Ornamental Materials Research Articles

Jewelry and ornamental concretions with fossils of the Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria. Mineral composition, gemological characteristics

Background. Along with ammonites and septaries, concretions with fossils are increasingly being used as jewelry and ornamental materials in Russia. Such concretions are characterized by a wide range of sizes, as well as high decorative and technological properties, making them attractive materials for manufacturing diverse interior and jewelry products. The collection and processing of concretions with fossils was previously carried out in the Ulyanovsk region. In this paper, similar concretions found in the Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria are studied for the first time.Aim. Tо establish the stratigraphic position, mineral composition, and decorative and technological characteristics of concretions with fossils of jewelry and ornamental quality found in the Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria.Materials and methods. The collection sites of concretions with fossils and their stratigraphic position were studied. In total, 15 samples characterizing the main decorative and technological types were selected. Interior and jewelry items were manufactured from the concretions; typical samples were studied. A set of studies included the determination of luminescence (8 samples), microhardness (8 cycles), density (6 cycles), optical-petrographic analysis (3 sections), quantitative determination of mineral and chemical composition (2 samples), electron probe studies (2 samples).Results. Concretions with fossils of commercial quality are associated with lower Aptian deposits, representing marlstone with a large number of shells, mainly ammonites, and, to a lesser extent, bivalves. These comprise (wt %): calcite — 64.0, quartz — 18.7, microcline — 7.4, illite — 5.6, smectite — 2.7, kaolinite — 1.0, strontianite — 0.5, as well as traces of pyrite, apatite, albite, ilmenite, and goethite. Among the impurity elements, Sr in the amount of 0.0402 wt % is recorded.Conclusions. For the first time, the mineral and chemical (including micro-inclusions and impurity elements) composition of concretions with fossils of jewelry and ornamental quality are established. Factors determining their decorative and technological characteristics are identified. The possibility of using concretions with fossils for manufacturing a wide range of products, including jewelry, is shown. Concretions can be collected simultaneously with ammonites and septaries in river valleys without mining, thereby involving minimal costs and having no negative effect on the environment.

ADDRESSING THE FIRE SAFETY PROBLEMS IN SHOPPING CENTRES OF DHAKA CITY: A CASE STUDY ON SOME SELECTED SHOPPING CENTRES IN MIRPUR AREA

The city of dhaka has been seeing a significant number of fire incidents. The exacerbation of the crisis is mostly attributed to a combination of institutional incompetence, insufficient equipment support, poor preventative measures, and a lack of awareness among people. The occurrence of fires in various shopping malls has become more prevalent in contemporary times. In the event of fire incidents inside shopping malls, there is a potential for both human casualties and property damage to occur. Contemporary shopping practices include the use of ornamental materials that possess a heightened susceptibility to combustion, hence amplifying the risk of fire incidents. The objective of this research is to assess the state of fire safety management in retail complexes. This research focuses on conducting a survey to assess fire safety in four high rise retail complexes located in the Mirpur region of Dhaka city. This study aimed to design a checklist methodology for assessing the fire safety standards of retail complexes. The assessment of fire safety levels in shopping malls by the Bangladesh Fire Service and Civil Defense directorate involves assigning varying weights to several parameters related to fire safety management. A study has shown that the majority of shopping malls exhibit characteristics of being high rise and mixed use, hence exacerbating their susceptibility to fires and subsequently increasing the associated fire risk. The majority of the shopping centers that were assessed are situated next to important roads, which are often broad enough to accommodate fire engines. However, a recurring issue arises as these roadways often experience congestion or occupation. Out of the shopping centers surveyed, only Mirpur Shopping Center possesses an emergency exit and some essential fire signs and symbols. Conversely, the remaining three shopping centers, namely Shah Ali Plaza, Muktobangla Shopping Complex, and Shah Ali Shopping Complex, do not have designated emergency exits, signs, and symbols altogether. This deficiency causes these shopping centers to be more vulnerable to fire hazards and reduces their overall level of safety. These shopping malls are extensively encompassed by various electric poles and transformers. The fire safety score of Mirpur Shopping Center is 56.57 (excellent), Shah Ali Plaza is 33.55 (average) and Shah Ali Complex and Muktobangla is 25.44 and 26.75 (poor) respectively. The Fire hazard vulnerability score of Mirpur Shopping Center is 11 (less vulnerable), Shah Ali Plaza is 26 (moderate vulnerable), Muktobangla Shopping Complex is 31 (highly vulnerable) and Shah Ali Shopping Complex is 35 (highly vulnerable). A lot of people are talking about how the fire brigade in our country doesn't have the right tools or the most up-to-date training, and they aren't keeping an eye on safety measures closely enough.

Solutrean macrofauna from Cova de les Cendres (Alicante, Spain): zooarchaeological and taphonomic analysis

Zooarchaeological and taphonomic analysis were performed on the macrofaunal remains from Solutrean levels XIII and XIV (ca. 17 and 20 ka cal BP) of Cova de les Cendres. The faunal assemblage shows predominance of red deer, followed by Spanish ibex and equids, among which wild ass (Equus hydruntinus) was identified. Carnivores are well represented in level XIII, especially the lynx, whereas they are very rare in level XIV. Different activities of the butchery process were documented in the main taxa, showing an intensive exploitation of different animal resources, such as meat, fur, and raw material for tools and ornaments. Our results provide new zooarchaeological data on the Solutrean hunting system and shed light on the human subsistence variations in response to late glacial climate changes in the central area of the Mediterranean Iberia.

Jewelry Morocco septaria. Gemological characteristics and mineral composition

Background. Septaria, comprising calcareous-clay nodules with calcite veins, are widely used as jewelry and ornamental materials. Septaria from Morocco represented on the world and Russian markets of jewelry and ornamental stones remain gemologically and mineralogically underexplored. In this article, the gemological characteristics and mineral composition of Morocco septaria, as well as the conditions of their formation, are described for the first time.Aim. To determine the gemological characteristics and mineral composition of Morocco septaria, as well as their formation conditions. To conduct their comparison with septaria from other regions of the world.Materials and methods. The author studied the assortment of Morocco septaria presented at international and Russian exhibitions. A collection (15 samples) representing the main decorative septarium varieties was compiled. The materials underwent determination of microhardness, density, luminescence (10 samples), optical-petrographic analysis (4 sections), quantitative determination of mineral and chemical composition (2 samples), electron probe studies (2 samples).Results. The septaria were found to consist of (wt %): quartz — 38, goethite — 16, chlorite (shamosite) — 28, kaolinite — 6, siderite — 5, dolomite — 4, calcite — 1, pyrite, zeolite, apatite, hydrosludes less than 1. Dispersed inclusions of leucoxene, barite, and microcline were discovered. The septarium veins consisted mainly of dolomite, quartz, chlorite with inclusions of siderite, calcite and pyrite. The Zn, Sr, and Ba impurities ranged within 0.01—0.05 wt %, while Cr, V, Ni, Cu, Rb, Zr, Y, and Pb ranged within 0.001—0.01 wt %. The mineral composition of the studied Morocco septaria was found to differ significantly from that of septaria in other regions of the world, where calcite plays a decisive role.Conclusion. Morocco septaria of small size (from 2 to 6 cm) are used as interior decorations and jewelry cabochons. The mineral and chemical (including micro-inclusions and impurities) composition of Morocco septaria was established for the first time, which allows their identification. The mineral composition of the septaria under study is associated with the regional low-temperature metamorphism, which altered the original, predominantly calcite composition.

The Historic Centre of Urbino, UNESCO World Heritage (Marche Region, Italy): an Urban-Geological Itinerary Across the Building and Ornamental Stones

The local and extra-regional (national and transnational) stones mainly used as building and ornamental materials in the historic centre of Urbino (UNESCO World Heritage List) were unravelled through a detailed geological and petrographic study. The types of building stones used in the past for the development of an urban centre were mostly affected by the availability of suitable geomaterials in the surrounding areas. For this reason, the stones found in the historical buildings of Urbino generally come from the local sedimentary formations (mostly limestones) belonging to the Umbria–Marche–Romagna Succession Auct., which crops out in the Northern Marche Apennines. Only some ornamental highly prized stones used for monuments and decorations come from both extra-regional Italian areas (Alps, other sectors of the Northern Apennines) and foreign countries (France, Egypt). A brief description of the Northern Marche geology was also reported to exactly match the local provenance of the stones, so highlighting the relationship between the territory and the architecture of Urbino. Because of obvious conservation reasons, no samples were collected from buildings or monuments and only autoptic observations, together with a detailed historical and bibliographic research, were carried out to identify the different materials and the provenance areas. Besides the availability of the local sedimentary rocks, we emphasised how the choice of the building and ornamental stones could have been also influenced by the historic period and artistic style, aesthetic features, economic and social importance of the building and/or monument and the relationship to some distinguished personality (e.g., Pope Clemente XI). An open-air stone itinerary across significant places (10 stops and additional sites and monuments in the urban area) is finally proposed for the best fruition of the geological and cultural heritage of Urbino, also aimed at geotourism development.

About the monograph “Collection and jewelry cassiterite”

Specialists of the Sergo Ordzhonikidze Russian State University for Geological Prospecting (MGRI), which had been training gemologists for many years, conducted an interesting and substantial study devoted to a non-traditional use of cassiterite, a mineral known to man for millennia. The monograph2 under review discusses various aspects of the use of cassiterite, as well as its accompanying minerals, for producing jewelry, collection and ornamental materials. Given the increasing popularity of natural minerals in recent decades, there is a growth of interest among collectors and manufacturers in non-traditional semi-precious stone raw materials and their use in the jewelry industry. The world trade in this area is significant and continues to demonstrate an increasing trend. In this regard, the work of D.A. Petrochenkov devoted to jewelry and ornamental cassiterites seems to be highly relevant. For the first time in world practice, the monograph comprehensively covers questions concerning cassiterite and its application, thus contributing to popularization of cassiterite jewelry and craftsmanship and laying the foundation for a new direction in the semi-precious stone industry. The author of the monograph critically reviewed the results of previous studies on the mineral and chemical composition of cassiterite and added an extensive set of his own analytical methods. The gemological and technological characteristics of cassiterite minerals were given, along with recommendations on their rational search, use and quality improvement. In term of ecological parameters, it was shown that the content of carcinogenic and radioactive elements in jewelry cassiterites does not exceed the background values. The market conditions were described, and recommendations on the organization of mining and geological work in this sphere were presented.

KARELIAN FACING STONE DEPOSITS IN THE GLOBAL MARKET

The stone processing industry is one of the most conservative industries in the world in terms of the use of natural-stone ornamental materials in construction simultaneously with a dynamically developing artificial facing material manufacturing. Notwithstanding the long history of use of natural decorative stone, it does not go out of fashion, and the demand for has hardly changed. The annual growth in demand for stone products in times of economic crises and slumps has ranged from six to nine percent for decades. As global markets have expanded and the world’s block stone market has refocused somewhat towards Southeast Asia, the natural resources of European Russia, including the Northwestern Federal District, give a hope that this part of the planet can also be seriously developed due to the use of its resources of hard igneous rocks of varying ornamental quality, given that the stone processing industry receives adequate attention. The current situation in the world’s stone industry is that of a dynamic development, and forecasts for the future are very favourable. This article examines the main features of the stone mining sector development today, and makes an attempt to envision the prospects for the development of this industry in the Republic of Karelia in the global context.

Ornamental Materials Industry in Ancient Iraq

The manufacture of ornamental materials for ancient Iraqis is one of the oldest industries of the human being, as it is known that man always searches for materials that adorn them and highlight the beautiful and decent qualities through them, especially women who are interested in appearing beautiful. It is known that ornamental materials are luxury materials for humans and express beauty, both for the face or the smell of the body and place, so we will focus on ornamental materials and not ornamental tools and the topic of our research will be the manufacture of ornamental materials, which are represented by the face powder, eyeliner and lipstick, and then we will talk about perfumes after that as complementary materials for decoration and gives the person psychological comfort and get rid of bad smells, especially in the summer. The research relied on its scientific material on what was discovered in ancient graves of materials indicating that they were used in cosmetics, including some holdings in this regard made of gold, silver, and ivory, as was relying on many texts that referred to cosmetics whether they were used to beautify The face and the most important part of it are the eyes, eyebrows or aromatherapy substances mentioned in these texts, and all of these combined, whether ornamental materials or perfumes give an aesthetic appearance to the person that increases its splendor of its attractiveness and that every person's demand is old and new.

Perbanyakan Tanaman Secara Vegetatif Di Desa Pekan Kamis Kelurahan Tembilahan Barat

The purpose of this community service program is 1) Providing new insights to youth in youth organizations about plant propagation 2) Providing insight to youth in youth organizations about garden development 3) Youth in youth organizations can provide seeds for ornamental plants and fruit plants independent. The stages in the implementation of community service programs are divided into pre-implementation and implementation. The pre-implementation stages include: 1) Field observations. 2) Stages of preparation of tools and materials. Is the preparation phase to prepare all the preparation tools and materials as training material for partners. The implementation stages include 1) Practice of making verticulture 2) Material about Propagation of ornamental plants with vegetative propagation 3) Propagation practices of fruit plants with cuttings and grafts. From the results of field observations, it is known that the problems of youth are 1) Lack of skills in park management and maintenance. The conclusion of this community service activity is that it has been able to solve the problem 1) the youth in the youth cadets are skilled in providing ornamental plant material and fruit for planting in the environment 2) the youth in the youth cadets are skilled in making a vertical garden.

English as a Foreign Language Elementary Learners’ Perceptions of Classroom Physical Environment with Regard to Structural vs. Symbolic Features

ABSTRACT Classroom physical environment has been widely researched over the past few decades. In this respect, more recent attention has focused on the provision of structural and symbolic features; however, no study has been conducted to compare the structural and symbolic features of classroom physical environment in English as a foreign language (EFL) elementary learners’ classrooms. To this end, 100 EFL elementary learners were recruited to participate in this study. They were assigned to two kinds of classrooms: Classroom A included both structural and symbolic features, but Classroom B only included structural features. The structural features were subsumed into lighting, acoustics, seating, and thermal comfort. The symbolic features were ornamental materials (e.g., posters, colorful balloons, and ropes of English numbers and letters) and two types of classroom layout (i.e., U-shaped and orderly row). The participants were required to complete a 22-item questionnaire with answers that ranged from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The results indicated that both sorts of features seemed to be highly important for elementary learners; however, according to the learners’ views, the symbolic features were considered to be of higher importance. The findings also revealed that lack of symbolic features significantly affected learners’ opinions about structural features.

Échaillon stone from France: a Global Heritage Stone Resource proposal

Abstract Échaillon stone, a Mesozoic platform limestone from SE France, is proposed as a Global Heritage Stone Resource. The Échaillon stone quarries are located at the western termination of the Alps, near the city of Grenoble. Stone from the main Échaillon quarries is an Upper Jurassic to Berriasian bioclastic near-reef limestone, renowned for its two characteristic white and pink colours. Two ancillary quarries nearby, the Lignet and Rovon quarries, provided the Lower Cretaceous (Barremian to Aptian) Yellow Échaillon stone, of lagoonal origin. Échaillon stone's unique characteristics, resistance to weathering and high aesthetic values made it a prized building and ornamental material used in many significant historical buildings in Europe, North Africa and the USA. Although the first use of Échaillon stone in buildings dates from the Gallo-Roman period, the industrial use ranges from the mid-nineteenth century, during the heyday of the Beaux-Arts architecture period in France, to the mid-twentieth century. The reputation of Échaillon stone was bolstered by world-renowned architects, sculptors and artists who used it for historical building ornament and sculptures. By the turn of the twentieth century, production started to decline and it ceased by the middle of that century.

KIYMETLİ TAŞLAR VE SÖMÜRGECİLİK: DİJİTAL VERİ MATERYALLERİNİN ANALİZİ ÖRNEĞİYLE

In this study, the relationship of precious stones with political / social / military and similar events in the historical process was analyzed by N-gram. The discovery of precious stones is as old as humanity, and perhaps the first material that human beings notice in nature are gemstones. These materials, which are described as gemstone / precious stones today, were already used by the local people of the geography in which they were found, mainly ornamental material, in relation to their physical and chemical properties. With the geographical discoveries that started in the 15th century, Europeans began to carry these unique materials (mainly gemstones such as diamond and jade) of the new geographies they went to, or the precious metals such as gold / silver, which they consumed by exploiting in their main continent called the old world, to the main continent. These virgin lands, which have not encountered dense human populations before, have become an important attraction for the imperialist powers because of their important natural resources and precious metals such as precious stones and gold and silver, which have heavy value at light cost in commercial terms. Afterwards, all resources (agriculture, animal, human) of these geographies, especially the natural resources, became the focus of wild exploitation. The imperialist powers, who wanted to have these resources alone, entered into a struggle with the local peoples of the geographies as well as other imperialist powers that wanted to obtain the same resources. In this struggle, the local peoples of the exploited regions suffered the most, and they were exposed to bloody conflicts, massacres, genocides, ethnic, political and social disasters. In this study, precious stones and concepts related to imperialist activities were selected as keywords and N-gram analysis was performed for a period of approximately 250 years. With this study, the N-gram analysis of political and social events (civil war, etc.) associated with the discovery / exploration / operation of mineral deposits of precious stones, and their meaningful relationships with each other were determined. Therefore, it was concluded that N-gram analyzes by selecting appropriate keywords will make a significant contribution to the literature review, which constitutes an important part of scientific studies, and that N-gram analysis will allow the realization of deeper analysis as an auxiliary research method.

Frankamenite as an Ornamental Gem Material

Frankamenite as an Ornamental Gem Material

Drinking water treatment sludge as a partial substitute for clays in non-structural brick production

The sludge as by-products of the water treatment is composed of particles of sand, silt and clay, colloidal organic matter and chemical substances that have been added to the water source during the treatment processes, this has aroused interest in its study as an economic and sustainable alternative in the making of non-structural and ornamental materials, among others. This research was carried out in a water treatment plant in the municipality of Ocaña, Colombia, which does not have a system for the adequate treatment and final disposal of the sludge generated, resulting in the discharge of this waste directly into the body of water, Algodonal river. Sampling of the sludge was taken from the plant for the analysis of its physical properties; subsequently, bricks with different mixing ratios are made and subjected to resistance tests according to national and international standards. It was found that the sludge generated in the sedimentation tank of the water treatment plant has a potential for the manufacture of non-structural brick, taking into account that the results of the tests showed similar or superior properties in comparison with a commercial brick produced in the region.

Novel application of a thermoplastic composite with improved matrix-fiber interface

Ornamental materials are widely used in many fields such as construction. However, they have a main issue: up to 60% of processed marble pieces break due to their low toughness. In this work, an externally bonded reinforcement which can cope with this problem is presented. It must absorb the shock energy when marble is subjected to an impact without increasing severely the production cost. A thermoplastic polymer matrix composite is proposed due to its high toughness compared with conventional thermoset polymer matrix composites. However, thermoplastics present an issue related to the adhesion with the reinforcement, therefore fibers must be treated to solve this matter. Atmospheric pressure plasma torch offers a time saving and environmental friendly solution for improving adhesion between the fibers and the matrix. Finally, when marble is reinforced with the composite an important increase in absorbed energy is found in both, Charpy and drop tower test.

Dosimetric evaluation of individuals to 238U series, 232Th series and 40K radionuclides present in Brazilian ornamental rocks using computational simulation

Granites are widely used in construction and they may be potential sources of ionizing radiation, due to the presence of radionuclides such as 40Kand decay products from 238Useries and 232Thseries. These radionuclides occur in the minerals constituting the rocks. To evaluate the doses in humans exposed to 40K, and decay products from 238Useries and 232Thseries γ radiation, a room with dimensions of 4.0 × 5.0 × 2.8 m3, with uniformly distributed radiation source on the floor of granitic rocks, was computationally modeled. Adult individuals were represented in the virtual scenario by two virtual anthropomorphic phantoms FASH3 and MASH3, incorporated simultaneously in the software MCNPX 2.7.0. The mean energy deposited on each organ and tissue of FASH3 and MASH3 phantoms was determined using the MCNPX F6 tally (MeV/g/particle), while the photon flux within the room was calculated with the MCNPX F4 tally (MeV/cm2/particle). The organs that obtained the highest conversion coefficients CC[HT](Sv/Gy) were the red bone marrow (0.94), skin (0.90), breast (0.81) and bladder (0.73) for the FASH3; skin (0.89), gonads (0.88), breast (0.79) and bladder (0.70) for the MASH3. The simulated air absorbed dose rates varied between 23.4 (11%) and 25.8 (12%) nGy/h, and the annual dose rates were 0.10 (6%) and 0.11 (6%) mSv/year. These results presented acceptable statistical uncertainties and they are in agreement with the literature. Fluency of photons pointed to the central region of the room floor as the place of greatest exposure. The results showed that the organs closer to the radiation source had the highest deposited energy values. Based on the annual effective dose data obtained, it was possible to note that the values are within the literature. We believe that the methodology used will allow the investigation of any ornamental material that emits natural radiation.

Mineral composition and gemological characteristics of the petrified wood of the Ulyanovsk region

For the first time, the mineral composition and gemological characteristics of the petrified wood from the Ulyanovsk region, of jewelry and ornamental quality, have been studied. The petrified wood is associated with the Lower Cretaceous deposits and consists mainly of calcite (up to 73 mass. %); pyrite, apatite, gypsum are present; dolomite, anhydrite, hematite, pyrolusite, organic matter and X-ray amorphous substance have been fixed. According to the technological and decorative characteristics, the petrified wood of the Ulyanovsk region is a quality jewelry and ornamental material of the florogenic group.

At Home in the World? The Ornamental Life of Sailors in Victorian Sailortown

This article explores the representation of British sailortown and merchant sailors onshore in the context of their representation in Victorian writing and contemporary journalism. It proposes that sailortown functioned as an urban setting which offered the traveling or returning sailor an important sense of homeliness—a homeliness that was paradoxically based on the promotion of a collective and worldly belonging. This sense of “worldliness” was articulated through aspects of ornamental material culture ranging from sailortown's visual display of nautical and transnational symbols, to the interior arrangements of places of hospitality such as Sailors’ Homes, to sailors’ own forms of portable property. By thinking more closely about the relationship between the domestic and the global in the context of maritime culture, the article proposes that the ornamental features of the seafarer's life, in all its diverse manifestations, serves to reveal the paradoxes and rich ambivalences that underscore the situation of the nineteenth-century sailor onshore.

REVIEW LITERATURE: POLICY OF BACKING FOR TRADING ORNAMENT CORALS AND ANEMON BY THE MINISTRY OF MARINE AND FISHERIES AFFAIRS

The purpose of article writing is to conduct a policy review of the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries regarding the prohibition of trade in ornamental materials for the sustainability of community welfare. The research method used is a literature study to understand the relevant problems. On Mid-August 2016, the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries made a policy to prohibit the sale and purchase of ornamental coral in any form. This policy was made due to the higher level of coral damage. The policy provides a negative impact on the sustainability of life and income of fishermen and entrepreneurs engaged in ornamental coral. The results of LIPI's research through the COREMAP-CTI program assess coral damage caused by climate change, besides fishing activities with environmentally friendly fishing gear such as bombs and poisons that cause coral damage. The conclusion of this article states that coral trade is not the main cause of damage to coral reefs in Indonesia, so the policies issued by the MMAF will have a negative impact on the social and economic conditions of the people who depend on the trade in ornamental corals.
 Keywords:
 ornamental coral, policy, trading

Mineral composition and gemological characteristics of the fossil marine reptiles of the Ulyanovsk region

Fossils of marine reptiles are a new jewelry and ornamental material and collected in the Ulyanovsk region from the Upper Jurassic deposits. They consist of (wt. %): calcite — 52, apatite — 24 and pyrite — 23, and also gypsum presents. The contents of radioactive and carcinogenic elements are close to background. The original bone structure of reptiles is preserved. Apatite replaces the bone tissue of marine reptiles, forming a cellular framework. According to the chemical composition, apatite refers to fluorohydroxyapatite with an increased Sr content. The size of the crystals is finely-dispersed. Calcite and pyrite fill the central parts of the cells. Calcite crystals of isometric and elongated shape, 0,01—0,05 mm in size, form blocks up to 0,3 mm during intergrowth. Calcite fills thin, discontinuous veins along the contour of cells with a width of up to 0,03 mm. In calcite, among the impurity elements, there are (wt. %, on the average): Mg — 0,30, Mn — 0,39 and Fe — 0,96. Pyrite forms a dispersed impregnation in calcite and apatite, content of impurities is, wt. %: Ni — up to 0,96 and Cu — up to 0,24. On technological and decorative characteristics of fossils of sea reptiles of Ulyanovsk region are qualitative jewelry and ornamental materials of biomineral group, allowing to make a wide assortment of jewelry and souvenir products.