Orthogonal Array Design Research Articles

Optimization of Process Parameters in Electrochemical Micromachining of AMCs by Using Different Techniques of Weight Evaluation

The application of electrode heating is proposed in electrochemical micromachining (EMM). In the EMM process, the temperature of the electrode, voltage, duty cycle, and electrolyte concentration are considered process parameters. Taguchi L18 mixed-level orthogonal array (OA) design was adopted for designing the experiments and this study highlights the effect of temperature on responses such as radial overcut (ROC), material removal rate (MRR), and conicity factor (CF). In addition, multicriterion design making (MCDM) with VIKOR (VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje, i.e., multi-criteria optimization and compromise solution) technique is used for finding the best alternatives based on the distinct weight assessing methods such as equal weights method (EWM), analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and entropy-based weights method (EBWM). Furthermore, a confirmation test is also conducted to find the best optimal parameters and their levels among the EWM-VIKOR, AHP-VIKOR, and EBWM-VIKOR. The results revealed that AHP-VIKOR provides a maximum improvement of 0.945 among the three methods.

Taguchi-Based Artificial Neural Network Modeling of Friction Process on Aluminum Alloy Reinforced with SiC Nanoparticles

Nowadays, the aluminum metal matrix composites (AMCs) play an empirical role to improve the mechanical performance by various applications. Therefore, the secondary processes need to enhance the surface morphology of intermetallic phases with the appropriate reinforcing particles. In this research, Al7075- and ceramic-based nanosilicon carbide (SiC) were utilized to compose the metal matrix composites. These composites were subjected to friction welding for intermetallic surface modification with the various forging pressure and rotating speed. Initially, the AMCs were prepared with three (8–12) kinds of SiC weight proportions by the design of Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. As per the weight proportions, nine samples were prepared and then conducted the friction welding with 10–20 MPa of forge pressure and 1,650–2,050 rpm of rotational speed of spindle. Then, the entire nine specimens were allowed to conduct the tensile and microhardness test. During the mechanical test, the overall welded zone had higher mechanical properties than the base metal. Then, the artificial neural network was utilized to predict the output responses as per the designed concept of trial and error method. The overall predicted responses are nearly closed to the experimental values.

Effect of dietary antioxidant supplements (selenium forms, alpha-tocopherol, and coenzyme Q10) on growth performance, immunity, and physiological responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using orthogonal array design

Dietary supplements containing antioxidants play an important role in reducing the risk of peroxidative attack in aquatic animals. In this work, an orthogonal array design (L9: 34) was used to evaluate the effect of four dietary antioxidant supplements on the physiological responses of rainbow trout at three levels. The supplements included different (A) selenium (Se) forms (inorganic, organic, and nanoparticle), (B) Se content (0, 0.3, & 0.5 mg/kg feed), (C) vitamin E (VE) content (0, 100, & 150 mg/kg feed), and (D) coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) content (0, 10, & 20 mg/kg feed). Fish with an average body weight of 8.35 ± 0.33 g were randomly allocated to different experimental groups. According to the results, the antioxidant supplements included in the diet had no significant effects on the growth performance of fish (P > 0.05). Immunological and antioxidant parameters were mainly improved by the Se form (Nano-Se) and dietary CoQ10 supplementation. In addition, Se form and VE were more effective in digestive enzyme activities and hematology indices in comparison to other dietary antioxidants. Additionally, diets supplemented with nano-Se along with CoQ10 and VE improved fish resistance/stamina against stress. In conclusion, a more effective combination of the four antioxidant supplements was A2/3B2/3C3D3 (i.e., 0.5 mg/kg organic/nano-Se, 150 mg/kg VE, and 20 mg/kg CoQ10), which could mainly improve the physiological responses of rainbow trout.

Optimizing the Compressive Properties of Porous Aluminum Composites by Varying Diamond Content, Space Holder Size and Content.

The compressive properties of powder metallurgy (PM)-based porous aluminum (Al) composites were optimized at three levels based on the following parameters: titanium (Ti)-coated diamond content, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) particle content, and PMMA particle size. A 3 × 3 matrix was used in the experimental design of an L9 orthogonal array to get nine sets of combinations. These nine compositions were then tested and analyzed for density, porosity, plateau stress, and energy absorption capacity. The effect of individual input parameters was assessed using the Taguchi-based means ratio and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The main effect plots articulated the optimal parameter levels for achieving maximum compressive property values (plateau stress and energy absorption capacity). The findings show that diamond content and PMMA particle size have a major impact on compressive properties. The ANOVA analysis yielded similar results, with diamond content accounting for the greatest value. Further, the response optimization of compressive properties revealed that maximum values could be obtained at optimum parameters: diamond content of 12 wt.%, PMMA particle size of 150 μm, and PMMA particle content of 25 wt.%. Confirmation tests on the optimal parameters revealed improved results as well as some minor errors and deviations, indicating that the chosen parameters are critical for controlling the compressive properties of Al composites.

Application of Taguchi orthogonal array design to optimize microencapsulationof zinc by spray-drying

Zinc is an essential trace element for the body to maintain normal health and perform important functions. As zinc is not stored in the body, it needs to be replenished through our daily diet. Microencapsulation technique can be used to encapsulate the functional ingredient such as zinc by masking its metallic taste and enhancing its bioavailability. Among the micro encapsulation techniques, spray-drying is the most economical and scalable method. Zinc was micro encapsulatedby spray-drying using maltodextrin, HI-CAP® 100 and WPI along with gum Arabic as wall materials. The spray-drying conditionswere optimized using Taguchi L18 orthogonal array design usingencapsulation efficiency and bulk density as response factors. The influence of wall materials, wall material to zinc ratio and inlet air temperature was evaluated. Microcapsules prepared with HI-CAP® 100 in the ratio of 20:1 at 185°C showed maximum encapsulation efficiency, whereas microcapsules with HI-CAP®100 in the ratio of 10:1 at 185°C had maximum bulk density. The microencapsulated zinc powder had bulk density of 437.40-541.20kg/m3 and encapsulation efficiency of 76.86-92.65%. Validation experiments confirmed that Taguchi orthogonal array design was successful in optimizing microencapsulation of zinc. Microencapsulated zinc can be fortified in various delivery systems such as milk and milk products.

Rapid prediction and optimization of the impact of printing parameters on the residual stress of FDM-ABS parts using L27 orthogonal array design and FEA

Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is now one of the most widely used techniques for building complicated 3D prototypes straightforwardly from an STL model. In this process, the part is fabricated as a layer-upon-layer deposition of a filamentwire. This deposition technique has numerous benefits; however, it causes rapid heating and cooling cycles of the filamentmaterial, which introduces residual stresses in the component during the building-up process. As a result of residual stresses, warping and distortions of the componentsduring the print process are common concerns in FDM parts. In the FDM process, there are many printing parameters that affect the mechanical properties of printed parts, such as printing speed, layer thickness, printing temperature, printing orientation, and infill density. Experimentally investigating these parameters is costly and time-consuming. This work employs a numerical solution to find the correlation between the residual stress and three printing parameters: printing orientation, raster angle, and infill pattern. The results showed that the printing orientation has the most significant influence on the residual stress value. The raster angle was the second important parameter, while the infill pattern did not influence the residual stress.

Effects of machining parameters on H13 die steel using CNC drilling machine

In order to enhance the fitness of the product and in order to improve productivity in turning operations, greater amount of challenges have been faced. In this paper, we have made a comparative analysis of HSS and carbide coated HSS drills while machining with H13 steel plates. For the drilling operation, process parameters were analysed using the Taguchi design of experiments. The response performance characteristics of surface roughness of H13 die steel plates for the drilling settings, cutting speed (rpm), and feed rate (mm/min) is optimized. The design of the experiment was conducted using the Taguchi technique for the L18 orthogonal array, and an analysis of variance was observed. The effect of drilling settings on the quality of drilled holes is examined; variation in surface roughness for various levels of speed and feed and the different combinations of these levels will form an L18 orthogonal array design of experiment by Taguchi analysis. A total of 36 cutting tests were performed with two different drill bits; here three different cutting speeds of 300, 600, and 900 rpm were taken with a feed rate of 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06 mm/rev combinations. The response of SN ratio for surface roughness of HSS and carbide tool has been found out for different levels of speed and feed. From this Taguchi analysis, it is identified that the optimal parameter. As a result, the factors are analysed, and optimized parameters have been concluded for H13 material using HSS, and carbide tools were examined both statistically and experimentally. The carbide coated drill bit gives 60% better surface roughness value based on experimental data obtained. The surface roughness value based on experimentation for HSS tool was found to be 34.16% and carbide coated drill bit was 23.40%.

Optimization and Analysis of a Low-Pressure Water Scrubbing Biogas Upgrading System via the Taguchi and Response Surface Methodology Approaches

Biogas upgrading is essential in order to increase the calorific value and improve the quality of raw biogas. This present study aims at investigating the optimum performance of a near atmospheric pressure water scrubbing (NAPWS) system for biogas upgrading while using both the adsorption and absorption techniques. This was achieved through a two-stage process: namely, the Taguchi approach followed by the response surface methodology (RSM). The Taguchi orthogonal array design consisted of 27 runs where the raw biogas pressure (10 - 30 kPa), liquid flow rates (2.6 - 4.2 l/ min.) and variations of the steel wool height (0 - 45.72 cm) in the adsorption column were experimentally studied with respect to the methane (CH4) yield and removal efficiency of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2). From the experiments, the removal efficiency of hydrogen sulfide was greater than 87% with the average bio-methane content of 77.67%. During the second-stage, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the RSM were undertaken for optimization of the process parameters. The optimum bio-methane concentration of 84.71 (%v/v) CH4 and 13.31 (%v/v) CO2 was attained at gas pressure of 14kPa, liquid flow rate of 4.2 l/min., and steel wool height at 22.86cm obtained through numerical optimization. These results revealed that the utilization of the Taguchi and the RSM yielded to the best optimal system performance with the liquid flow rate as the most significant factor

Application of Taguchi design in optimization of performance and emissions characteristics of n-butanol/diesel/biogas under dual fuel mode

Combustion experts are in search of some alternative fuel from last few decades owing to diminishing petroleum products and unexpected variations in habitat, which are result of venomous emissions from the CI engines. The present investigation intended to assess the performance and emission parameters of a diesel engine by fueling it with pilot fuel (blends of diesel and n-butanol) and primary fuel (Biogas). Results revealed that BTE, HC and CO increases whilst NOx and smoke emissions were reduced by using the pilot and primary fuel together in relation with natural diesel. Experimentation was done using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array design. The engine load, flow rate of biogas and butanol in fuel blend percentage were selected as input parameters whereas brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and emission characteristics i.e., HC, CO, NOx and smoke were chosen as response variables. ANOVA was carried out for the responses by utilizing MINITAB software. The higher value of raw data and S/N ratio for BTE was noted with high engine load, low flow rate of biogas and butanol blend percent. For the emission characteristics i.e., HC, CO and smoke, lower raw data and high S/N ratio values were attained in the order of rank engine load > butanol blend percent > biogas flow rate while the similar values for NOx were attained in the rank engine load > biogas flow rate > butanol blend percent. Taguchi design was noted to be an effective tool for the optimization of various response parameters and the optimum levels of input parameters were calculated after analysis. Full engine load for BTE and HC, Biogas flow rate of 15 lpm for BTE, HC and CO, and 20 % of butanol blend for HC, CO and smoke were found to be the optimum conditions for the conducted experimentation.

Process optimization and kinetics for ultrasonication assisted extraction of phospholipids from ghee residue

AbstractGhee is a major Indian dairy product with a pleasant flavor. During its manufacture, ghee residue is obtained as the by‐product, which consists of substantial quantity of phospholipids. Phospholipids exhibit emulsifying properties and offer some health benefits. The present study aimed to optimize the process parameters for the extraction of phospholipids from ghee residue (GR) using ultrasonication. The GR was subjected to a series of pre‐treatments before ultrasonication. The hot water treatment led to reduction in nonpolar lipids and improved polar lipids (35.47% fat basis). Taguchi orthogonal array design was employed for optimization of ultrasound power, treatment temperature, time and solvent:solid (S:S) ratio with phospholipid content and antioxidant activity as the response variables. The phospholipid content ranged between 18.54% and 23.89% and antioxidant activity of the extracted samples varied from 47.01% to 50.64% expressed as radical scavenging activity by DPPH assay, while for the untreated GR, the PL and antioxidant activity were 4.98% and 32.75%, respectively. The power level of 80%, 80°C treatment temperature, S:S ratio of 15 and sonication time of 4 min. resulted in maximum extraction of phospholipids (24.12%). The yield of phospholipids was quantified as 13.1% and 8.88% by two elution techniques using solid phase extraction methods. The predicted and experimental values for the responses were in good agreement with R2 value of 0.98. Power and temperature were found to be significant (p < 0.01) in influencing phospholipids yield. For antioxidant activity of the extract, S:S ratio exerted significant effect (p < 0.01). The experimental data were fit in four defined empirical models for understanding the extraction kinetics. Based on the R2 values, the models explained the kinetics in the following order: Parabolic model>Power law>Peleg's model>Elovich's model.Practical applicationsPresently, ghee residue is often discarded as waste or used as animal feed by most of the ghee manufacturing dairy plants. Few studies were conducted to incorporate ghee residue as an ingredient in different food products. However, the present study opens new avenues for utilization of this by‐product for extraction of high value bioactive components, that is, phospholipids, with the help of novel technology; namely ultrasonication. The phospholipids have techno‐functional properties as an emulsifier. One of the classes of phospholipids, that is, sphingomyelin has unique health benefits, therefore this extract will also have scope as a nutraceutical. Thus, there is great practical utility for the present findings. In addition, for the scaling up of extraction techniques, the understanding of mass transfer kinetics is very vital and the same had been studied in the present investigation. Thus, the findings of this study are helpful in determining the ideal ultrasound‐assisted extraction conditions for extraction of phospholipids from ghee residue. Kinetics of extraction will help to explore opportunities for scale‐up of the process.

Drilling Strategies to Improve the Geometrical and Dimensional Accuracy of Deep through Holes Made in PA6 Alloy.

This article shows how different drilling strategies may affect the geometrical and dimensional accuracy of deep through holes. The tests were conducted on a three-axis direct-drive turning center. The holes were drilled in cylindrical PA6 aluminum alloy specimens 30 mm in length and 30 mm in diameter using 6 mm Ø VHM HPC TiAlN-coated twist drill bits. The cutting fluid was supplied to the cutting zone through the spindle. The experiments involved applying three strategies to drill deep through (5D) holes. The first required the workpiece to be fixed and the tool to perform both rotary and reciprocating motions. The second assumed that the workpiece performed the primary (rotary) motion whereas the tool moved in reciprocating motion. In the third strategy, the workpiece and the tool rotated in opposite directions and the tool also performed a reciprocating motion. The straightness, roundness, cylindricity, and diameter errors were the key output parameters in the analysis of the geometrical and dimensional accuracy of holes. The Taguchi orthogonal array design of experiment (DOE) was employed to determine the effects of the input (cutting) parameters (i.e., spindle speed and feed per revolution) and the type of hole making strategy on the hole errors by means of multi-factor statistical analysis ANOVA. The use of the highest spindle speed (n = 4775 rpm), the highest feed per revolution (fn = 0.14 mm/rev) and strategy I resulted in the lowest values of the output parameters (STR = 22.7 µm, RON = 8.6 µm, CYL = 28.2 µm, and DE = 9.9 µm). Strategy I was reported to be the most effective for hole drilling in PA6 aluminum alloy because, irrespective of the values of the process parameters used, three out of four output parameters, i.e., straightness, roundness and diameter errors, reached the lowest values.

EFFECT OF BUILD PARAMETERS ON PROCESS PERFORMANCES AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PRINTED PRODUCT IN FUSED DEPOSITION MODELLING METHOD

Fused deposition modelling performances are dominated by selection of process parameters. Multi objective optimisation is essential in ensuring excellent product mechanical properties, surface quality and resource efficiency. This paper presents a preliminary work based on Taguchi orthogonal array design of experiment, considering build orientation, printing angle and layer thickness as the input factors. The build orientation has a significant influence on tensile strength while the layer thickness on energy consumption and printing time. Adverse effects on the responses can be observed during the attempts. However, two factors optimisations were still achievable. Optimal settings should be suited based on final application and economical constraints. This study has established a groundwork of further studies in optimisation of quality of the method.

A biostatistical approach for augmenting rare bianthraquinone antibiotic production by Streptomyces sp. RA-WS2 using Taguchi design

Consistent production of bioactives from microbial sources remains a big challenge for fermentation based bio-processes. Setomimycin, a rare 9,9'-bianthrylanthracene antibiotic reported to be active against Gram positive bacteria i.e. Staphyloccocus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Mycobacterium smegmatis, including mycobacteria is one of the least exploited antibiotic. Present work aims to enhance and maximize setomimycin production using One Factor at a Time (OFAT) approach, followed by Taguchi L9 orthogonal array (OA) design in 30L fermenter. Four most influential parameters, namely carbon source, nitrogen source, air and agitation were selected for optimization studies. The optimized production medium supplemented with 150 g/L glycerol and 7.5 g/L soyabean meal with an agitation rate of 100 RPM and air flow rate of 20 LPM (Liters Per Minute) resulted in 675 mg/L setomimycin production within 96–108 h of fermentation as compared to the initial production i.e. 40 mg/L. Thus, an overall enhancement of 16.8 folds was achieved in setomimycin production after optimization in 30L fermenter.Graphical

Surface modification of cylindrical implants using electric discharge-assisted centreless turning

ABSTRACT Numerous techniques are used for the surface modification of titanium alloy. This research uses electric discharge-assisted centreless turning (EDCLT) to modify the titanium alloy surfaces used for dental implants. Experimentations were planned according to the L9 Taguchi orthogonal array design. Impulse current (IP), Pulse on time (Ton), and pulse off time (Toff) were selected as input variables, and surface roughness and hardness as output variables. The machined surface’s average surface roughness (Ra) was less than 1.90 µm. In contrast to unmachined surfaces, the machined surfaces had improved corrosion resistance and bioactivity. The average hardness of machining surfaces was found to be from 43.1 HRC to 52.8 HRC, while unmachined surfaces had an average hardness of 42.7 HRC. The machined piece with an average surface roughness (Ra) of 1.25 µm got the highest bone mineralization compared to other surface roughness.

Orthogonal uniform composite designs for the third-order models

The third-order response surface designs are designs used to estimate the parameters of the third-order polynomial model. In this paper, the orthogonal uniform composite designs that combine two-level orthogonal array and four-level uniform design denoted by OUCD4 for estimating the parameters of the third-order models are proposed. The OUCD4 are good space-filling and efficient designs, that uses resolution IV as the initial design, provide more flexible run sizes, have the ability to execute in-depth analysis and perform multiple analysis with different parts of the data for cross-validation.

Combining natural zeolite and electrocoagulation with different electrode materials – electrode surface analysis and Taguchi optimization

The treatment of compost leachate by the combined use of natural zeolite and electrocoagulation in a single step (ECZ) using different metallic materials of carbon steel, aluminium alloy, and zinc as electrodes was investigated. The experiments were divided into two parts. In the first part, the nine experiments were carried out in an electrochemical batch-type reactor under different operating conditions planned according to Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array design. The electrode material (Fe, Al, Zn), initial pH (4, 6 and 8), the addition of NaCl electrolyte (0.5, 1, and 1.5 g/L), and addition of zeolite (15, 20 and 25 g/L) were chosen as controllable factors, and their impact on chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity were studied. The results show that the highest removal for both COD and turbidity was obtained with the Al electrode at pH 4 and an electrolyte addition of 0.5 g/L NaCl and 15 g/L of zeolite. However, the pH and the addition of zeolite do not have the same effect on COD and turbidity removal. Microscopic analysis of the electrode surfaces shows pitting, general or uniform corrosion, and coverage with a layer of corrosion products depending on the experimental conditions. The order of anode consumption was Zn > Fe > Al. Cathode consumption was evident in the experiments with the Al electrode, while both cathode consumption and increase in cathode mass was observed in experiments with the Fe and Zn electrode. In the second part, the influence of the initial COD concentration of the compost leachates treatment by ECZ with aluminium alloy electrodes was studied under optimal condition previously defined. Higher initial COD concentrations result in steeper curves of COD removal during ECZ and to a higher settling rate.

Efficient Synthesis of Quaternised Guar Gum using Tri‐alkylamine and Epichlorohydrin Condensate by Taguchi L9 Orthogonal Array

AbstractGlycidyltrimethylammonium chloride (GLYTAC) is an efficient quaternizing reagent, easy to synthesize, and causes lesser degradation to the polymer backbone than other reagents. Quaternization of guar gum was carried out using condensate of trimethylamine and epichlorohydrin as etherifying reagents adopting Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array design of experiment to optimize the reaction conditions to attain a higher degree of substitution (DS). The set of optimized levels of selected control factors are as follows; 2.5 mL and 1.2 g of condensate and sodium hydroxide respectively at 30 °C and time 6 h. The DS of the quaternized derivative prepared under optimized reaction conditions was determined as 0.046. The appearance of an additional signal at 3.06 ppm and 54.62 in 1H and 13C and the corresponding cross signal inHSQC (1H−13C) confirmed the synthesis of quaternized guar gum. The study demonstrated that Taguchi L9 orthogonal array is a reliable statistical approach for efficient and green synthesis of quaternized derivatives.

Parameter optimization of FSW aviation-grade AA8090 using Taguchi grey relational analysis

PurposeThis paper aims to accomplish friction stir welding (FSW) of Al–Li alloy AA8090 to determine optimal settings of the process parameters for higher tensile strength and higher micro-hardness (MH) to achieve the objective of adequate butt-joint strength.Design/methodology/approachAn empirical relation is implemented to govern the utmost influence parameters, i.e. tool rotation speed (TRS), tool transverse speed (TTS) and dwell time (DT). Taguchi grey relational analysis (GRA) was applied for multi-response optimization of response parameters. The grey relational grades (GRs) have been calculated for both the responses MH and ultimate tensile strength to get optimal parametric settings. The variance test has been performed to check the adequacy of the model.FindingsThe Taguchi L9 orthogonal array design was used in establishing the relation between input parameter and output parameter (tensile and MH). TTS and DT have been predicted to be the two most important parameters that influence the extreme quality features of joints by using friction stir welding. Scanning electron microscopy fractography shows the ductile failure of the welded joints.Originality/valueThe experimental trials provided the followings results, maximum ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 219 MPa and MH 107.1 HV under 1,400 rpm of TRS, 40 mm/min of TTS and 8 s of DT founded the optimum value through GRA.

Optimized Alternating Current Electric Field and Light Irradiance for Caulerpa lentillifera Biomass Sustainability—An Innovative Approach for Potential Postharvest Applications

Recently published preliminary data proposed alternating current electric field (ACEF) as a promising technique for the postharvest storage of seagrape (Caulerpa lentillifera). The current study suggested a combination of storage light irradiance (SLI) and ACEF (intensity and time) to enhance seagrape physicochemical quality (PQ). It utilized Taguchi orthogonal array design (OAD) to optimize the processing conditions. Results showed all the processing parameters had significant (p < 0.05) effects on seagrape PQ. This study found that 50 kV/m for 60 min (ACEF) and 9 mol photons m−2 s−1 performed the best inhibition on seagrape PQ deterioration. It revealed that adjusting the processing parameters in the range explored in this study (50, 125, 200 kV/m of ACEF intensity; 30, 60, 90 min of ACEF treatment time; 2, 9, 16 mol photons m−2 s−1 of SLI) can reduce up to 60% of total voltage usage compared to the previous study. With a sufficient SLI and an intermediate treatment time, the finest seagrape PQ can be sustained with a lower electric strength. Therefore, this method can benefit seagrape industries and contribute to realizing sustainable development goals by strengthening resource efficiency and lowering energy consumption.

High-throughput synthesis and phase transition characteristics controlling of VO2(M) nanoparticles via an orthogonal optimization route

Thermochromic behaviors of VO2(M) are affected significantly by the size purity, and crystallinity of the particles, and it needs a mass of experiments to adjust the factors suitably. Herein, an orthogonal array design (OAD) [L9 (34)] was applied to select the optimum conditions for high-throughput preparation of VO2(M) nanoparticles with controllable morphology and size. The effects of fill ratio, reaction time, annealing time, and annealing temperature on the size of VO2(M) nanoparticles were evaluated by OAD. These results showed that the factors for the size arranged as follows: fill ratio > reaction time > annealing time > annealing temperature. The validation of optimized experimental parameters proved that pure VO2(M) nanoparticles with a diameter of ∼60 nm were prepared in this work. Therefore, the high-throughput preparation of VO2(M) nanoparticles with small size was achieved via an optimized two-step hydrothermal synthesis method, which can support the large-scale applications of VO2(M) nanoparticles in smart windows and optical switches.