The Internet of Things (IoT) based wireless devices are mainly designed for rapid indoor millimeter-wave (mmW) communication systems. These systems often require high gain mmW antennas within a wideband MIMO framework. This work presents a high performance quad element pin-loaded multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array for mmW communications that can be utilized within IoT-enabled smart environment. The novelty of these antenna elements lies in the incorporation of unique flower-shaped slots and shorting pins in each patch of a two-element antenna array. Moreover, a four-port MIMO antenna system is created by arranging the two element arrays in an orthogonal configuration. By employing this pattern diversity technique and incorporating shorting pins in each individual element, the adverse mutual coupling effects between adjacent elements are effectively mitigated. Experimental validation of the MIMO array prototype confirms the minimum isolation of 34 dB and high port isolation of 72 dB over the operating bandwidth from 26.31–30.25 GHz (3.96 GHz). Notably, these features together with lower correlation values and higher diversity gain, make it a good choice for mmW-based IoT devices in smart environments.

Risk factors for dysfunctional elbow stiffness following operative fixation of distal humerus fractures

BackgroundElbow stiffness is one of the most common complications after operative fixation of distal humerus fractures; however, there is relatively limited literature assessing which factors are associated with this problem. The purpose of this study is to identify risk factors associated with dysfunctional elbow stiffness in distal humerus fractures after operative fixation. MethodsA retrospective review of all distal humerus fractures that underwent operative fixation (AO/OTA 13A-C) at a single level 1 trauma center from November 2014 to October 2021. A minimum six-month follow-up was required for inclusion or the outcome of interest. Dysfunctional elbow stiffness was defined as a flexion-extension arc of less than 100° at latest follow-up or any patient requiring surgical treatment for limited elbow range of motion. ResultsA total of 110 patients with distal humerus fractures were included in the study: 54 patients comprised the elbow stiffness group and 56 patients were in the control group. Average follow-up of 343 (59 to 2,079) days. Multiple logistic regression showed that orthogonal plate configuration (aOR: 5.70, 95% CI: 1.91-16.99, p=0.002), and longer operative time (aOR: 1.86, 95% CI: 1.11-3.10, p=0.017) were independently associated with an increased odds of elbow stiffness. OTA/AO 13A type fractures were significantly associated with a decreased odds of stiffness (aOR: 0.16, 95% CI: 0.03-0.80, p=0.026). Among 13C fractures, olecranon osteotomy (aOR: 5.48, 95% CI: 1.08-27.73, p=0.040) was also associated with an increased odds of elbow stiffness. There were no significant differences in injury mechanism, Gustilo-Anderson classification, reduction quality, days to surgery from admission, type of fixation, as well as rates of ipsilateral upper extremity fracture, neurovascular injury, nonunion, or infection between the two groups. ConclusionDysfunctional elbow stiffness was observed in 49.1% of patients who underwent operative fixation of distal humerus fractures in the present study. Orthogonal plate configuration, olecranon osteotomy, and longer operative time were associated with an increased odds of dysfunctional elbow stiffness; however, 13A type fractures were associated with decreased odds of stiffness. Patients with these injuries should be counseled on their risk of stiffness following surgery, and modifiable risk factors like plate positioning and performing an olecranon osteotomy should be considered by surgeons.

Design and Optimization of Dual Port Dielectric Resonator Based Frequency Tunable MIMO Antenna with Machine Learning Approach for 5G New Radio Application

SummaryIn this article, a dual port Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) cylindrical Dielectric Resonator (DR)‐based frequency tunable antenna with a machine learning (ML) approach for a 5G New Radio (NR) application is presented. According to the author's best knowledge, it is the first time‐frequency tunable MIMO hybrid DR with ML is reported. A dual port MIMO DRA is placed in the orthogonal configuration with the connected ground to obtain higher isolation in the entire frequency range. The proposed dual port antenna provides a total spectrum (TS) and tuning range (TR) of 98.99% and 80.93%, respectively. The different MIMO parameters, Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC), Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC), and Diversity Gain (DG) are investigated and found within the acceptable limits. The optimization of the proposed dual port tunable antenna is done through the various ML algorithms, including Artificial Neural Network (ANN), K‐Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB). The KNN ML algorithm provides more than 98% accuracy for predicting the S‐parameters in all configurations. Hence, the proposed antenna is suitable for 5G NR applications.

Enhancing analytical merits of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of hydrogen isotopes using an orthogonal double-pulsing scheme

Accurate detection and quantification of hydrogen isotopes in solid materials are vital for diverse applications, including fusion energy, hydrogen storage, and tritium production. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a well-established, rapid, standoff method for this purpose, but it faces challenges related to the analytical merits required for isotopic analyses. In this study, we enhance the analytical and detection capabilities of traditional single-pulse LIBS by implementing an orthogonal double pulsing approach, focusing on the analysis of a range of 2H concentrations in Zircaloy-4 substrates (acting as a proxy for 3H). The double-pulse experiments employed an orthogonal re-heating configuration with two nanosecond Nd:YAG lasers. We systematically evaluated critical parameters affecting the signal intensity in double-pulse LIBS, including interpulse delay, ambient gas pressure, and heating laser energy. Our results demonstrate that employing an orthogonal double-pulse scheme significantly enhances 2Hα emission while minimizing line broadening and self-absorption, ultimately improving the technique's analytical capabilities.

Effect of single and double pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy towards steel alloy in different gaseous media

In recent years, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique showed its promising for material analysis, quality control, forensic science, and environmental safety monitoring. Besides, due to its rapid measurement capability and minimal sample-preparation requirements, it is a widely recognized elemental analysis approach used in a variety of study domains. The current work compares spatially resolved single (SP) and double pulse (DP), especially orthogonal DP, setups for LIBS to examine and enhance the limit of detection (LOD) in duplex stainless steels alloy. Using the Boltzmann plot method and the Stark broadening mechanism, the electron temperature and density of local arc plasma are highlighted due to single pulse and orthogonal pre-pulse double pulse configurations. With delay time, the circumstances of arc plasma's local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) of emission spectral lines are investigated. The experimental results show that there are significant increases in the spectral intensities of the Fe lines in double pulse LIBS under Ar-gas compared to those under He-gas. Internal standardization was used to create calibration curves for the spectral lines of Cr, Cu, and Mn in the alloy sample for the both studied media. It demonstrated that argon outperforms helium in determining the elemental composition of steel alloys. Furthermore, LOD for SP-LIBS and DP-LIBS in both media were calculated, which showed a higher detection LOD for DP-LIBS in the presence of Ar-gas compared to that in He-gas.

Circumferential slots based decoupled wideband MIMO antenna for 5G and sub-6 GHz applications

This paper investigates a small size 2 × 2 wideband multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna covering frequency band of 2.61 to 5.52 GHz. The antenna structure consists of elliptical ring patch with multiple circumferential slots. The edge-to-edge separation between the patches are kept 3.6 mm with volumetric dimensions of 30 × 46 × 1.6 mm3. The narrow slits are etched in the tapered ground plane to obtain the wideband characteristics. The electromagnetic coupling is improved more than 16 dB by employing the neutralization technique. The measured average gain and radiation efficiency of the proposed antenna are above 2.61dBi and 83.54%, respectively across the operating band. In addition to that, the important MIMO diversity parameters are investigated. The group delay and signal analysis in different orientations are also studied to ensure the quality performance of the antenna. The proposed MIMO antenna is simulated using CST microwave studio and further validated with the measurements. In addition to that, the parallel and orthogonal configuration of 4 × 4 MIMO antennas are analyzed by extending the proposed 2 × 2 MIMO design. The 4-port MIMO antennas exhibit the operating frequency bands varying from 2.80 to 5.58 GHz and 3.4 to 5.52 GHz, respectively for parallel and orthogonal MIMO configurations. The diversity parameters of 4-port MIMO antennas are calculated and compared with the measured results to verify its practical applications. Finaly, the SAR analysis of the antenna is presented at 3.08 and 5.20 GHz for 1/10 g tissues and are found 0.111/0.106 and 0.079/0.063 W K−1g−1, respectively. The proposed MIMO antenna designs are suitable for modern high-speed communication for 5G and sub-6 GHz frequency bands.

Theoretical and experimental study of modulation transfer spectroscopy for non-cycling transitions of Rb D1 lines

Modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) of the D1 transitions of 85Rb and 87Rb atoms with only non-cycling transitions have been investigated theoretically and experimentally using the density matrix equation for four different polarization configurations: linear orthogonal (lin⊥lin), linear parallel (lin ∥ lin), circular orthogonal (σ+−σ−), and circular parallel (σ+−σ+). MTS signals for the Fg=3→Fe=2 transition of 85Rb atom and Fg=2→Fe=1 transition of the 87Rb atom among D1 transition lines were found to be stronger than those for the other transitions. The two non-cycling transitions have strong MTS signals because of the branching ratios and populations of the relevant ground states. The observed line shapes of the in-phase and quadrature components of MTS signals agree well with the theoretical shapes obtained by solving the density matrix equation.

Advanced Multiparallel-Connected Piezoresistive Physical Sensors: Elevating Performance Reliability of Flexible Strain and Pressure Sensors.

A physical sensor with a sensing medium comprising multiparallel-connected (MPC) piezoresistive pathways in both the vertical and horizontal directions was developed to achieve improved sensing performance. The MPC sensing medium reduces the total resistance and offsets noise, offering enhanced signal stability and device reliability and providing a high-performance sensing platform. The signal change and gauge factor (GF) of the 3PW-5L strain sensor (comprising three lines and five layers of piezoresistive pathways horizontally and vertically, respectively) were, respectively, 5.9 and 4.7 times higher than those of the 1PW-1L sensor composed of a monosensing pathway; the hysteresis of the detected signal was also significantly reduced. The linearity of the detected signal increased from 0.912 for 1PW-1L to 0.995 for 3PW-5L, indicating a greater sensing reliability. The direction of the applied tensile strain was successfully detected using the MPC sensing medium with an orthogonal configuration. The MPC piezoresistive sensor composing vertically stacked piezoresistive pathways demonstrated excellent performance as a pressure sensor; the 3PW-5L pressure sensor afforded a GF of 0.121 ± 0.002 kPa-1 with a linearity of 0.998 under an applied pressure ≥16.4 kPa. The MPC piezoresistive physical sensor offers a superior sensing performance and should contribute to the future development of wearable sensors and electronic devices.

Anti-Impact Performance Enhancement of Two-Way Spanning Slab through the Implementation of Steel Trussed Bars

Reinforced concrete (RC) slabs represent integral structural components extensively employed in architectural and infrastructural frameworks owing to their inherent robustness and longevity. In contemporary times, there has been a pronounced surge in endeavors aimed at comprehensively elucidating the anti-impact properties inherent in RC slabs. This surge is propelled by a compelling necessity to fortify these structures against the deleterious effects of low-velocity impacts, thereby ensuring their steadfastness and resilience. Consider the thorough investigation into the anti-impact characteristics of RC slabs, which has been rigorously pursued through both experimental and computational methodologies. A plethora of scholarly discourse on this topic is readily available, providing invaluable insights into the structural dynamics governing slabs subjected to low-velocity impacts. However, there is a noticeable gap in research concerning the strengthening of slabs through shear reinforcement, particularly through economical, easily fabricated, and efficient systems such as fabricated trussed bars. The primary objective of this study is to explore the structural behavior of RC slabs fortified with custom-designed trussed bars under the influence of low-velocity impacts. To accomplish this, the Abaqus software platform is explicitly employed for analysis. The slab without any shear reinforcement is experimentally tested and serves as a reference model for numerical verification. Its anti-impact performance is compared with numerical findings. Following validation, simulations are conducted for square slabs strengthened by fabricated trussed bars in orthogonal and diagonal layouts. The results demonstrate that employing fabricated truss bars shear reinforcement with a 3 mm diameter in orthogonal and diagonal layouts enhances the resistance of slabs to damage, resulting in a 28.41% and 47.06% decrease in damage, respectively. The utilization of engineered truss bars as shear reinforcement yields significant improvements in strength, rigidity, and ductility when compared to control samples lacking such reinforcement. This enhancement is particularly evident when the engineered truss bars are arranged in orthogonal and diagonal configurations.

Enhanced persistent orientation of asymmetric-top molecules induced by cross-polarized terahertz pulses

We investigate the persistent orientation of asymmetric-top molecules induced by time-delayed THz pulses that are either collinearly or cross polarized. Our theoretical and numerical results demonstrate that the orthogonal configuration outperforms the collinear one, and a significant degree of persistent orientation—approximately 10% at 5 K and nearly 3% at room temperature—may be achieved through parameter optimization. The dependence of the persistent orientation factor on temperature and field parameters is studied in detail. The proposed application of two orthogonally polarized THz pulses is both practical and efficient. Its applicability under standard laboratory conditions lays a solid foundation for future experimental realization of THz-induced persistent molecular orientation. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Crafting 1,4-diaryl spirobifluorene hosts in OLEDs via interannular C-H arylation: synergistic effects of molecular linearity and orthogonality.

In this work, we present a design concept of introducing linear structures into the orthogonal configuration of 9,9'-spirobifluorene (SBF), aiming to enhance carrier mobilities while maintaining high triplet energies (E T), which are two critical parameters for optimizing host materials in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). To validate our proposed design, four pivotal model molecules of 1,4-diaryl SBFs were synthesized via interannular C-H arylation of bi(hetero)aryl-2-formaldehydes, a task challenging to accomplish using previous synthetic methodologies. The orthogonal configuration and the steric hindrance of SBF lead to high E T through the conjugation breaking at C1 and C4 positions, rendering 1,4-diaryl SBFs suitable as universal pure hydrocarbon (PHC) hosts for red, green, and blue (RGB) phosphorescent OLEDs (PhOLEDs). Meanwhile, the linearity and relatively good planarity of the para-quaterphenyl structure promote high carrier mobilities through orderly intermolecular packing. The synergistic effects of linearity and orthogonality in 1-(para-biphenyl)-4-phenyl-SBF result in exceptional device performance with external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of 26.0%, 26.1%, and 22.5% for RGB PhOLEDs, respectively. Notably, the green PhOLED exhibits minimal efficiency roll-off, positioning its device performances among the state-of-the-art in PHC hosts.

Switchable and optically transparent ultrawide stopband frequency selective surface for electromagnetic shielding

In view of the fact that high-frequency electromagnetic waves mainly enter buildings through windows and glass doors, switchable optically-transparent shielding with broad stopband is increasingly needed. Herein, a novel design for a switchable and optically transparent frequency selective surface (FSS) with ultrawide-stopband is presented in this study. The structure consists of a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) layer sandwiched between polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layers which contain liquid metal microchannels arranged in an orthogonal Ω-shaped configuration. The mobility of the liquid metal can switch the FSS response from an all-pass to an ultrawide bandstop behavior. The proposed FSS achieves a rejection bandwidth of 18.1 GHz, covering P, L, S, C, X and Ku bands, while maintaining a transparency of 81% and high angular stability up to 80°, regardless of polarization. Furthermore, the mechanism behind the ultrawide stopband and high angular stability is explored through an analysis of reflection and absorption for both TE polarization and TM polarization. Experimental validation under both normal and oblique incidence demonstrates the ultrawide-stopband performance of the fabricated FSS.

Dissipative exoskeletons for seismic rehabilitation of RC buildings

Relevant buildings like schools, public offices, assembly halls, and so on, should retain their structural integrity since their collapse could cause major human losses and significant economic impact. Moreover, such buildings should remain operational even during seismic retrofit work. This has stimulated the development of seismic retrofit solutions based on rapid, low-impact, and reversible interventions that can be done while the building is in use, removed and rapidly replaced if damaged due to earthquake, and integrated with energy efficiency measures. This situation has encouraged the use of external additive structures, commonly called exoskeletons, as a feasible solution for seismic retrofit. Typically, the research and applications deal with non-dissipative steel exoskeletons based on diagrids or external braces. This paper outlines the design and evaluation of dissipative exoskeletons. It focuses on a real school building case study, where both parallel and orthogonal exoskeleton configurations are employed. The dissipative exoskeletons are designed using a displacement-based design procedure. The effectiveness of the retrofit strategy for ductile failure modes is finally demonstrated by nonlinear time-history analyses under different sets of earthquake-ground motions.

Space, time, and dynamics of binocular interactions

Binocular summation (BS), defined as the superiority of binocular over monocular visual performance, shows that thresholds are about 40% (a factor of 1.4) better in binocular than in monocular viewing. However, it was reported that different amounts of BS exist in a range from 1.4 to 2 values because BS is affected by the spatiotemporal parameters of the stimulus. Lateral interactions can be defined as the neuron’s ability to affect the neighboring neurons by either inhibiting or exciting their activity. We investigated the effect of the spatial and temporal domains on binocular interactions and BS under the lateral masking paradigm and how BS would be affected by lateral interactions via a lateral masking experiment. The two temporal alternative forced-choice (2TAFC) method was used. The stimuli consisted of a central vertically oriented Gabor target and high-contrast Gabor flankers positioned in two configurations (orthogonal or collinear) with target-flanker separations of either 2 or 3 wavelengths (λ), presented at 4 different presentation times (40, 80, 120, and 200 ms) using a different order of measurements across the different experiments. Opaque lenses were used to control the monocular and binocular vision. BS is absent at close distances (2λ), depending on the presentation time’s order, for the collinear but not for the orthogonal configuration. However, BS exists at more distant flankers (collinear and orthogonal, 3λ). BS is not uniform (1.4); it depends on the stimulus condition, the presentation times, the order, and the method that was used to control the monocular and binocular vision.

A Low-Profile Quad Element High Isolation MIMO Antenna for Enhanced Mobile Broadband Applications

A novel quad-element bio-inspired virus-shaped Multiple Input-Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna with significantly improved isolation is proposed. Each radiator is based on a modified hybrid fractal antenna with a 50 Ω feed and incorporates a chamfered defective ground structure (DGS). To enhance the impedance bandwidth and radiation characteristics of the antenna, an elliptical slot and the DGS are employed. The placement of radiating elements in an orthogonal configuration is a key aspect of achieving the proposed MIMO configuration. In many MIMO designs, one of the primary challenges is achieving adequate isolation between antenna ports. However, in this design, we address this issue effectively by incorporating a swastik-shaped decoupling plane, which significantly enhances the isolation characteristics. The 4-port MIMO antenna is constructed on a Rogers RO3003 substrate and boasts compact dimensions of 57 × 57 × 0.787 mm³. The fabricated antenna has undergone experimental validation, confirming that it covers a substantial operational bandwidth of 41.57 GHz, ranging from 2.54 to 44.1 GHz, has a fractional bandwidth of 178%, and maintains isolation levels of less than −23 dB across its entire frequency range. The antenna design has achieved optimal MIMO performance, characterized by an Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) value of ≤0.05, high multiplexing efficiency, minimal Channel Capacity Loss (CCL), and omnidirectional radiation properties. Hence, this design stands as an epitome for constructing super-wideband MIMO designs. The design metrics show the potential of the proposed antenna to operate with Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) which forms an integral part of 5G applications.

High Performance Antenna System in MIMO Configuration for 5G Wireless Communications Over Sub‐6 GHz Spectrum

AbstractThis paper presents a high‐performance multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) antenna comprising 2 × 2 configuration of radiating elements that is designed for sub‐6 GHz applications. The proposed MIMO antenna employs four identical radiating elements. High isolation between the radiating elements and therefore reduced mutual coupling is achieved by spatially arranging the radiating elements in an orthogonal configuration. Also, a novel frequency selective surface (FSS) was employed to increase the gain of the MIMO antenna over a wide bandwidth from 3 to 6 GHz. This was achieved by locating the FSS above the antenna at a certain height. The FSS essentially enhanced the antenna's directivity, reduced back lobe radiation and mutual coupling. The antenna was fabricated on a standard Rogers RT Duroid 5880 dielectric substrate with a 0.8 mm thickness. The overall dimension of the MIMO antenna is 50 × 50 × 12.5 mm3 and it operates from 3.8 to 6 GHz, which corresponds to a fractional bandwidth of 41%. The proposed MIMO antenna has a measured peak gain of 4.8 dBi and inter radiation element isolation >20 dB. Its envelope correlation coefficient is <0.1 and diversity gain >9.9 (dB). These characteristics make the proposed MIMO antenna system suitable for 5G communication systems.

Coupling Nd3+:Y2O3 fluorescent submicron particles to linear plasmonic chains

We report on the fabrication and optical characterization of a new hybrid material consisting of Nd3+ doped Y2O3 submicron particles associated with linear chains of plasmonic nanostructures. By drop-casting deposition, single Nd3+ doped Y2O3 polycrystalline particles are dispersed and located in the vicinities of plasmonic chains of silver nanoparticles formed on the surface a LiNbO3 substrate. The interaction between the plasmonic modes of the chain with the fluorescent yttria submicron particles is analyzed by micro-luminescence experiments. Orthogonal polarization configurations of the excitation radiation, namely, perpendicular and parallel to plasmonic chain axis, are employed to study the effect of the longitudinal and transverse chain plasmonic modes on the luminescence of the particles. A remarkable dependence of the emission intensity of the Nd3+:Y2O3 submicron particles on the excitation polarization is observed, showing the capability of plasmonic chains to modulate the emission of fluorescent submicron particles in contact with the chain. Numerical simulations evidence a different distribution of the excitation radiation field within the Nd3+:Y2O3 particle depending on the type of excited plasmonic mode, longitudinal or transversal, of the chain, and hence, the ability of plasmonic chains for controlling the emission of Rare Earth doped submicron particles.

Accelerated Pb(II) removal and concurrent bioelectricity production via constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell: Structural orthogonal optimization and microbial response mechanism

In this study, a novel constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell (CW-MFC) filled with biomass carbon sources was established to elucidate the impacts of orthogonal configuration of multiple constraints towards wastewater purification and bioelectricity generation under Pb(II) stress. As a result, the optimal structural layouts of CW-MFC were granular activated carbon, Iris pseudacorus and 20 cm of electrode spacing, respectively. The homologous system yielded a favorable Pb(II) removal efficiency of 99.05 %, a maximum output voltage of 394.3 mV and power density of 4468.40 mW/m2, respectively. The migration results highlighted the major contribution of substrate and biomass to Pb(II) adsorption and fixation. Likewise, Pb(II) was immobilized on the cathode via potential binding to O. A visible enrichment of electroactive bacteria (Clostridium, Geobacter, Pseudomonas) and metal-resistant bacteria (Novosphingobium, Aeromonas) was noted. Also, microorganisms modulated the intracellular transport, chemotactic and antioxidant systems by engaging in the metabolic processes of carbohydrate, glutathione, pyruvate, etc. The microbial analysis signified that the genera enriched in disparate regions of CW-MFC-6 regulated the metabolic processes to facilitate their activities and resistance to Pb(II) stress, thereby synergistically enhancing the integrated capability of closed-circuit device. This study was dedicated to elucidating the microbial response mechanism of structural orthogonal optimization of CW-MFC, and providing a theoretical guidance for an effective regulation of Pb(II)-containing wastewater treatment.