Orissa Coast Research Articles

Effect of Water Transparency on the Growth of Black Tiger Shrimp,<I>Penaeus monodon</I>

The present study was carried out at "Shrimp Culture Pilot Project", Chandipur coast of Orissa, India, during 1995-1996 to study the role of water transparency on water quality and growth of Penaeus monodon under semi-intensive culture system. It was observed that satisfactory range of average daily growth (ADG) of P. monodon achieved when transparency ranged between 29-35 cm in winter and 30-45 cm in summer. Influence of water transparency on various stages of growth was highly significant (P < 0.01) under semi-intensive culture system. Irrespective of stocking density, high growth rate was mostly obtained during 60-100 days of culture when transparency ranged between 37 ± 8 cm. Growth rate was low at high and low transparency probably due to low nutrient content and high organic load with maximum daily fluctuation of pH (>1.0) and dissolved oxygen (8.1-10.6 mg/1), respectively.

Comparison of phytoplankton community structure in two tropical estuaries of East Coast of India

Phytoplankton community of two tropical river estuaries of the North-east coast of India was different due to dissolved nutrients concentration in those estuarine waters. The first study site was the Saptamukhi river estuary which is located in the Indian Sundarban (inside mangrove forest) and the second study site was Mahanadi estuary located in Orissa coast (adjacent to industrial and coastal fishing zone). The Saptamukhi estuary was mostly devoid of any anthropogenic influence and here the nutrient source was auto-generated. In Mahanadi estuarine water, the source of the major nutrients was industrial effluent and fishing waste. The Saptamukhi estuarine water had less dissolved phosphorus concentration but huge dissolved nitrogen available for phytoplankton uptake. A sufficient amount of dissolved silicate encouraged the diatom growth over other phytoplankton groups here. Due to the availability of the high amount of dissolved phosphorus and the low amount of dissolved nitrogen in the Mahanadi estuary the phytoplankton community was a mixed population of Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Dinophyceae and seasonal Chlorophycean bloom observed during the study period. In both the estuarine water primary productivity was high but the community respiration was higher and the estuaries were heterotrophic. Monsoonal runoff from land considerably changed the community in both estuarine water. Dissolved silicate concentration in both the estuarine water was sufficient for Diatom growth. Dissolve inorganic nitrogen and dissolved inorganic phosphate ratio played a major role for the community change of phytoplankton in two estuarine waters.

Predicting the rapid intensification and dynamics of pre-monsoon extremely severe cyclonic storm ‘Fani’ (2019) over the Bay of Bengal in a 12-km global model

The present study investigates into genesis, intensification, dynamical behavior and the prediction of Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm (ESCS) ‘Fani' over the Bay of Bengal (BoB) in the National Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF) global numerical weather prediction (NWP) modeling system ‘NCUM.’ The global model is adopted from the UK Met office's Unified Model (UM). The ESCS ‘Fani' formed from 26 April–04 May 2019, over the warm waters of BoB. In the criterion of landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs), which crossed the Orissa coast, it was the most intense cyclonic storm during pre-monsoon season since 1965. The TC exhibited a markedly different characteristic having genesis very near to the equator (near 2.7°N and 88.7°E) and possessing one of the longest tracks (~3030-km) over the BoB region. The NCUM global model was operationally run during the occurrence of the TC. The diagnosis of the TC's genesis and rapid intensification (RI) in the model is carried out using various metrics such as Genesis potential parameter (GPP), winds at 850-hPa, vertically integrated moisture flux, potential vorticity (PV) at isentropic level 315 K, Severe Weather Threat (SWEAT) index and daily averaged latent heat flux, etc. It is found that the early genesis, structure, RI, and movement of the TC were well captured by the model in advance. The Model predicted TC tracks for a total of seven initial conditions (from 27 April to 03 May 2019, at 24-h interval) are found closely co-related with the observed best track of the TC provided by India Meteorological Department (IMD). The lower values of Direct Position Errors (DPEs), along-track errors (ATEs), and cross-track errors (CTEs) indicate the skillful prediction of the TC by the model. The structure, amplitude, and location (SAL) simulated precipitation of the TC over the BoB and along the central-east coast of India are in agreement with the observed systems. Our detailed diagnostic analysis suggests that the TC formation, development, and intensification was mostly controlled by the warmer BoB sea surface temperatures.

Mapping shoreline change using machine learning: a case study from the eastern Indian coast

The continuous shift of shoreline boundaries due to natural or anthropogenic events has created the necessity to monitor the shoreline boundaries regularly. This study investigates the perspective of implementing artificial intelligence techniques to model and predict the realignment in shoreline along the eastern Indian coast of Orissa (now called Odisha). The modeling consists of analyzing the satellite images and corresponding reanalysis data of the coastline. The satellite images (Landsat imagery) of the Orissa coastline were analyzed using edge detection filters, mainly Sobel and Canny. Sobel and canny filters use edge detection techniques to extract essential information from satellite images. Edge detection reduces the volume of data and filters out worthless information while securing significant structural features of satellite images. The image differencing technique is used to determine the shoreline shift from GIS images (Landsat imagery). The shoreline shift dataset obtained from the GIS image is used together with the metrological dataset extracted from Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2, and tide and wave parameter obtained from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast for the period 1985–2015, as input parameter in machine learning (ML) algorithms to predict the shoreline shift. Artificial neural network (ANN), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), and support vector machine (SVM) algorithm are used as a ML model in the present study. The ML model contains weights that are multiplied with relevant inputs/features to obtain a better prediction. The analysis shows wind speed and wave height are the most prominent features in shoreline shift prediction. The model’s performance was compared, and the observed result suggests that the ANN model outperforms the KNN and SVM model with an accuracy of 86.2%.

A Novel Method to Monitor Electricity Restoration in Orissa Affected by Cyclone Fani using Image Processing with VIIRS DNB Data

Due to advances in space technology, certain satellite sensors have unique power of capturing data and also generate special kind of observations. The Day and Night Visible Bands (DNB) of VIIRS Sensor mounted on Suomi NPP Satellite provide useful information in real-time monitoring of restoration of electrification after the trigger of a tropical cyclone. Since the destruction ca used by a tropical cyclone is severe, therefore, both restoration and its monitoring play a vital role for law enforcement agencies. This paper presents a novel method to monitor electricity restoration spatially using image processing with VIIRS DNB data. The proposed method is experimented with the cyclone Fani hit Orissa coast during April-May 2019. To conclude, the work accurately determines the spatial analysis of electrification restoration after a tropical cyclone landfall is occurred

Southeast Asia in the Ancient Indian Ocean World BAR International Series S2580 TOM HOOGERVORST pp., 157 including Linguistic Appendix, 60 b&w figures, 8 tables British Archaeological Reports, 122 Banbury Rd, Oxford, OX2 7BP, 2013, £31 (sbk), ISBN 978-140

Southeast Asia in the Ancient Indian Ocean World BAR International Series S2580 TOM HOOGERVORST pp., 157 including Linguistic Appendix, 60 b&w figures, 8 tables British Archaeological Reports, 122 Banbury Rd, Oxford, OX2 7BP, 2013, £31 (sbk), ISBN 978-140

Morpho-anatomical study of Lingula anatina Lamarck, 1801 from West Bengal-Odisha coast, India

Lingula anatina, the living inarticulate brachiopoda has been reported in the present paper from the intertidal belt of Subarnarekha estuary at the confluence of Bay of Bengal. The genus Lingula being the oldest of all living genera is considered as living fossil which reveals an ancient lineage to Pre- Cambrian period. The morphological (shape and sizes of shell, pedicle, muscle, lophophore, mantle digestive system, coelom, nephridium and gonads etc) and microanatomical (Histological features of different parts of body) studies of this newly recorded species from West Bengal- Orissa coast, India have been undertaken and presented.

Investigation on the Mosquito Fauna of Shoreline Habitats of Orissa Coast, India

Mosquito faunatic studies were carried out in selected coastal villages of Odisha. Two thousand mosquitoes belonging to 22 species under 6 genera were collected from twelve villages of Puri and Khurda Districts of Orissa. The present investigation deciphered the dominance of Culicine mosquito species (65.59%) in the coastal districts of Orissa . The study proved the dominance of Anopheles subpictus comprising 22.73% of all mosquito population studied and about 65.6% of the overall Anophelines fauna follwed by Anopheles vagus which is dominated by 10.03%. Culex. quinquefasciatus Say and the C. vishnui Theobald group are the common Culicines comprising 17.55% and 10.03% respectively. The species of Armegeres group are also equally prevalent as the Genus Culex . Shanon diversity index of the mosquito species of the two districts has been studied. Khurda District was significantly higher than the diversity in the mosquito community of Puri District of Odisha, India. The changes in mosquito fauna observed from the Orissa coastal area and Chilika Lake are due to the major ecological changes, extensive use of insecticides and development in agricultural practices, industrial development, natural calamities like severe cyclones, after effects of tsunami.

Report of Xanthid crab Lophozozymous incisus (H. Mille Edwards, 1834) from the gut of Humpback red snapper Lutjanus gibbus

Two specimens of Lophozozymous incisus were collected from the gut of Humpback red snapper Lutjanus gibbus caught in hooks and lines off Cochin. L. incisus belongs to Family Xanthidae, the largest family of brachyuran crabs. The crab has only been reported from Angrias Bank, Maharashtra and Orissa coast. This is the first report from the southern waters.

Total petroleum hydrocarbon in the tissues of some commercially important fishes of the Bay of Bengal

The present study reports the level of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) in 27 commercially important fish, crustaceans and cephalopods from Orissa coast, Bay of Bengal to provide the baseline data for oil contamination in marine biota. The results showed significant differences in the TPH concentration in different species. Of all fish, Carangoides malabaricus showed the maximum TPH level (av. 13.70μgg−1). In cephalopods, Loligo recorded the maximum TPH (av. 14.87μgg−1) while Metapenaeus dobsoni recorded the maximum TPH (av. 13.18μgg−1) among crustaceans. The concentration of TPH recorded in the present study were higher than the reported values from other studies in Bay of Bengal but were comparable with those of other Indian coast and Gulf water. The species recording maximum concentration and giving significant correlation coefficient may be of interest in oil pollution monitoring and can be used as indicator of hydrocarbon pollution in the region.

Phytoplankton diversity in response to abiotic factors along Orissa coast, Bay of Bengal

The qualitative and quantitative distribution of phytoplankton with regional variation in the coastal waters of Orissa coast were presented out of the pooled data of eight stations sampled during summer season of 2008–09 and 2009–10. Significant spatial variations in temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, nitrites, nitrates, ammonia, phosphate, silicate were monitored during the study. Total ninety five species of phytoplankton were recorded belonging to Bacillariophyceae, Dinophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Haptophyceae group. Phytoplankton density ranged from approximately 8460-50720 nos./l and showed complete dominance of diatom genera (Bacillariophyceae) in both the year in all stations. The concentration of chlorophyll-a ranged from 0.45 to 7.6 mg/m3. Statistical analysis predicted that the phytoplankton population was positively related to the chlorophyll-a concentration and nutrients. The present study indicates that the phytoplankton population, diversity and species composition fluctuate significantly in relation to the various physico-chemical parameters.

Olive Ridley Sea Turtle Movement in Relation to Oceanographic Parameters in India

The movement of Olive Ridley sea turtle in coastal region and their nesting behavior in India were studied with relation to oceanographic parameters during 2003 to 2007.The impact of oceanographic parameters including the potential environmental influences on the movements and nesting; we compared in west and east coast with remotely sensed variables including sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface current(SSC), surface chlorophyll concentration (Chl-a), sea surface height (SSH) and mixed layer depth (MLD). The movement at west and east coast observed, including the oceanic migration for pelagic and nesting mass that increased gradually from west coast to southward and then towards to northward directionwith mass nesting in east coast of Orissa. The movement results due to potential mean surface Chl-a concentration of 3 mg m -3 with threshold limitation of mean surface temperature at ≤ 25 0 C at east coast of Orissa. Although the mean surface Chl-a and SST maintained in west coast there was distinctlyvariation in MLD, WSC with SSH characteristics. In contrast present study revealed the favorable oceanographic condition for mass nesting of Olive Ridleyat east coast of Orissa.However the anthropogenic impact has declined the nesting population in later during 2006 and 2007.

Use of RAPD markers to detect sex differences in Pandanus tectorius Parkinson, an important bioresource plant in Orissa, India

Pandanus tectorius Parkinson (= P. fascicularis Lam.) is a dominant perennial dioecious plant of coastal areas of India. Aromatic inflorescences harvested from male plants constitute the raw material that supports a flourishing perfume industry confined to the Ganjam coast on the east coast of south Orissa. The plant is vegetatively propagated, and sex is only clear after 5–7 years when plants from stem cuttings start to flower. Early determination of the sex of the plant was examined through analysis of somatic chromosome compliment, genomic DNA content and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis in seven populations of P. tectorius from the coast of Orissa. Whereas the chromosome complement (2n = 60) failed to reveal any differences, the 4C DNA amount indicated that the genome of female plants [6.15 pg = 5935 mega base pair (Mbp)] was significantly larger than that of male plants (5.09 pg = 4912 Mbp). Motivated by the perfume economy, local farmers presently look upon P. tectorius as a cash crop and tend to conserve and propagate male genotypes of several populations along the coast of Ganjam. The two RAPD markers, 1150 and 600 bp, amplified with primers OPB-12 and OPN-18, respectively, may together be useful to conserve elite genotypes in natural populations of P. tectorius.

Preliminary indoor thoron measurements in high radiation background area of southeastern coastal Orissa, India

This paper presents the preliminary results of radon and thoron measurements in the houses of Chhatrapur area of southeastern coast of Orissa, India. This area is one of the high radiation background radiation areas in India, which consists of monazite sand as the source of thoron. Both active and passive methods were employed for the measurements. Radon and thoron concentrations were measured in the houses of Chhatrapur area using twin cup radon dosemeters, RAD7 and radon-thoron discriminative detector (Raduet). Thoron progeny concentration was also measured in the houses using deposition rate measurements. Radon and thoron concentrations in the houses of study area were found to vary from 8 to 47 Bq m(-3) and the below detection level to 77 Bq m(-3), respectively. While thoron progeny concentration in these houses ranges between 0.17 and 4.24 Bq m(-3), preliminary investigation shows that the thoron concentration is higher than radon concentration in the houses of the study area. The thoron progeny concentration was found to be comparatively higher, which forms a base for further study in the area. The comparison between the results of various techniques is presented in this paper.

An indigenous state-of-the-art High Wind Speed Recording (HWSR) system for coastal meteorological observatories

The continuous and accurate monitoring of wind speed and direction is of utmost importance to weatherman, particularly during the cyclonic storms. Wind monitoring also helps the meteorologists in tracking the cyclone accurately and estimating their devastating potential. One major disadvantage of all the existing wind monitoring and storing systems is their huge consumption of power, and hence are not suitable during cyclonic storms due to mains power supply failure. So an attempt has been made by the authors to design and develop a low cost, low power, more accurate and maintenance free High Wind Speed Recording (HWSR) System for the coastal meteorological observatories along the East and West Coasts of India. One such system after successful field trials have been installed at Meteorological Office, Puri in the Orissa coast, and 19 more stations are proposed along East and West Coasts of India. The system meets the operational accuracy requirements and vector averaging of wind data as recommended by the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO, 1992). The system design aspects and scope for expansion have been presented in this paper.

Coastal Vulnerability Assessment for Orissa State, East Coast of India

Coastal areas of Orissa State in the northeastern part of the Indian peninsula are potentially vulnerable to accelerated erosion hazard. Along the 480-km coastline, most of the coastal areas, including tourist resorts, hotels, fishing villages, and towns, are already threatened by recurring storm flood events and severe coastal erosion. The coastal habitats, namely the largest rookeries in the world for olive Ridley sea turtles (the extensive sandy beaches of Gahirmatha and Rushikulya), Asia's largest brackish water lagoon (the “Chilika”), extensive mangrove cover of Bhitarkanika (the wildlife sanctuary), the estuarine systems, and deltaic plains are no exception. .The present study therefore is an attempt to develop a coastal vulnerability index (CVI) for the maritime state of Orissa using eight relative risk variables. Most of these parameters are dynamic in nature and require a large amount of data from different sources. In some cases, the base data is from remote sensing satellites; for others it is either from long-term in situ measurements or from numerical models. Zones of vulnerability to coastal natural hazards of different magnitude (high, medium, and low) are identified and shown on a map. In earlier studies, tidal range was assumed to include both permanent and episodic inundation hazards. However, the mean of the long-term tidal records tends to dampen the effect of episodic inundation hazards such as tsunamis. For this reason, in the present study, tsunami run-up has been considered as an additional physical process parameter to calculate the CVI. Coastal regional elevation has also been considered as an additional important variable. This is the first such study that has been undertaken for a part of the Indian coastline. The map prepared for the Orissa coast under this study can be used by the state and district administration involved in the disaster mitigation and management plan.

Characterization and extracellular enzyme activity of predominant marine Bacillus sp. isolated from sea water of Orissa coast, India

Characterization and extracellular enzyme activity of predominant marine Bacillus sp. isolated from sea water of Orissa coast, India

EFFECT OF FROZEN STORAGE ON THE FUNCTIONAL PROPERTY OF RIBBON FISH (TRICHIURUS SAVALA)CUVIER

The ribbon fish (Trichiurus savala) is an important marine fish caught along the coast of Orissa, India amounting to 9.2% of total marine fish catch. The possibility of using frozen ribbon fish to make surimi was investigated. At 1 month interval, fish were thawed under controlled conditions and gels were then made from minces of the flesh. Both puncture and torsion tests showed that the quality of gels declined by 30% after 30 days of storage and thereafter nonsignificant reduction up to 100 days storage of frozen ribbon fish at−20C. This decline was correlated by a decrease in pH and an increase in formaldehyde concentration in the frozen flesh. The data suggest that a land-based surimi plant could not be operated outside the harvesting season to any appreciable extent using frozen ribbon fish stored at−20C. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Ribbon fish (Trichiurus savala) is a commercially important fish and is caught all over the state of Orissa, India. Because this fish gets spoiled fast, idea was generated in using frozen fish to produce surimi, which would increase production flexibility and thus allow a land-based surimi plant outside the harvesting season. The result of the present experiment shows that thestorage of headed and gutted ribbon fish at −20C resulted in a significant loss of gel-forming properties of the flesh with time and this loss would be too fast to allow use of storage ribbon fish for making surimi over an extended period in a commercial operation. Possibly, storage at lower temperature than used in the present study is necessary to maintain gel-forming ability and the advantage so obtained would have to be balanced against the increased capital and operational costs of storage at these lower temperatures.

Drifting and Meandering of Olive Ridley Sea Turtles in the Bay of Bengal: Role of Oceanic Rossby Waves

Olive Ridley turtles in the Bay of Bengal are previously thought to migrate southward from their nesting ground, along the east coast of India (Orissa coast), towards Sri Lanka. Surprisingly, three of the four Platform Transmitter Terminal (PTT) attached turtles in April-June 2001 meandered off the east coast of India for about two months. It is found that these turtles meandered at the peripherals of cold core cyclonic eddy surrounded by warm core eddies on either side. Concentrations of prey for the turtles in those frontal regions are known to be abundant. Only one of the four PTT attached turtles migrated to the south along the frontal regions in the direction of geostrophic currents. It is found that the locations of these thermal fronts in the Bay of Bengal are primarily determined by the Oceanic Rossby waves and local Ekman pumping.

Antibacterial study and fatty acid analysis of lipids of the sponge Myrmekioderma granulata

The composition of the lipophilic extract of the sponge Myrmekioderma granulata (Esper) collected from 13 m depth of the Bay of Bengal of the Orissa coast was investigated. Fatty acids as well as volatiles and sterols were identified. 4,8,12-Trimethyltridecanoic acid was identified for the first time along with the important PUFAs such as linoleic acid (n-6, C18:2), dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (n-6, C20:3), 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (n-3, C20:4), and 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (n-3, C20:5) from this species. The branched polyunsaturated fatty acids like br-C26:2, 25-methyl-5,9-heptacosadienoic acid and 24-methyl-5,9heptacosadienoic acid were also identified by GC-MS. The lipid extract exhibited limited activity against different pathogens.