Orthogonal Configuration Research Articles

Star-shaped small molecular donors based on a Zn-Porphyrin core and DPP arms via different linkers for organic solar cells

Star-shaped porphyrin-based small-molecule donors (SMDs) with all four-directional substitution have been rarely reported. Herein, we designed and synthesized two SMDs, namely ZnP-4PhDPP and ZnP-4ThDPP, by employing zinc porphyrin as the core, thiophene-capped diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) as the four conjugated arms via a phenyl or thienyl linking bridge. The varied linker resulted in differences in absorption, energy level and molecular geometry. Blended with Y6 as acceptor, all-small-molecule devices achieved power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.86% and 6.93% for ZnP-4PhDPP and ZnP-4ThDPP, upon different device post-treatment conditions, respectively. The more orthogonal spatial configuration of ZnP-4ThDPP was favorable for constructing additional charge pathways, which was in accord with the results from photoluminescence quenching efficiency, charge transport ability and thickness sensitivity evaluation. The results in this work enriched the category of star-shaped porphyrin-derivatives and might afford guidelines into the structure-property correlation of various linkers-based small-molecule photovoltaic materials.

Optimization of Electroless Ni-P, Ni-Cu-P and Ni-Cu-P-TiO2 Nanocomposite Coatings Microhardness using Taguchi Method

This paper studies the electroless (Ni-P) deposition which is used in different engineering applications due to their ability to modify and enhance the surface properties of the steel substrate. The electroless plating process was used to prepare (Ni-Cu-P), (Ni-P) and (Ni-Cu-P/Nano TiO2) alloys in this research. Deposition process parameters based on (L28) Taguchi orthogonal configuration with three process parameters, viz., stirring speed, temperature, time, are designed for optimum microhardness. Under the Taguchi series, the microhardness activity of electroless (Ni-P-TiO2) nanocomposite deposition was measured. The findings revealed that the integration of TiO2 into the coating allows micro-hardness cause an increase. Finally, optimum conditions were achieved as A2B1C2 (i.e. Speed of stirring = 1000 r.p.m, Temperature = 90 °C and Time = 70 min).

Stability Evaluation of the SDRE Technique based on Java in a CubeSat Attitude and Orbit Control Subsystem

In 2013, the STRaND (University of Surrey and Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd) and the PhoneSat (NASA) programs attracted the attention of the aerospace community applying commercial off-the-shelf smartphones in CubeSats. Both programs deployed CubeSats using smartphones based on Google's Android, in which application development is mainly based on Java programming language. Some of these CubeSats had actuators, e.g., STRaND-1 had three reaction wheels mounted in an orthogonal configuration to provide three-axis control, whereas PhoneSat 2.0 beta had magnetorquers to de-tumble the spacecraft. Taking into account a CubeSat that runs Android operating system (based on a smartphone), it is natural to evaluate the attitude and orbit control subsystem (AOCS) based on Java. Elsewhere, we shown State-Dependent Riccati Equation (SDRE) is a feasible non-linear control technique that can be applied in such CubeSats using Java. Moreover, we shown, through simulation using a Monte Carlo perturbation model, SDRE provides better performance than the PID controller, a linear control technique. In this paper, we tackle the next fundamental problem: stability. We evaluate stability from two perspectives: (1) parametric uncertainty of the inertia tensor and (2) a Monte Carlo perturbation model based on a uniform attitude probability distribution. Through the combination of these two perspectives, we grasp the stability properties of SDRE in a broader sense. In order to handle the uncertainty appropriately, we combine SDRE with H∞. The Nanosatellite Constellation for Environmental Data Collection (CONASAT), a CubeSat from the Brazilian National Institute for Space Research (INPE), provided the nominal parameters for the simulations. The initial results of the simulations shown that the SDRE controller is stable to ± 20% uncertainty in the inertia tensor for attitudes uniformly distributed and angular velocity up to 0.15 radians/second.

Study of the seismodynamics of spatially located underground pipelines with a nodal connection of non-orthogonal configuration

The article deals with the seismodynamics of underground pipelines of various configurations under spatial seismic influences. The stress-strain state of spatially located underground pipelines of complex orthogonal configuration at different angles of seismic load incidence was determined. Several problems were solved by analyzing numerical results of the seismodynamics of underground pipelines of complex orthogonal and non-orthogonal configurations.

Functional Outcomes of Distal Humerus Fractures Fixed by Orthogonal Double Plating

Background: Distal humerus fractures constitute 2% of all fractures in the adult population. Surgical intervention is indicated in most cases, and these fractures are often complicated by difficulty in fracture-site exposure, comminution in the metaphyseal or articular region, and the presence of osteoporotic bone. The objective of the study was to assess functional outcome of operative fixation of distal humerus with locking plate and screws Materials And Methods: This is a retrospective study of 30 patients with distal humerus fractures fixed with orthogonal plating from 2018-2019 in KIMS Hospitals, Kondapur, Hyderabad. Functional outcome was assessed using Mayo Elbow Performance score along with other major and minor complications were noted. Results: There were 18 male patients and 12 female patients. Average age of the patients was 39.68 years with age ranging from 18 years to 80 years.16 cases were right humerus and 14 were left humerus involved. All cases we operated through trans olecrenon approach and chevron osteotomy technique, fracture stabilised by orthogonal locking compression plate. 6 fractures were C1, 15 were C2 and 9 were C3 types according to AO classification. Complications were noted in 5 patients. 13.3% patients were rated as excellent, 63.3% were rated good, 16.6% were rated as fair, 6.8% were rated as poor according to Mayo Elbow Performance Scoring. Conclusion: Orthogonal dual plate configurations can provide anatomical reconstruction and stable fixation of Type C intra articular distal humeral fractures and allow early mobilization of the elbow after surgery which result in good functional outcome Keywords: Distal humerus fractures, Trans Olecrenon, Chevron Osteotomy, MEP score.

Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and its electrical control in FeNiB ultrathin films

We study the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in (Fe100−xNix)80B20 (FeNiB) films with various Ni contents. Perpendicularly magnetized films are achieved when the Ni content is in the range of 30 at. %–70 at. %. An effective perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) constant of 1.1× 105 J/m3 is achieved for the (Fe50Ni50)80B20 film. We also fabricate magnetic tunnel junction devices containing FeNiB films, and electrical measurements show that a tunneling magnetoresistance ratio of more than 20% can be achieved for devices having an orthogonal magnetization configuration. The PMA of the FeNiB film clearly changes by varying the bias voltage applied along the FeNiB/MgO junction, and a voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) efficiency of over 30 fJ/Vm is demonstrated. From systematic investigations, there is no clear correlation between PMA and VCMA efficiency in the FeNiB/MgO junction. These experimental results should facilitate the development of energy-efficient magnetic random-access memory.

Interocular Suppression as Revealed by Dichoptic Masking Is Orientation-Dependent and Imbalanced in Amblyopia.

PurposeWe investigate the orientation tuning of interocular suppression using a dichoptic masking paradigm in adult controls and amblyopes.MethodsFourteen adults with anisometropic or mixed amblyopia and 10 control adults participated in our study. Contrast sensitivity was measured by presenting a target Gabor in the tested eye and mean luminance in the untested eye (monocular) and by presenting a target in the tested eye and a bandpass oriented filtered noise in the other eye (masked). Interocular suppression was defined as the thresholds difference between the monocular and masked conditions for each eye. Interocular suppression was measured under parallel and orthogonal suppression configurations. The peak spatial frequency of the target and mask was 0.25 c/d in experiment 1 (low), 1.31 c/d in experiment 2 (mid), and 6.87 c/d in experiment 3 (high).ResultsThe masking suppression induced by the amblyopic eye was less strong than that induced by the fellow eye. The suppression from the fellow eye was similar to that observed in the controls. Interocular suppression under parallel configuration was less strong than under orthogonal configuration in amblyopes at low and mid spatial frequency, but not at high spatial frequency.ConclusionsWe demonstrate that the abnormal interocular masking in amblyopia displays the expected characteristic of orientation selectivity expected of normal controls at low and mid spatial frequency, but not at high spatial frequency. The dichoptic masking imbalance between the eyes of amblyopes results in a net suppression of the amblyopic eye during binocular viewing, modeling clinical suppression.

A two-dimensional numerical study of film boiling over an elliptical cylinder in the mixed regime under aiding and orthogonal saturated liquid flow configurations

Abstract

Magnetic, magnetoresistive and low-frequency noise properties of tunnel magnetoresistance sensor devices with amorphous CoFeBTa soft magnetic layers

Magnetic field sensors using the tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) effect require linear resistance–magnetic field (R–H) response curves with small hysteresis, for which the soft magnetic property of the free layer (FL) is critical. In this work, we investigated amorphous CoFeBTa (CFBT) as a soft magnetic layer of the FL of CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB-based magnetic tunnel junctions in view of magnetic, TMR, and low-frequency noise properties. A two-step annealing process enabled an orthogonal magnetization configuration between the FL and the reference layer, by which linear R–H curves with small hysteresis were realized. The change in the shape of the R–H curve depending on annealing temperature is explained by the Stoner–Wohlfarth model. The highest TMR ratio of ∼160% and sensitivity of ∼70%/mT were obtained with a CFBT (20 nm)/Ta (0.3 nm)/CoFeB (3 nm) FL. The noise of the TMR devices are dominated by 1/f noise below ∼10 kHz in frequency, which limits the detectivity (D) of the magnetic field of the sensor. The sensor devices patterned to 50 µm diameter circular shapes showed a minimum D of ∼2 nT/ at 10 Hz, which is superior to the previously reported values for the TMR sensors with NiFe soft magnetic layers.

Orthogonal electrical cardioversion in atrial fibrillation refractory to biphasic shocks: a case series.

BackgroundBiphasic waveform shock has been established as the standard method for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (AF). Depending on various factors, standard electrical cardioversion for AF may be unsuccessful in some cases, even with biphasic shocks.Case summaryWe report the safety and efficacy of orthogonal electrical cardioversion (OECV) as an alternative in patients with paroxysmal AF refractory to standard biphasic electrical cardioversion after up to three subsequent shocks of increasing energy and/or two or three initial shocks with maximum energy of 200-Joules. Shocks were delivered with two external defibrillators via two sets of adhesive electrode pads to apply two perpendicular electrical vectors in a simultaneous-sequential mode in antero-lateral and antero-posterior configuration. Five patients, mean age 54.4 ± 11, three with hypertensive heart disease and a body mass index 27.2 ± 2 kg/m2. All individual mean impedance before OECV was 79 ± 5 Ω with a mean peak current applied of 22 ± 4.5 A. Restoration of sinus rhythm with OECV was achieved acutely and sustained in all five patients. No patients developed haemodynamic instability or thromboembolic events.DiscussionDouble simultaneous shocks in an orthogonal configuration could theoretically decrease the defibrillation threshold through the ability of sequential pulses applying a more efficient and uniform current density. OECV using lower/medium energy may be another useful rescue strategy in AF refractory to standard biphasic shocks.

Forecasts on primordial non-Gaussianity from 21 cm intensity mapping experiments

We forecast the ability of dedicated 21 cm intensity mapping experiments to constraint primordial non-Gaussianity using power spectrum and bispectrum. We model the signal by including the non-linear biasing expansion through a generalized halo model approach. We consider the importance of foreground filtering scale and of the foreground wedge. We find that the current generation intensity mapping experiments like CHIME do not posses sufficient sensitivity to be competitive with the existing limits. On the other hand, upcoming experiments like HIRAX can improve the current constraints and the proposed PUMA experiment can substantially improve them, reaching sensitivities below σ(fNL)<5 for equilateral and orthogonal configurations and σ(fNL) < 1 for the local shape, if good foreground control is achieved.

Residual compressive load-carrying capacity of cross-laminated timber walls after exposed to one-side fire

Cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels are broadly utilized as structural members in modern timber structures. Variation in the residual resistance of CLT walls after fire exposure may lead to disruption of vertical force transmission and, in turn, structural collapse. To investigate the residual compressive load-carrying capacity of CLT walls after exposed to one-side fire, a series of tests were conducted on 3-ply and 5-ply members: axial compression tests, fire tests, and residual compressive load-carrying capacity tests. Combining the initial geometric defects obtained from the test results and the effect of shear deformation, theoretical formulae describing the compressive load-carrying capacity were deduced. Further considering the different mechanical properties over the residual cross-section model after fire, and the relative position between Region A and CLT orthogonal configuration, the calculation method of the residual compressive load-carrying capacity after fire were derived. The results of the residual compressive load-carrying capacity tests showed that the failure mode of the CLT walls after one-side fire was the eccentric compression, and the nonlinear segments of the load-axial and load-lateral displacement curves after fire accounted for larger proportion than those of axial compression tests. For the same total section thickness, the reduction in residual capacity of the 5-ply walls after fire was less than that of the 3-ply walls. The calculation results of the eccentric compression formulae considering shear deformation and initial geometric defect showed good agreement with the test values of axial compression tests. The residual compressive load-carrying capacity after one-side fire was predicted appropriately, which could be used as reference for assessing the residual load-carrying behavior of CLT elements after fire.

Air‐interface virtualization using filter bank multicarrier and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing configurations

AbstractMobile networks have to cater for diverse services that have distinct requirements in terms of bandwidth, latency, and so on. Network virtualization is a key technology that efficiently utilizes the network resources to meet these service requirements. In this work, we investigate radio virtualization for creating fine‐grained network slices using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) combinations; the two are individually referred to as virtual radios (VRs). Using universal software radio peripherals (USRPs), we experimentally analyze multiple configurations of VRs including OFDM‐OFDM, OFDM‐FBMC, and FBMC‐FBMC. An extensive performance comparison is done on the basis of error rate, spectral efficiency, interference power, and computational complexity of the VR configurations that are confined within an operational bandwidth. An increase in transmit power of the VRs is theoretically expected to decrease the error rate, but there is also an increase in adjacent channel interference. Therefore, after a certain decrease in error rate with increase in transmit power, an inflection point is reached after which the error rate starts to increase. Of the three combinations, FBMC‐FBMC gives the lowest error rate (at the highest transmit power), that is, 10% and 18% lower than OFDM‐FBMC and OFDM‐OFDM, respectively. However, FBMC‐FBMC also has the highest complexity. We conclude that this air‐interface virtualization framework allows the network to use the waveform configuration that is best suited to a particular set of services, while considering the pros and cons of the individual waveforms.

Evaluation of functional outcome after osteosynthesis of intra articular distal humerus fracture with pre contoured locking compression plates

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; Intra articular distal humerus fractures are challenging and cumbersome to treat. Therefore osteosynthesis of such fractures is required. The aim of our study was to evaluate the functional outcome of intra articular distal humerus fractures AO type 13C by osteosynthesis using olecranon osteotomy with pre contoured locking compression plates in orthogonal plate configuration.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; Thirty patients were included in our study comprising of 18 males and 12 females. Mean age was 39.63 years with mean follow up of 34 weeks. 7 were AO type 13C1, 9 were AO type 13C2 and 14 were AO type 13C3. Osteosynthesis was done for all fractures by olecranon osteotomy approach. Functional outcome was assessed using mayo elbow performance score.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; Mean flexion attained at the end of follow up was 127.56 degrees with mean extensor lag of 7.16 degrees. Mean arc of motion was 120.4 degrees. Mean mayo elbow performance score at the end of follow up was 80.36. Mayo elbow performance score in patients aged less than 40 years of age was not statistically significant as compared to patients more than 40 years of age. Functional outcome was also dependent on fracture subtype.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; Osteosynthesis of distal humerus fractures AO type 13C using pre contoured locking compression plates in orthogonal plate configuration by olecranon osteotomy provides excellent visualization of fracture and better functional outcome.&lt;/p&gt;

Formation of orthogonal latin squares by index structuring of n-set multiplication tables

Objective. Formation of structurally perfect orthogonal Latin squares by the method of index ordering of the multiplication table elements of n-sets based on the multiplication table. Methods. Orthogonal Latin squares are formed by the method of index structuring of n-set multiplication tables. Results. A method is proposed for constructing structurally perfect orthogonal Latin squares of pairs of indexed finite sets of odd dimension, based on the index ordering of an nxn-array of elements in the multiplication table. A distinctive feature of the proposed method for constructing structurally perfect orthogonal squares from elements of two indexed sets of the same dimension is the use by the authors of the method of permutations of elements of the original nxn-matrix configurations, with the formation of index-ordered or index-structured combinatorial configurations. Conclusion. The use of the method for constructing a family of orthogonal Latin squares for pairs of indexed finite sets of the same odd dimension by the elements forming their multiplication table by the method of index structuring based on the principle of functional dependency of the index values on pairs of set elements and index values on pairs of elements from its environment allows creating a specific class orthogonal configuration, which, in terms of element indices, easily demonstrates their orthogonality.

Suppression of self-absorption in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy using a double pulse orthogonal configuration to create vacuum-like conditions in atmospheric air pressure

Self-absorption, which is known to severely disturb identification of the emission peak intensity in emission-based spectroscopy, was first studied using ordinary single pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). It was found that severe self-absorption, with an evident self-reversal, occurs in the resonance emission lines of high concentration Na, K, and Al, and thus it is impossible to obtain the linear calibration curve required for quantitative analysis. To overcome this problem, we introduce a double pulse orthogonal technique in which the first laser is fired in a parallel orientation at a varied distance of 2–6 mm from the sample surface. It is well known that the strong shock wave generated by this laser irradiation temporarily creates a vacuum-like condition immediately in front of the sample surface. This action is followed by a second laser irradiation oriented perpendicular to the sample surface. The sample ablated by the second laser irradiation expands following the shockwave excitation process in the vacuum-like air atmosphere created by the first laser. The obtained spectra of the resonance emission lines of high concentration Na, K, and Al are free from the self-reversal and weakly affected by the self-absorption effect. A linear calibration curve that intercepts near zero point for K element over a wide concentration range is also demonstrated in this study. This simple modification is considered notably helpful in overcoming the self-absorption that occurs in ordinary single pulse atmospheric pressure LIBS.

Compact and Sensitive Dual Drift Tube Ion Mobility Spectrometer with a New Dual Field Switching Ion Shutter for Simultaneous Detection of Both Ion Polarities.

Ion mobility spectrometers (IMS) with field switching ion shutters are an excellent choice for trace gas detection, being extremely sensitive while having fast response times. However, as different target molecules may form positive, negative, or even ions of both polarities, it is beneficial to simultaneously detect both ion polarities. Here, we present a dual drift tube IMS with a new dual field switching ion shutter for gating both ion polarities and an X-ray ionization source in orthogonal configuration. The dual field switching ion shutter allows significantly improved ion gating and ion accumulation due to improved shielding of the ionization region from the drift field. Equipped with two 75 mm long high-performance drift tubes, the dual IMS reaches high resolving power of R = 90 with detection limits in the lower pptv range for different ketones, chlorinated hydrocarbons and methyl salicylate that forms ions in both polarities.

Non-Gaussianities and tensor-to-scalar ratio in non-local R2-like inflation

In this paper we will study R2-like inflation in a non-local modification of gravity which contains quadratic in Ricci scalar and Weyl tensor terms with analytic infinite derivative form-factors in the action. It is known that the inflationary solution of the local R + R2 gravity remains a particular exact solution in this model. It was shown earlier that the power spectrum of scalar perturbations generated during inflation in the non-local setup remains the same as in the local R + R2 inflation, whereas the power spectrum of tensor perturbations gets modified due to the non-local Weyl tensor squared term. In the present paper we go beyond 2-point correlators and compute the non-Gaussian parameter fNL related to 3-point correlations generated during inflation, which we found to be different from those in the original local inflationary model and scenarios alike based on a local gravity. We evaluate non-local corrections to the scalar bi-spectrum which give non-zero contributions to squeezed, equilateral and orthogonal configurations. We show that fNL∼ O(1) with an arbitrary sign is achievable in this model based on the choice of form-factors and the scale of non-locality. We present the predictions for the tensor-to-scalar ratio, r, and the tensor tilt, nt. In contrast to standard inflation in a local gravity, here the possibility nt> 0 is not excluded. Thus, future CMB data can probe non-local behaviour of gravity at high space-time curvatures.

To determine frequency of union with orthogonal double locking plate in distal humeral fracture.

Objectives: To determine frequency of union with orthogonal double locking plate in distal humeral fracture. Study Design: Descriptive, case series. Setting: Orthopedic department Punjab Medical College. Period: From April 2, 2017 to October, 2017. Material &amp; Methods: 75 consecutive patients with distal humeral fractures were managed by open reduction of internal fixation with double locking plates in orthogonal configuration. Radiographic evaluation was done to see the callus formation after 12 weeks of treatment. Results: There were 54 (72%) males and 21 (28%) female patients having the average age 43.5±15.9 years. Union was seen in 71 (94.7%) patients. In 4 (5.3%) patients there was non-union. Conclusion: Anatomically pre-contoured distal humeral locking plates are useful in providing stable internal fixation for complex distal articular fractures, and hence allowing early rehabilitation.

Purine-based thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters for efficient organic light-emitting diodes

Organic fluorescent materials possessing thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) characteristics have attracted tremendous attention. Herein, two TADF emitters (1PXZP and 2PXZP) based on a novel biological base acceptor of 9-methylpurine and commonly used donor of phenoxazine (PXZ) have been successfully synthesized and characterized. Both target compounds possess nearly orthogonal configurations to reduce singlet-triplet splitting energy (ΔEST) for remarkable TADF character. The two emitters show good photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs), and thus the organic light-emitting diodes employing 1PXZP and 2PXZP as emitters display good performance with maximum external quantum efficiencies of 10.6% and 13.8%, respectively. The efficiencies of 1PXZP based device show nearly no roll-off at 100 cd m−2 luminance due to the short delayed lifetime (τd) of 3.2 μs. This work manifests that the biological base is a promising acceptor for designing TADF materials.