Zone Oromia Research Articles

Practices, Challenges and Opportunities of Using Afan Oromo as a Medium of Instruction in Upper Primary Schools of Berbere Woreda, Bale Zone, Oromia, South East Ethiopia

The main purpose of the study was to investigate practices, challenges and opportunities of using Afan Oromo as a medium of instruction in upper primary schools of Berbere Woreda, Bale Zone, Oromia, and South East Ethiopia. To attain the purpose of the study, mixed research design, that put on both quantitative and qualitative research methods were employed and more specifically, concurrent triangulation mixed research design was employed. The populations of the study were teachers, students, CRC supervisors, and school principals were found upper primary schools of Berbere Woreda. Of these 45 teachers and 395 sample students were selected by using simple random sampling techniques respectively. Whereas, nine CRC supervisors and nine principals were selected by purposive sampling techniques. Questionnaires for teachers and students and interviews for CRC supervisors, and principals were the instruments employed for data collection. Analysis of the data was done using descriptive and inferential statistics like frequency distribution (fd), percentage (%) mean (m) and t-test. The qualitative data was analyzed by narration and personal interpretation of the researcher. The finding of the study showed that; although there are the practices of using Afan Oromo as a medium of instruction, these practices are challenged by the absence of adequate reference materials and existence of negative perception of parents, students and local communities. The availability of Ethiopian Education and training policy and language policy has enormous opportunity for the use of mother tongues such as Afan Oromo as medium of instruction. So, to use Afan Oromo as medium of instruction in the upper primary school, it’s better to fulfill necessary supplies and exercise every opportunity that supports this practice. Finally, based on the findings of the study, the researcher recommended that strong collaboration among stakeholders needs to be undertaken to ensure the real practice of using Afan Oromo as medium of instruction in upper primary schools of Berbere Woreda, Bale Zone Oromia, South East Ethiopia. Keywords: Afan Oromo, Practices, Challenges, Opportunities, Afan Oromo, Mother Tongue DOI: 10.7176/JLLL/70-02 Publication date: July 31 st 2020

Pricing Strategies of Ambo Mineral Water from Producer and Sellers Perspectives’

The study was conducted on “Pricing strategies of Ambo Mineral Water from producers and sellers’ perspectives’’ and a data was collected from sellers of Ambo Town West Shoa Zone Oromia Regional State. The main objective of the study is to see the pricing strategies of Ambo Mineral Water and the scope is delimited to sellers of Ambo Mineral Water found in Ambo Town. The sample size was determined based on the maturity strategies which more used when the responses of the respondents are redundant. Accordingly, the study is used sample size up to 54 to see the facts. To analyze the collected data the study used descriptive statistics for all parties of the study. The last section presents the conclusions and recommendations directed to the respondents. In conclusion, all the respondents have one or two pricing strategies and this implies that the respondents have more knowledge on the pricing strategies. Therefore, it is more essential to recommend all the respondents must have the right pricing strategies according to their offerings based on the customers’ sensitivity.

Major Causes of Girls’School Dropout from General Primary Schools and Related Challenges in South Wollo and Oromia Zones in Amahara Region, Ethiopia

Though many researchers have been concerned with school dropout issue for both girls and boys, dropout pattern significantly differs by the gender of the students. This study clarifies the factors that contribute to the increasing dropout rate of children, particularly among girls by interviewing research participants and making a detailed review of available literature. Most past researches and reviews on the school dropout issue have been carried out regardless of the gender of the students. Twenty-five primary school students (10 boys and 15 girls), ten school teachers (including school directors) and twenty parents were interviewed for the study. That made the total research participants fifty-five. Dropout rate does not occur through a single factor; it is a composition of several factors. A number of studies have been conducted on girls' dropout issue based on particular regions, societies and cultural perspectives in various parts of the world. In this study, Ianalyzed the factors contributing to the dropout of girls and concluded thatthe major factors are (1) economic factors: e.g. poverty and migration to foreign countries to earn (2) household level factors: e.g. child labor (3) school level factors: e.g. distance and (4) cultural factors: e.g. early marriage. Keywords : School dropout, girls' education, educational inequality. DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-10-03 Publication date: April 30 th 2020

Prevalence of Malnutrition and its Associated Factors among Adult HIV Positive Clients on Anti-Retroviral Therapy at Chiro Zonal Hospital, West Hararghe Oromia Zone, Ethiopia

Introduction: The Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV) epidemic remains one of the main public health challenges especially in low- and middle-income countries. At the end of 2010, an estimated 34 million people were living with HIV globally. In sub-Saharan African countries, estimated 1.9 million became infected. In Ethiopia HIV adult prevalence was estimated at 1.5% in 2011. Objective: The Objective of this study is to Assesses Prevalence of malnutrition and its associated factors among adult people living with HIV/AIDS who are on antiretroviral therapy at Chiro Hospital, West Hararghe. Ethiopia, from March 2017 to April 2017. Methods: This study was conducted at Chiro Zonal Hospital. It is found in West Harangue Zone, Chiro woreda administration, Located 333 kilometer far away from the capital city Addis Ababa in the south East of Ethiopia. In this study Institutional based cross-sectional study design was employed. The sample size is 279 PLWHAs, which is calculated by using the formula for the estimation of single proportion. The study subjects were selected using systematic random sampling technique. The data was collected using face to face interview with version of Afan Oromo language. Bivariate and multivariable linear regression model will be used to identify independent predictor of malnutrition. P-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant as well as odds ratio at 95% confidence interval is used to examine the precision and strength of association between malnutrition and associated factors. Results: In this study the overall prevalence of malnutrition was 22.2%. The mean BMI was 20.7 & SD ± 2.979. in relation with Gender, malnourished Females were 53% and male 47.%. After full control of all variables; Anemia (AOR=3.792: 95% CI, 1.782-8.067), WHO clinical stage 2 (AOR=6.208: 95% CI, 2.141-17.999). Tuberculosis, (AOR=8.033:95% CI, 2.023-31.900), Eating Problem (AOR=3.451: 95% CI, 1.564-8.067). were significantly associated with malnutrition. However, taking Ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) were found to be protective factor for malnutrition (AOR=3.426: 95% CI, 1.648-7.120) Conclusion: From this study it has been learnt that ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) supplement programs should be an integral part of HIV/AIDS continuum of care. Furthermore, it needs to improve Opportunistic infection and nutritional screening and management. Nutritional Counseling & education service will be strengthening at all ART service providing unit.

Household Food Insecurity Predicts Childhood Undernutrition: A Cross-Sectional Study in West Oromia (Ethiopia).

Background Despite mixed reports, food insecurity emerges as a predictor of nutritional status, assumably limiting the quantity and quality of dietary intake. In Ethiopia, the prevalence of childhood undernutrition and food insecurity is highly pronounced. However, whether household food insecurity predicts undernutrition in children was not yet well established. Thus, the aim of the present study was to identify the link between household food access and undernutrition in children aged 6–23 months in West Oromia zones, Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 525 households during June–October 2016. Food access was measured as Household Food Insecurity Access Scale. Semistructured interviewer-administered questionnaires were employed to collect data on sociodemographics, child health, child dietary practices, household food security, and anthropometrics. The height and weight of children aged 6–23 months in each household were measured. Multivariate logistic regression models were constructed to assess the association between household food insecurity and child nutritional status measured from undernutrition indicators. Results Overall, more than two-thirds (69%) of households were classified as food insecure (had insufficient access to adequate food), with a mean (SD) household food access score of 7.9 (7.7). The respective prevalence of mild and moderate food-insecure households was 56.6% and 12.4%. Higher proportions of children in food-insecure households were stunted (41.8% vs. 15.5%), underweight (22.0% vs. 6.1%), and wasted (14.9% vs. 6.1%). Overall, the prevalence of child undernutrition was 21.3% in the target population, with 16.2% stunted, 6.9% underweight, and 6.3% wasted. The present finding shows food-secure households were 54% protective (OR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.25–0.84) for child undernutrition. Compared to children in food-secure households, children who were reportedly living in moderately food-insecure households were over twice more likely stunted (OR: 2.09, 95% CI: 1.02–4.28) and over 4 times more likely underweight (OR: 4.73, 95% CI: 1.81–12.35). However, household food insecurity was not a correlate for acute malnutrition (wasting) in children. Conclusions The prevalence of household's food insecurity situation is very common and more pronounced among households with undernourished children aged 6–23 months in Ethiopia. The analysis of this work shows that moderately food-insecure households are a salient predictor for composite undernutrition, stunting, and underweight, but not for wasting. Thus, this finding informs the need for multisectoral strategies and policies to combat household's food insecurity and multiple forms of child undernutrition, beyond the socioeconomic wellbeing.

An Appraisal of Trans-Boundary Human Trafficking for Domestic Workers in the Arab States; The Case of North Shewa and Oromia Zones of Amhara Regional State

Trafficking covers the whole process of movement of people starting with securing the consent of victims at the point of origin to the receipt of victim’s destination. Trafficking in persons, especially women and children, is increasingly becoming an issue of global concern. Poverty and unemployment as well as the disadvantageous economic and social position of women are the most important exacerbating factors identified. Thus, this study has explored the existing situations of trafficking in person from North shewa and Oromiya Zones of Amhara National Regional State. It demonstrates the current situations of trafficking, factors that lead peoples to illegal migration and the effect of travel ban on trafficking. The study further focused on legal frameworks and institutional set up which helps to combat human trafficking through protection, prevention and prosecutions processes. The study is conducted in critical research approach and employed in-depth interviews, key informant interviews vis-à-vis analysis of relevant literatures and secondary data sources as an instrument to solicit the necessary information for the research. The research ascertained that women and children are pushed by poverty and allied factors. Moreover, the findings denoted that currently, the prevalence of trafficking in person in the study area is alarmingly increased. After assessing the situation on the ground the paper also found that the institutional and legal frameworks are not effective at least to minimize the rate of trafficking. Further, collaboration and coordination among the stakeholders to take appropriate measures is insufficient. Moreover, rehabilitation and reintegration of returnees in sustainable conditions is inadequate. This in turn exposed the returnee’s for re-trafficking risk in the study area.

Analysis on Determinants of Adoption of Improved Wheat Technology in Liben Jewi District, Oromia Region, Ethiopia

Ethiopia is the second largest wheat producer in sub-Saharan Africa, after South Africa. In Ethiopia, wheat ranks fourth in total cultivated area and production. This study applied logit regression to examine determinants of adoption of improved wheat varieties in the Liban jewi district of West Showa zone Oromia region Ethiopia. The objective of the study is to analyze determinants that affect adoption of improved wheat varieties which exert significant influence on the adoption behavior of sample respondents in the study area. A total of 154 sample respondents drawn from 6 PAs of the district included in the survey. The model result shows that the adoption of improved wheat varieties by respondents in the study area was positively and significantly affected by farm size, livestock ownership, extension contact and access to credit, whereas, age of respondents, distance from market and distance from farmers training center had negatively and significantly influenced adoption of improved wheat varieties in the study area. The result underscores the need for research and extension programs to be sensitive to the needs of farmers when developing and disseminating technologies that are relevant to their agro-ecologies.

Study on Sero-Prevalence of Small Ruminant and Human Brucellosis in Yabello and Dire Districts of Borena Zone Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Cross-sectional study was conducted in Yabello and Dire districts of Borena zone Oromia regional state, Ethiopia to estimate sero-prevalence of small ruminant and human Brucellosis. Sero-survey was applied to the target population of 228 small ruminants and 86 humans. The sera samples were collected from small ruminants (sheep and goats) and humans for serological analysis of brucellosis. Samples were serially tested by RBPT and positive samples were finally confirmed by c-ELISA. The overall sero-prevalence of brucellosis were 8.8% (95% CI: 5.4-13.2) and 25.6% (95% CI: 16.8-36.1) in small ruminants and humans respectively. There was a statistically significant variation in Brucella infection (p<0.05) in humans. The higher prevalence recorded in elders. The highest recorded in small ruminant sampled from large flock size and ewes with a retained fetal membrane. These results provide evidence of the importance of brucellosis in humans and small ruminants in the study area. Overall, the existence of brucellosis, community daily practice and uncontrolled movement of animals and livelihood nature of pastoralists suggest the need for farther investigation of brucellosis in humans and animals. Furthermore, awareness creation or public health education on zoonotic importance of brucellosis and prevention techniques should be imparted continuously in pastoral communities.

Decomposition of Gender Differentials in Agricultural Productivity: The Case Aira District in West Wollega Zone Oromia National Regional State Ethiopia

The research is financed by Ministry of Education of Ethiopia in general and Wollega University particularly Abstract This study focused on decomposion of gender differential on agricultural productivity. The agricultural productivity difference between male and female headed households was about 57.18% in the study area. On the other hand, if female headed households had equal access to the inputs as male headed households, gross value of the output would be higher by 18.82% for female headed households. This may suggest that female headed households would have been more productive than male headed households if they had equal access to inputs as male headed households. Thus accessing female headed households to inputs that increase the productivity of land, labour utilization, usage of herbicide; and introducing technologies that reduce the time and energy of women is essential to improve the agricultural productivity of women and the society as a whole. Keywords: Aira, Decomposition Model, Gender, West Wollega DOI : 10.7176/JAAS/60-01 Publication date: January 31 st 2020

Prevalence of Malnutrition and its Associated Factors among Adult HIV Positive Clients on Anti-Retroviral Therapy at Chiro Zonal Hospital, West Hararghe Oromia Zone, Ethiopia

Introduction: The Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV) epidemic remains one of the main public health challenges especially in low- and middle-income countries. At the end of 2010, an estimated 34 million people were living with HIV globally. In sub-Saharan African countries, estimated 1.9 million became infected. In Ethiopia HIV adult prevalence was estimated at 1.5% in 2011. Objective: The Objective of this study is to Assesses Prevalence of malnutrition and its associated factors among adult people living with HIV/AIDS who are on antiretroviral therapy at Chiro Hospital, West Hararghe. Ethiopia, from March 2017 to April 2017. Methods: This study was conducted at Chiro Zonal Hospital. It is found in West Harangue Zone, Chiro woreda administration, Located 333 kilometer far away from the capital city Addis Ababa in the south East of Ethiopia. In this study Institutional based cross-sectional study design was employed. The sample size is 279 PLWHAs, which is calculated by using the formula for the estimation of single proportion. The study subjects were selected using systematic random sampling technique. The data was collected using face to face interview with version of Afan Oromo language. Bivariate and multivariable linear regression model will be used to identify independent predictor of malnutrition. P-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant as well as odds ratio at 95% confidence interval is used to examine the precision and strength of association between malnutrition and associated factors. Results: In this study the overall prevalence of malnutrition was 22.2%. The mean BMI was 20.7 & SD ± 2.979. in relation with Gender, malnourished Females were 53% and male 47.%. After full control of all variables; Anemia (AOR=3.792: 95% CI, 1.782-8.067), WHO clinical stage 2 (AOR=6.208: 95% CI, 2.141-17.999). Tuberculosis, (AOR=8.033:95% CI, 2.023-31.900), Eating Problem (AOR=3.451: 95% CI, 1.564-8.067). were significantly associated with malnutrition. However, taking Ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) were found to be protective factor for malnutrition (AOR=3.426: 95% CI, 1.648-7.120) Conclusion: From this study it has been learnt that ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) supplement programs should be an integral part of HIV/AIDS continuum of care. Furthermore, it needs to improve Opportunistic infection and nutritional screening and management. Nutritional Counseling & education service will be strengthening at all ART service providing unit.

Milk Production Performance, Challenges and Opportunities of Dairy Cattle Production in West Hararghe, Oromiya Regional State

The study was conducted in West Hararge Zone Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia with the objective to describing the dairy production and reproduction performance, identifying and prioritizing researchable issues which make an impact on the development of dairy sector, identifying factors influencing dairy production, constraints and opportunities and forwarding suggestions for the development of dairy sector. Two districts from midland and lowland agro-ecology were purposively selected. Moreover, two kebeles were also selected purposively from each district based on dairy cattle population and accessibility. A total of 120 households were selected for survey data collection from the three agro-ecologies. For the monitoring study, 4 lactating cows in each lactation stage for each rural kebeles as well as for each breed were used. A total of 112 lactating cows were used. The result of the study indicates that the majority (85.8%) of respondents use local breed cow for milk production and the remaining 14.2% of respondents are used cross breed. Average daily milk production was 2.98 litters/day/cow and the average price of one liter milk in the study area at the study period was 23.63 birr. There was a significant difference between the two breeds on the mean age at first calving. Local zebu cow has significantly (P < 0.05) higher mean age at first calving 46.73 ± 0.30 than cross breed cows 31.41 ± 0.53 at the study area. Cross breed cows had significantly shorter (14.44 ± 0.43) months of CI than that of local zebu cow (16.02 ± 0.29). Majority of the respondents ranked feed shortage as the first constraint and also mastitis as the first economically important disease problem.

High helminthic co-infection in tuberculosis patients with undernutritional status in northeastern Ethiopia

BackgroundTuberculosis and parasitosis are the widely distributed diseases in Ethiopia with the leading cause of mortality and morbidity, respectively. There has been no information on the status of co-infections of tuberculosis and parasitosis in Oromia Zone of Amhara Region and South Wollo, Ethiopia. Hence, this study primarily focuses on determining the status of tuberculosis and parasitosis co-infections and associated factors.MethodsThe study was conducted in Oromia Special Zone of the Amhara Regional State and South Wollo Zone, northeastern Ethiopia from April 2015 to January 2017. Tuberculosis cases confirmed by health personnel at the health institutions were the source of the study sample. In a cross-sectional study 384 smear positive pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis cases were recruited. Faecal specimens provided by the study participants were examined for parasitic co-infections using direct saline microscopic test, Kato-Katz and concentration techniques. Nutritional status was determined using body mass index and mid-upper arm circumferences. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods and Pearson chi-square.ResultsTuberculosis and parasitosis co-infection prevalence was 10.8%, and the proportion of intestinal helminths accounted for 9.7% while intestinal protozoa accounted for 1.9%. Cases with single parasitic infection was 89.3% among co-infected individuals. Co-infection of both disease was not significantly associated with gender and age (P > 0.05). The prevalence of undernutrition was 58.6% as determined using body mass index and 73.0% as determined using mid-upper arm circumference with no significant association with gender. Among all forms of tuberculosis cases (384) screened for the study, the bacterial positivity was relatively more common in males (55.5%) than females (44.5%). Tuberculosis lymphadenitis was found to be the most prevalent (85.9%) form of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis with cervical adenopathy (75.3%) being the commonly existing disease.ConclusionsThe rate of helminthic co-infection is predominantly high than that of intestinal protozoa. Single parasitic co-infection was more common than double or multiple co-infections. Both body mass index and mid-upper arm circumference anthropometric parameters revealed greater risk of undernutrition in tuberculosis patients. Thus, screening and prompt treatment of parasites in tuberculosis patients and a support of nutritional supplementation for malnourished tuberculosis patients should be further studied which might enhance the disease treatment and minimize the risk of its complexity.

Illegal Migration Causes and Impacts Among Returnees Women from Middle East Countries: The Case of Woliso Town, South-west Showa Zone Oromia Region, Ethiopia

The main aim of this research study was to investigate the causes of illegal migration and its impacts in the returnees who are living in Woliso town. To achieve these objectives, qualitative methods and Semi-structured in depth interviews were held with a total of 25 women participants. Descriptive phenomenology was the approach employed for conducting this study. The purposive sampling technique was used to select 25 returnees of illegal emigrant from Middle East countries. The Primary information was collected mainly from the migrants, Labour and Social affairs office. Phenomenological method of analysis for study was used to analyze the data obtained from the participants. The findings of the study revealed that there are a variety of contributory factors that led to the emergence of migrant women from Ethiopia to Middle East countries. The result showed that the major factors contributing to the migration and vulnerability of Ethiopian women to illegal emigration are lack of employment, poverty, lack of prospects, the search for better opportunities and income to support themselves and their families and economic insecurity as the probable cause of this migration. The finding further indicated that Illegally emigrated women from Ethiopia are exposed to various forms of abuse and exploitation such as prohibition of contact with family members, long working hours, labor exploitation, denial of rest and leave, denial of food, sexual harassment and rape, beatings and imprisonment in the country of destination. In general, the results of the study show that those returnees have needs that call for greater attention to be given as the available services and service providers need to be attentive to their needs and the need to expand the types and number of services provided for these women. Keywords: illegal immigration, pushing factors, domestic workers, physical and sexual abuse DOI : 10.7176/JCSD/52-03 Publication date :October 31 st 2019

Spectrum, Pattern, and Clinical Outcomes of Adult Emergency Department Admissions in Selected Hospitals of Western Ethiopia: A Hospital-Based Prospective Study

Background There has been a steady rise in the absolute number of emergency room admissions over the last few decades. The healthcare delivery system of a country is required to be adjusted to patterns of morbidity and mortality to mitigate the minimized prolonged ill health consequences and premature death of adults. The spectrum, patterns, morbidity, and mortality of health and health-related emergency conditions for which patients visit hospitals often reflect the magnitude of different health problems in a society. The objective of this study was therefore to assess the spectrum, pattern, characteristics, and clinical outcomes of emergency department admissions among adult people who visited EDs of the selected hospitals in western Ethiopia. Methodology Hospital-based prospective cross-sectional study design was utilized. To select hospitals to be included in the study, the area sampling technique was used. Five administrative zones in west Oromia were selected as geographical clusters. Then, four hospitals were randomly selected from each zone. Finally, the consecutive sampling technique was utilized to recruit the study participants. Results The mean age of the patients admitted to emergency departments (EDs) of the selected hospitals was 34.98 years. The male-to-female ratio of the respondents was nearly equal (1 : 1.04). While one-fourth (20.4%) of the patients arrived by ambulances (without identifying reason), 23.6% of them visited the emergency department as they had no other place to go. Medical emergencies (45.4%) were the leading types of emergencies followed by traumatic emergencies (27.3%). Respiratory distress (12.43%), extremity fractures (9.61%), and hypertensive disorders (8.6%) were among the top leading causes of adult ED admissions. Vital signs were deranged in about 59.4% of the cases. The most common type of immediately life-threatening problems identified on arrival was impairment of breathing (37%), followed by circulatory compromises (30%). Emergency department admission patterns were variable with peak admissions in the month of February and the lowest in November. The vast majority (90.9%) of emergency patients survived. While 8.5% of patients died of the various types of emergency conditions, the final clinical outcome was not identified in 1.5% of the patients. Conclusion This study has showed mixed cases with varied patterns and outcomes of adult emergency department admissions. As overall there is a need to be alert during specific seasons, actions must be taken to improve the readiness of existing emergency room services. Furthermore, it is worthwhile to invest further on standardizing and organizing prehospital services at the community level.

Assessment of the Organization and Management of Functional Adult Literacy Program in Some Selected Woredas of West Harerghe Zone of Oromia

Although Functional Adult literacy Program is started in Ethiopia, its management and Organization system has not been developed as per government strategies. It needs serious attentions from the grass root level. As a result, the study was intended to assessing the Organization and Management of Functional Adult Literacy Program. To achieve this objective, descriptive survey method was used. Data gathered using questionnaires, interviews, observation and document review. The participants were trainees, facilitators and Adult Education Technical Committee.Out of 121(55%) trainees, (78(52.6) were selected using proportional stratified then simple random sampling technique. Besides, all (facilitators, Zone and Woreda Technical Committee) were included by purposive sampling techniques). Qualitative data was analyzed through narration and presented thematically. Whereas quantitative data was analyzed using (SPSS) version 19. The findings revealed that: there are problems of organization and management of Functional Adult literacy Program offered in Functional Adult literacy centers, Lack of resources, and qualified facilitatorsrs, unwillingness of stakeholders’ participation on planning and implementation were some of the problems. Thus, these problems made organization and management of Functional Adult literacy Program to be incapable of meeting their purposes and the interests of disadvantages adult’s learners. It is, therefore, recommended that the Oromia Education office, Zone and Woreda Adult Education Board and Technical Committee members and concerned sectors should make maximum possible efforts to mobilize resources, stakeholders and institutions under them to reverse the problems of Functional Adult literacy Program that offered in Functional Adult literacy centers. Keywords: organization ; management ; functional adult literacy DOI : 10.7176/NMMC/80-02 Publication date :May 31 st 2019

Organic Fertilizers Use and Application for Cereal Crop Production in Ethiopia

Different relevant studies have been held across the county parts or regions to assess the effect different organic fertilizers like compost, farm yard manure, green manure, crop residue and biogas slurry application and use in experiment field and smallholder farming without upsetting their usual living. Results supposed to the benefit of farmers and come up with a policy briefing that policy makers give a better support for its implementation. The experiments conducted in different regions by different researchers like Maichew District of Tigray Region by Hailu Araya, Gozamen Woreda Eastern Gojam Amhara Region by Tadesse Dejene , Haraghe zone Oromia region Easten Ethiopia by Zelalem Bekeko and Sirinka Earstern Amara rgegion by Abebe Getu and Yalemtshay debebe in Sebeta Oromia Region indicated that the application compost Farm yard manure ,green manure and Biogas slurry enhances different crop production and productivity by improving of soil physical and chemical property and also bring additional benefit in terms of minimizing inorganic fertilizers cost. Therefore this visualized or tell us for the future as country level promoting of organic fertilizers in well-organized form is very important to enhance cereal crop productivity and there quality by improving soil and soil fertility issues. Keywords: Organic fertilizers, Cereal crops DOI : 10.7176/JNSR/9-10-03 Publication date :May 31 st 2019

Milk Production, Marketing and Quality in Meta District of Eastern Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia

The study was conducted in Meta District of Eastern Hararge Zone Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia with the objective to assess milk production and marketing, and to determine chemical composition and microbial quality of raw cow milk. Three Rural Kebeles (RK) namely, Biftu Ganama, Oda Chafe and Waligalte Bali&amp;rsquo;na were purposively selected based on dairy production potential and accessibility. A total of 132 respondents were randomly selected from farmers (122), consumers (6) and milk collection centers (4). Interview was made using semi-structured questionnaire to collect data on milk production, constraints, marketing, milk handling practices and utensils used as milk container. The result of the study indicated that, average daily milk production, milk for marketing and consumption were 1.96&amp;plusmn;0.517 litters/day/cow, 68.9% and 31.1%, respectively. Majority of the respondents ranked feed shortage as the first constraint. Hand milking after calf suckling was practiced by all the farmers. Most of the respondents (56.6%) used a gourd container locally called &amp;ldquo;qabe&amp;rdquo; for milking, and plastic jerry can (81.96%) for milk delivery to milk collection centers. Significantly higher (P &amp;lt; 0.05) figures were recorded for fat, protein, total solids, solids-not-fat and lactose contents at producers level than the consumers and collection centers. Total bacterial count (TBC), coliform count (CC) and yeast and mould count (YMC) of milk samples from milk collection centers were significantly higher (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than milk samples from consumers and producers and did not meet quality standards set by Quality Standard Authority of Ethiopia. Therefore, we can concluded that the chemical composition of milk was satisfactory compared to the standard level, whereas the microbial quality of the milk was poor that suggests the need for better sanitary practices of milking environment and milk utensils.

Promotion of Highland Maize Varieties to the Selected Districts’ of Arsi Zone Oromia, Ethiopia

Promotion of hybrid and OPV highland Maize varieties were conducted to highly monocropping system of wheat belt of districts of Arsi zone.The study was carried out from for two years (2016 &2017) with active participation of farmers in collaboration with district bureau of agriculture. A total of 92 farmers from six major maize potential districts namely Hetosa, Arsi-negele, Chole, Guna, Arsi-robe, Aminga & Seru were trained and a plot of land,0.25 ha was used for each farmer and supplied with two varieties (Kolba and Jibat) in the first year and another two varieties(Hora &Jibat) in the second year. The analysis result indicated that Kolba variety has given the highest average grain yield (62.92Qt) followed by Jibat variety (58.78Qt) and Hora variety (53.1Qt) scored third in average grain yield. Crop technology demonstration has given a good impact over the farming community as they were motivated by recommended technology in that case the full package (68.28Qt/ha) out produce 17% more than the farmers’ practice which is 56.65Qt/ha and farmers also could produce greater than 28% as to the national average, which is 39Qt/ha .The acceptance of these varieties was huge during the study seasons which clearly suggests the positive impact of demonstration over farmer’s practices and highland maize in Arsi zone is found to be one of the best technologies and recommended to more scale out activity with best performed highland maize varieties in areas where it is not introduced. Keywords: Arsi Zone , highland maize, promotion, varieties DOI : 10.7176/DCS/9-4-04 Publication date : April 30 th 2019

Determinants of puerperal sepsis among post partum women at public hospitals in west SHOA zone Oromia regional STATE, Ethiopia (institution BASEDCASE control study)

BackgroundPuerperal sepsis is an infection of the genital tract, which occurs from rupture of amniotic sacs and within 42ndday after delivery. It happens mainly after discharge in the 1st 24 h of parturition. It is the third leading cause of direct maternal mortality in developing nations. It is also among preventable conditions. Even though multiple interventions were done to overcome these health problems, maternal mortality and morbidities were still significant. Mainly, in Ethiopia lack of clearly identified causes of maternal mortality and morbidity makes the problem unsolved.MethodsCase-control study was conducted at public Hospitals in west shoa zone Oromia regional state, Ethiopia from February 01 to April 30/2018.women with puerperal sepsis (n = 67) were selected by convenience method. Controls (n = 213) were selected by systematic random sampling. Controls to cases ratio was 3:1 and structured questionnaire was used to interviewafter verbal consent was obtained. Data was entered in to epi –info 7.2 then exported to SPSS version 20.0 for analysis. A logistic regression model was used for data analysis. Those variables which have p-value < 0.05 were accepted that they are independent determinants of puerperal sepsis.ResultRural residence (AOR [95%CI] = 2.5(1.029–6.054),Mothers with no formal education (AOR [95%CI] = 6.74([1.210–37.541]), up to primary level of education(AOR [95%CI] = 6.72(1.323–34.086), total monthly income of the mother or family<=500 ETB and 501–1500 ETB(AOR [95%CI] = 5.94(1.471–23.93) and (AOR [95%CI] =6.57 (1.338–32.265) respectively, Mothers having 1–2 times antenatal care(ANC)visit (AOR [95%CI] = 6.57([1.338–32.265]), Duration of Labor12–24 h (AOR [95%CI] = 3.12 (1.805–12.115),> = 25 h (AOR [95%CI] = 4.71([1.257–17.687]),vaginal examinations > = 5times (AOR [95%CI] = 4.00([1.330–12.029]), Delivery by C/S (AOR [95%CI] = 3.85 ([1.425–10.413]), Rupture of membrane > 24 h (AOR [95%CI] = 3.73([1.365–10.208]) and those Referred from other health institutions (AOR [95%CI] = 2.53([1.087–5.884],were independent determinants of puerperal sepsis in this study.ConclusionMajority of determinants of puerperal sepsis were related with pregnancy and childbirth. Therefore, to tackle a problem of puerperal sepsis all concerning bodies should take measures during prenatal, natal and postnatal period.

Sediment Estimation and Assessment of Hydraulic Structure of Hirna Small Scale Irrigation Scheme, West Hararghe Zone Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Accelerated soil erosion and sedimentation is a serious concern worldwide problem and the problem of sedimentation is clearly felt in the irrigation canals, in dry years when there is scarcity of rain more silt-laden water is diverted to the canals which cause high reduction of canal capacity discharge. Hirna watershed at which Hirna small scale irrigation project found is one of the most erosion-prone watersheds in the eastern highland of Ethiopia which little attention is given. The objectives of this study were to estimate Hirna river watershed sediment loss and to evaluate the design concept of Hirna small scale irrigation canals in view of water and sediment transport. This study spatial predict soil loss rate of the watershed using Geographic Information System, Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation was used to estimate potential soil loss. Based on the analysis, the mean and total annual soil loss potential of the study watershed was 26.61 ton/ha/yr and 140,569.99 tons/yr respectively. About 36.60% (1,933.42 ha) of watershed was classified under high to very high soil loss class while the remaining 63.40% (3349.17 ha) of watershed categorized under slow to moderate soil loss class. The total soil loss at the outlet of watershed or at the weir site estimated as 25,311.80 tons. Beside spatial estimation of soil loss, field soil loss measurement by runoff controlling point was also done. The estimated mean annual soil loss from watershed with runoff pot method was 22.30 ton/ha/yr. which that the two value of soil loss estimated with runoff plot and spatial estimated with the help of the model was almost the same. Assessment of irrigation project and structural problem by measuring bed load, structural problem observation, and redesigning of the Hirna small scale irrigation were done to relate the capacity of the structure with the designed discharge and sediment deposited. As the assessment show the project have a problem of sedimentation due to improper design of flow velocity and canal slope. Finally the result show 116.80 tons of sediment was deposited in irrigation canal which have dramatically reduced the quantity of designed water depth into 41.67% and reduced designed discharge with 50.2%. Keywords: - GIS, RUSLE, hydraulic structure, Design, Hirna, Ethiopia DOI : 10.7176/ISDE/10-3-01 Publication date :March 31 st 2019