Turkey Origin Research Articles

Children’s sex composition and transition to higher-order birth among Turkish migrants in Europe and their non-migrant counterparts in Turkey: does having a son matter?

ABSTRACT A growing literature examines parental sex preferences for their children among migrant communities in Western countries and investigates whether migrants’ preferences align with those of the native population. Changes in preference may indicate cultural and structural assimilation into the destination country. We adopted a dissimilation from origins conceptual perspective and compared migrants’ behavior to that of their non-migrant peers in the origin country. We used the unique 2000 Families dataset, which includes multi-generational data on both early labor migrants to Europe and non-migrants from the same regions of origin in Turkey. The study provides the first examination of parental sex preferences for their children and fertility among Turkish migrants and their descendants in Europe and their non-migrant counterparts in Turkey. The findings show ongoing son preference among first-generation migrants and their children, thus supporting the theory of cultural persistence.

Elektronik Konşimentoya Geçiş Engellerinin Değerlendirilmesinde Bulanık AHP Uygulaması

APPLİCATİON OF FUZZY AHP FOR ASSESSMENT OF TRANSİTİONAL BARRİERS TO ELECTRONİC BİLL OF LADİNG
 
 1- Bünyamin KAMAL, 2*- Ozan BAYAZİT
 
 1,2 Maritime Transportation Engineering Department, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Turgut Kıran Maritime Faculty.
 ozan.bayazit@erdogan.edu.tr
 
 Abstract
 Advances in technology have converted the traditional paper-based bill of lading into an electronic bill of lading (eBL) format in recent years. In this regard, different eBL systems have been introduced and are increasingly being employed in the maritime transportation industry. In line with this, some major container shipping lines have started to declare their eBL services to their customers recently. However, it has been observed that there have not been come across any Turkey origin container shipping lines to utilize eBL systems. Therefore, considering container shipping lines of Turkey, this paper sought to disclose the barriers to the transition of eBL systems in Turkey. The barriers have been revealed through literature review and confirmed by industrial experts. Following that Fuzzy-AHP method was performed to prioritize their importance quantitatively. It was revealed that the legal barrier among the main barriers appeared as the most important barrier.
 
 Keywords: Digitalization, Container shipping industry, Electronic bill of lading, Transitional barriers, Fuzzy AHP approach

A Snapshot on the Genomic Epidemiology of Turkey Reovirus Infections, Hungary.

Reovirus infections in turkeys are associated with arthritis and lameness. Viral genome sequence data are scarce, which makes an accurate description of the viral evolution and epidemiology difficult. In this study, we isolated and characterized turkey reoviruses from Hungary. The isolates were identified in 2016; these isolates were compared with earlier Hungarian turkey reovirus strains and turkey reoviruses isolated in the 2010s in the United States. Gene-wise sequence and phylogenetic analyses identified the cell-receptor binding protein and the main neutralization antigen, σC, to be the most conserved. The most genetically diverse gene was another surface antigen coding gene, μB. This gene was shown to undergo frequent reassortment among chicken and turkey origin reoviruses. Additional reassortment events were found primarily within members of the homologous turkey reovirus clade. Our data showed evidence for low variability among strains isolated from independent outbreaks, a finding that suggests a common source of turkey reoviruses in Hungarian turkey flocks. Given that commercial vaccines are not available, identification of the source of these founder virus strains would permit a more efficient prevention of disease outbreaks before young birds are settled to fattening facilities.

The Role of Adenovirus in Hepatitis of Unknown Etiology Among Children in Turkey, July 2022 to January 2023.

In the first half of 2022, the increase in cases of severe acute hepatitis in children with no epidemiological link and unknown cause has aroused concern worldwide. In this study, we aimed to determine the frequency of adenovirus in children with hepatitis of unknown origin in Turkey. In this study, which was conducted with the participation of 16 centers from Turkey, between July 2022 and January 2023, 36 pediatric patients under the age of 18 who met the definition of acute hepatitis were included. Twenty (55,6%) of patients were female and 16 (44,4%) were male, with a mean age of 41.55 ± 39.22 (3-192) months. The most common symptoms were fever (66.7%), weakness (66.7%), loss of appetite (66.7%), fatigue (61.1%), vomiting (61.1%), and diarrhea (47.2%). Six (16 %) children had acute hepatic failure. Eight of the 15 children (46%) had respiratory viral infections (rhinovirus/enterovirus, n = 4; rhinovirus + parainfluenza, n = 1; parainfluenza, n = 1, SARS-CoV-2 n = 2). Adenovirus was detected in 16 (44%) patients. Adenovirus and coinfections were detected in 7 patients. History of diarrhea and fatigue in the last month was significantly higher in the adenovirus group (P = 0.023 and 0.018). One child who had both adenovirus and rhinovirus infection required liver transplantation; all others recovered with supportive care. There were no deaths in our series; however, the number of cases, etiology, and severity of the clinical course may have differed between countries owing to differences in case definitions, laboratory facilities, or regional genetic differences.

Colour and vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity of honey from different origins in Turkey

The nutritional content, antioxidant capacity and sensory characteristic such as colour vary related to botanical and geographical origins. The study was aim to investigate the spectrophotometric classification of honey colour by Pfund scale and the vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity (VCEAC) expressed as l-ascorbic acid equivalent by MTT assay. Eight honey samples originating from different geographical areas of Turkey were supplied and coded. The colour of the samples was determined as extra white (blossom-multifloral and citrus), white (blossom-multifloral and lavender), amber (thyme-Astragalus and honeydews) and dark amber (chestnut). The highest VCEAC was statistically measured in the honeydews and citrus honey, as the lowest was in the blossom and chestnut honey. And, there was no significant interaction between the colour score and the VCEAC of the honey. In conclusion, the honey from different botanical and geographical origins in Turkey showed the antioxidant capacity independently of their colour. The results needed further studies to investigate the floral diversity and phytochemical contents which influence the colour and antioxidant capacity of honey.

The modulation of sustainability knowledge and impulsivity traits on the consumption of foods of animal and plant origin in Italy and Turkey

Given the environmental challenge we face globally, a transition to sustainable diets seems essential. However, the cognitive aspects underlying sustainable food consumption have received little attention to date. The aims of this cross-cultural study were: (1) to explore how impulsivity traits and individuals’ knowledge of food environmental impact influence their frequency of consumption of animal- and plant-based foods; (2) to understand the modulation of individual characteristics (i.e. generation, sex, BMI, and sustainability knowledge). An online survey investigating impulsivity traits, sustainability knowledge and ratings of diverse food items was designed and administered to respondents from Italy (N = 992) and Turkey (N = 896). Results showed that Turkish respondents were higher in impulsivity and animal products consumption. Italians, instead, had greater sustainability knowledge and consumed more plant-based foods. Females in both groups reported greater knowledge of sustainability, consistent with previous findings. In terms of generations, the lowest consumption of animal products was reported by Turkish Generation Z and Italian Millennials. In conclusion, this study shed light on the interaction of psychological factors and individual characteristics with the perceived environmental impact of foods. Moreover, the adopted cross-cultural approach allowed to identify several differences in participants’ responses ascribable to their different nationalities and gastronomic cultures.

Language Choices at Home and Their Relationship With Educational Outcomes, With a Special Focus on Children With Origins in Former Yugoslavia and Turkey in Six European Countries.

Language has been conceptualized as both a measure as well as a predictor of integration among immigrants and their children. However, the relationship between language spoken at home and different educational outcomes remains poorly understood. Many studies indicate that nurturing students' first languages is positively associated with their learning at school. Other research suggests that one of the reasons why children of immigrants tend to perform worse at school is due to speaking a language other than that of instruction at home. In order to shed further light on the role of language choices at home for education, we examine both the correlates of language use at home as well as the relationship between this and reading scores and educational expectations. We differentiate between three language use groups: those who mainly use the language of origin at home, those who only use the language of instruction at home, and those who use both of these. We analyze these relationships using data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). In order to examine country differences, we place a special focus on two immigrant-origin groups that are present in significant numbers in a number of European countries: children with origins in Turkey and former Yugoslavia. These two groups have also been identified as being at major educational disadvantage across Europe. Our results suggest that continuing to (mainly) use the language of origin at home is more prevalent among children from socioeconomically more disadvantaged families, but is supported by more socioeconomically advantaged and more diverse school environments. In the majority of countries studied, switching to the language of instruction is associated with higher reading scores but not with higher educational expectations than continuing to speak mainly the language of origin at home. These relationships are to a large extent confounded (or in some cases potentially mediated) by family factors such as socioeconomic status and school-related factors such as school's socioeconomic composition. We conclude by highlighting the role that linguistically responsive pedagogies and a positive school climate can play for the education of all young people but in particular newly-arrived immigrants.

Experimental Design of Magnetic Ionic Liquid-Based Ultrasound-Assisted Liquid Phases Microextraction for the Determination of 5-Hmf in Honey Samples Collected from Different Botanical and Geographical Origins in Turkey

Experimental Design of Magnetic Ionic Liquid-Based Ultrasound-Assisted Liquid Phases Microextraction for the Determination of 5-Hmf in Honey Samples Collected from Different Botanical and Geographical Origins in Turkey

Genome-wide association links candidate genes to fruit firmness, fruit flesh color, flowering time, and soluble solid content in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.).

Apricots originated from China, Central Asia and the Near East and arrived in Anatolia, and particularly in their second homeland of Malatya province in Turkey. Apricots are outstanding summer fruits, with their beautiful attractive color, delicious sweet taste, aroma and high vitamin and mineral content. In the current study, a total of 259 apricots genotypes from different geographical origins in Turkey were used. Significant variations were detected in fruit firmness (FF), fruit flesh color (FFC), flowering time (FT), and soluble solid content (SSC). A total of 11,532 SNPs based on DArT were developed and used in the analyses of population structure and association mapping (AM). According to the STRUCTURE (v.2.2) analysis, the apricot genotypes were divided into three groups. The mixed linear model with Q and K matrixes were used to detect the associations between the SNPs and four traits. A total of 131 SNPs were associated with FF, FFC and SSC. No SNP marker was detected associated with FT. The results demonstrated that AM had high potential of revealing the markers associated with economically important traits in apricot. The SNPs identified in the study can be used in future breeding programs for marker-assisted selection in apricot.

Fertility Behavior of Turkish Migrant Men in Europe Compared to Stayers at Origin

This paper addresses the fertility behavior of Turkish men in Europe from a context of origin perspective. Men of the first and subsequent migrant generations are compared with “stayers” from the same regions of origin in Turkey. We pay special attention to the men’s reasons for migration by distinguishing between work and nonwork motivations for migration. We use data from the 2000 Families Study, which was conducted in 2010 and 2011 in Turkey and in western European countries; the sample consists of about 3,500 men. We analyze the transitions to fatherhood as well as to second and third births using event-history analyses; and we investigate the cumulated number of children using Poisson regression analysis. As the men were aged 18–92 at the data collection, we carry out separate models for birth cohort groups. Our findings provide support for the hypothesis of the interrelatedness of events. First-generation migrant men show elevated first birth transitions, which are closely linked to marriage and migration. However, in contrast to the pattern that is often found for women, this effect is observed for labor as well as for nonwork migrants. The rates of transition to a second and a third birth differ less from those of stayers. Analyses of cumulated fertility at age 41 or older further suggest that the migrants’ overall numbers of children are smaller than those of the stayers in Turkey. Thus, our findings indicate that there are dissimilation processes and crossover trends among emigrant men characterized by higher rates of transition to family formation linked to migration but lower overall fertility.

Whole Resistome Analysis in Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli Genomes Available in Public Repositories.

Campylobacter spp. are the most frequent agent of human gastroenteritis worldwide, and the spread of multidrug-resistant strains makes the clinical treatment difficult. The current study presents the resistome analysis of 39,798 Campylobacter jejuni and 11,920 Campylobacter coli genomes available in public repositories. Determinants of resistance to β-lactams (Be) and tetracyclines (Te) were the most frequent for both species, with resistance to quinolones (Qu) as the third most important on C. jejuni and to aminoglycosides (Am) on C. coli. Moreover, resistance to Te, Qu, and Am was frequently found in co-occurrence with resistance to other antibiotic families. Geographical differences on clonal complexes distribution were found for C. jejuni and on resistome genotypes for both C. jejuni and C. coli species. Attending to the resistome patterns by isolation source, three main clusters of genomes were found on C. jejuni genomes at antimicrobial resistance gene level. The first cluster was formed by genomes from human, food production animals (e.g., sheep, cow, and chicken), and food (e.g., dairy products) isolates. The higher incidence of tet(O), associated with tetracycline resistance, and the gyrA (T86I) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), associated with quinolone resistance, among genomes from this cluster could be due to the intense use of these antibiotics in veterinary and human clinical settings. Similarly, a high incidence of tet(O) genes of C. coli genomes from pig, cow, and turkey was found. Moreover, the cluster based on resistome patterns formed by C. jejuni and C. coli genomes of human, turkey, and chicken origin is in agreement with previous observations reporting chicken or poultry-related environments as the main source of human campylobacteriosis infections. Most clonal complexes (CCs) associated with chicken host specialization (e.g., ST-354, ST-573, ST-464, and ST-446) were the CCs with the highest prevalence of determinants of resistance to Be, Qu, and Te. Finally, a clear trend toward an increase in the occurrence of Te and Qu resistance determinants on C. jejuni, linked to the spread of the co-occurrence of the blaOXA–61 and tet(O)-tet(O/W/O) genes and the gyrA (T86I) SNP, was found from 2001 to date in Europe.

Kırım Kongo Kanamalı Ateşi Virüsü Glikoprotein Gc’yi Hedef Alan Bir DNA Aşısının Bağışıklık ve Koruyuculuk Sağlama Özelliklerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Aim: Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a lethal, endemic infectious disease in human. For the preventive measures of the disease, there is currently no safe and efficient vaccine, widely for human use. Vaccine development for CCHF virus is an actively researched subject. In this study, we aimed to investigate the immunizing and protective potentials of the CCHF virus surface glycoprotein Gc that is delivered as a single antigen via a DNA based vaccine vector. Material and Methods: A DNA based vaccine targeting the immunogenic envelope glycoprotein Gc of a CCHF virus isolate with Turkey origin (Ank2) was generated and its immunogenicity and protective capability against lethal challenge in IFNα/βR-/- receptor knock out mice was assessed. Results: The developed vaccine candidate (pGc) elicited a considerable amount of neutralizing antibody responses in the vaccinated mice. The vaccine candidate significantly induced both antiviral Th1 and B cell activating Th2 immune responses deduced from the cytokine production profiles in the vaccinated mice. However, despite the immune responses elicited post-immunization, the vaccine failed to confer protection against lethal CCHF virus infection. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a DNA vaccine candidate generated against CCHF virus based on the glycoprotein Gc. The pGc vaccine candidate exhibited antigen-specific immunity in IFN/α/βR-/- mice, but was unable to produce a protection upon lethal challenge with the homologous CCHF virus. Once we comprehensively understand the immune correlates of protection, we will be more eligible to significantly improve the efficacy of vaccines.

Drought Stress Responses of Prunus microcarpa C. A. Mey. subsp. tortusa Rootstocks under in vitro Conditions

Background: Prunus microcarpa C.A. Mey. subsp. Tortusa (MK), a wild deciduous plant species, is native to Caucasus and West Asia and grows in a dry temperate climate zone. The plant is mainly used to obtain a dark greyish green dye from its leaves and it has an economic value due to ornamental characteristics. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the appropriate Polyethylene Glycol 8000 (PEG) doses for early detection of drought resistance using MK, SL-64, Garnem, Pixy and Gis-6 rootstocks.Methods: The microshoots of each rootstock were planted at the end of the fourth subculture in Magenta GA7 vessels containing NRM medium. The medium contained 1.0 mg L-1 BA + 0.01 mg L-1 IBA supplemented with 30 g L-1 sucrose, gelled with 5.5 g L-1 agar and 0, 2, 3 and 4% PEG doses (four treatments). The cultures were kept at 23±2 °C temperature under 16 h light (80 μmol m-2 s-1) and 8 h dark photoperiod.Result: The highest number of shoots was recorded in control treatment for MK rootstock (2.81 shoots plant-1) and in 4% PEG treatment for Gis-6 rootstock (2.81 shoots plant-1). Mean chlorophyll a (10.66 mg/f.w) and chlorophyll b (3.63 mg/f.w) contents in the control treatment were lower compared to the mean chlorophyll a (2.03 mg/f.w) and chlorophyll b (1.15 mg/f.w) contents of plants grown in PEG 4% dose. Prunus microcarpa genotypes of Turkey origin tested in this study could be used as potential rootstocks in arid and semi-arid region as safe as the other standard rootstocks tested.

Meta-analysis of Escherichia coli O157 prevalence in foods of animal origin in Turkey

Abstract The present study aims to analyze the prevalence of E. coli O157 detected in foods of animal origin by meta-analysis. The prevalence of E. coli O157 detected in the different studies was combined to provide a common prevalence estimate, and heterogeneities between studies were investigated. The study material consisted of 49 studies investigating E. coli O157 prevalence in a total of 9600 food samples, including milk and dairy products, red meat and products, poultry meat and products, and cold appetizers between the years 1997-2019 in Turkey. In the meta-analysis, the Der-Simonian-Laird method was used. Meta-analyses were performed using the R 3.6.1. As a result of the meta-analysis, the common prevalence of E. coli O157 was 0.024 (0.018-0.029). As a result of the Egger’s Linear Regression Test, the study samples were found to be biased (t-value=6.092, P<0.001). To determine the source of heterogeneity between studies, sub-group and meta-regression analyses were performed in milk and dairy products, red meat and products, poultry meat and products, and ready-to-eat foods (RTEs). Accordingly, the prevalence of E. coli O157 in milk and dairy products, red meat and products, poultry meat and products, and RTEs was determined as 0.017, 0.031, 0.023, and 0.080 in Turkey, respectively. This study provides a stronger and more accurate estimation of the prevalence of E. coli O157 in foods of animal origin with the meta-analysis by eliminating inconsistencies in the effect of the sampling size of independent prevalence studies. However, in order to obtain accurate prevalence results in practice, it is necessary carefully to select the studies to be included in the analysis, to use the appropriate statistical model, and to interpret the results of the analysis correctly.

Occurrence and characterization of ciprofloxacin‐resistantEscherichia colifrom bovine and ovine bulk tank milk samples in Turkey

AbstractThe objective of this study was to examine the occurrence and characteristics of ciprofloxacin‐resistant (CipR)Escherichia coliisolates on bulk tank milk (BTM) samples (bovine and ovine origins) in Turkey. A total of 91 BTM samples (41.7%, 95% confidence intervals 35.2–48.6%) out of 218 were found to be positive for CipRE. coliisolates (MIC values of ≥4 μg/ml). Analysis of PFGE fingerprint profile forE. coliisolates resulted in the 55 different pulsotypes based on >85% homology. All isolates were resistant to enrofloxacin and nalidixic acid and the resistance rates in bovine and ovine origin isolates were 94.9 and 78.1% for norfloxacin (p < .05) and 27.1 and 34.4% for levofloxacin, respectively. Additionally, resistance to non‐quinolone antibiotics was commonly observed against tetracycline (resistance rates in bovine and ovine = 91.5 and 87.5%, respectively), trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (83.1 and 93.8%, respectively), gentamycin (15.3 and 40.6%, respectively,p < .05) and chloramphenicol (23.7 and 65.6%, respectively,p < .05). TheqnrS1gene (3.1 and 6.8%, respectively) was the most prevalent PMQR genes in isolates from ovine and bovine origins, followed byaac (6′)‐Ib‐cr(0 and 5.1%, respectively) andqnrB19(0 and 1.7%, respectively). The other resistance genes includingtetA,tetB,strA/B,aPozhA1,aadA,aadB,blaCTX‐M, andblaTEMwere also identified in various frequencies. The most frequently observed virulence trait wasfimH. The low‐level presence of PMQR genes and as well as some virulence traits is an important finding, yet the results of this study are worrisome because quinolone antibiotics are still the drugs of choice for severe infections in humans.

Kan Kültürlerinden İzole Edilen Candida parapsilosis Kompleks Türlerinin Eşey Tipi (MTL) Genotiplerinin Belirlenmesi

Objective: Candida parapsilosis is one of the most common species after Candida albicans among the causative factors of systemic candidosis. In Candida species, determination of the cell identity and the sexual reproduction process take place under the control of the mating type (MTLα) locus. This region has completely different sequences in two different mating types (a and α) and is called an idiomorph. While the MTLa idiomorph encodes the transcription factors a1 and a2, MTLα encodes α1 and α2 proteins. Apart from these genes, both idiomorphs have a or α versions of PAB, OBP, and PIK genes, whose functions in sexual reproduction are unknown. On the other hand, up to now neither Candida parapsilosis nor the closely related species Candida orthopsilosis or Candida metapsilosis has been reported to have sexual cycles. While C. orthopsilosis was found to have a mixed population structure harboring MTLa and MTLα homozygous and MTLa/MTLα heterozygous genotypes in realized studies, the majority of C. metapsilosis isolates were MTLa/MTLα heterozygotes. Nevertheless, all C. parapsilosis isolates analyzed were found to be of a single mating type (MTLa). Method: This study was aimed to determine the MTL genotypes of C. parapsilosis isolates of Turkey origin, and 167 blood isolates were used for this purpose. The isolates identified as C. parapsilosis by PCR-amplifying and sequencing the ITS region were screened for MTLa1, MTLa2, MTLα1 and MTLα2 genes. Results: Only MTLa1 and MTLa2 genes were detected in PCR; therefore, all isolates were determined to have the MTLa genotype. Conclusion: When the results are assessed with previous findings, it could be inferred that the MTLα mating type of C. parapsilosis has been lost or extremely rare in yet unanalyzed geographical regions.

Understanding the Consequences of Migration for Asset Accumulation: A Multi-Site and Intergenerational Perspective

This article is the first to explore the consequences of migration for asset accumulation from a multi-site and intergenerational perspective that moves beyond the prevailing migrant versus “native” comparisons performed within single destination-country contexts. It specifically investigates the non-financial investments (i.e., house, land, and business-related asset holdings) made in the country of residence by three family generations of migrants with origins in Turkey: those who resided in Europe (i.e., settlers), those who moved to Turkey (i.e., returnees), and those who remained in the origin country (i.e., stayers). The data are drawn from the 2000 Families Survey, which involved personal interviews with 5,980 individuals nested within 1,770 families. The analysis shows that migration’s greatest economic beneficiaries are returnees, who display a significant tendency to accumulate the most assets across all generations and asset types. Across all three groups, intergenerational family transfers are found to make a positive difference to younger generations’ non-financial investments. The chances of reaping the benefits of such transfers, however, is shown to be particularly limited for the descendants of settlers, given this group’s propensity to accumulate the fewest (especially house and land type) non-financial assets in European destinations where they reside. Through these unique multi-site and intergenerational comparisons between migrants and stayers, this article sheds new light upon the little-explored relationship between international migration and asset accumulation, and the economic dis/benefits of migration.

Understanding adolescents' acculturation processes: New insights from the intergroup perspective.

Recent developments in the acculturation literature have emphasized the importance of adopting intergroup perspectives that provide a valuable background for investigating how acculturation orientations (i.e., maintenance of the culture of origin and the adoption of the destination culture) of adolescents from migrant families are embedded in their proximal socialization contexts. Accordingly, we sought to understand the combined effects of the perceived parents' acculturation orientations and classmates' acculturation preferences on adolescents' own acculturation orientations in two independent cultural contexts, namely North-East of Italy (Study I) and South-East of Turkey (Study II). Participants were 269 (53.2% female; Mage = 14.77) and 211 (71.1% female; Mage = 15.37) adolescents from migrant families in Italy and in Turkey, respectively. Findings indicated that adolescents' acculturation orientations were influenced by their perceptions of both parents' acculturation orientations and classmates' acculturation preferences. In addition, the effects of parents' adoption of the destination culture were stronger than the effects of classmates' preferences for adoption of the destination culture in both countries. However, the effects of parents' maintenance of the culture of origin were stronger than the effects of classmates' preferences for maintaining the culture of origin in Turkey, but not in Italy.

Fertility characteristics and related factors impacting on Syrian refugee women living in Istanbul.

Women's fertility characteristics are affected by many different factors. To gain an awareness of fertility characteristics of Syrian refugee women and the influential factors. This study was planned as a cross-sectional study to determine the efficiency and related factors of Syrian refugees living in Istanbul. The survey of 300 refugee women applying Arabs who migrated to Turkey, Kurds, Turkmen and Yezidi origin they receive. Average age of the women studied was 34.26 ± 10.15, 34.6% of the participants had not received any education, 37% had less than two-year inter-pregnancy interval, 58.6% have not received "Safe Motherhood" service, 43.6% have conceived their last child unwillingly. Women in the study group had in average 3±2,4 children and the number of children they wanted was 3±1,59. These values were substantially affected negatively by the women's education level and positively by the income level. Yezidis had significantly more children than other ethnic groups and did not have a "religious ban" on voluntary abortion. It has been noted that fertility characteristics of refugee women who migrated to Turkey changed according to their ethnic backgrounds and were sustained in the country they migrated to. Along with harsh living conditions and insufficient access to health services the situation has been observed to pose serious risks on reproductive health.

Avipoxvirus in Egypt and African continent: A review

Fowl pox disease is a slow-spreading viral infection of wild and domesticated birds of both genders, all ages and breeds. The disease occurs in two distinct forms; the more common cutaneous or dry form and the less common diphtheritic form. Fowl poxvirus (FWPV) is a member of the Avipoxvirus (APV) and it is one of the greatest challenges facing the poultry industry, its incidence is higher in tropical and subtropical countries. It causes a significant level of morbidity and increased mortality, especially in the diphtheritic form which may reach to 50%. Avipoxvirus has been recorded in Egypt and Africa in the early of 1960, since then, it has been recorded in variable domesticated and wild bird species in different countries and Governorates. The free-living and wild birds represent a potential threat and source of infection for the domesticated poultry species. In the last ten years, the phylogenetic analysis of the partial genome sequences has gained insight into the evolutionary biology of APV in Africa. One of the main characters of APV is relative genetic stability, especially in fpv167 region of the genome. This area of the genome clustered the APV of chicken and turkey origin phylogenetically into fowl poxvirus subclade A1 together with other avipoxviruses (APVs) isolated from Galliformes worldwide. However, the pigeon poxviruses phylogenetically belong to subclade A2 with other APVs isolated from Columbiformes worldwide. The analysis of the fpv140 region provides a further comprehensive taxonomic classification based on the virus-host origin and distribution, especially in the case of the pigeon poxvirus (PGPV), which clustered separately into different subclades according to their geographical distribution. This review focus on the origin, distribution, classification and taxonomy of APVs circulating in Egypt mainly with a brief report on the situation of APVs in the other neighboring.