Original Text Research Articles

Comparative Analysis of Semantic and Syntactic Approaches in Automatic Text Summarization: A Comprehensive Review and Evaluation

It is very important to use automatic text summarization to turn long chunks of text into short, useful snippets. In the area of automatic text summary, this study looks at both semantic and syntactic methods in great detail. Using methods like natural language understanding and semantic processing, semantic approaches try to get meaning and context from writing. These methods try to get at the main ideas and connections in the material so that recaps can be more complex and full of information. Syntactic methods, on the other hand, focus on the structure of language, such as grammar and syntax. To find important sentences and phrases for summarization, methods like sentence extraction based on grammar patterns and grammatical analysis are used. Syntactic methods often make sure that the outlines they create are grammatically right and make sense. This review compares both methods in a number of areas, such as how well they capture the spirit of the original text, how well the generated snippets make sense, how quickly they can be produced, and how well they can be used with different types of material. The pros and cons of each method are shown in comparative studies, which help us understand how they can be used in various areas and situations. Recent improvements that combine semantic and syntactic methods have also shown promise in making automatic recaps better overall and more helpful. The goal of these mixed methods is to make reports that are both verbally and semantically correct by using the benefits of both semantic understanding and syntactic structure. This review gives us a more complete picture of how automatic text summarization methods are changing. It stresses how important it is to look at both semantic and syntactic approaches in order to make the field move forward and create better and more advanced summary systems.

Back-Translation as a Tool for Identifying Language Change

This study concerns the use of back-translation as a tool for identifying language change. This research is based on theories of back-translation (Baker, 1992) and language change (Campbell, 1998), focusing the use of this tool to identify shifts in language usage from lexical, morphological, and syntactical points of view. The original texts used for this study are the Indonesian novels Sitti Nurbaya (Rusli, 1922, ed. 2010), Sukreni Gadis Bali (Tisna, 1936, ed. 2013), and Salah Asuhan (Moeis, 1928, ed. 2013). The language used in these literary works is known as old Indonesian. All three novels have been translated into English: the first keeping its original title, Sitti Nurbaya (Fowler, 2009), Sukreni Gadis Bali as The Rape of Sukreni (Quinn, 2012), and Salah Asuhan as Never the Twain (Susanto, 2010). These English translations have in turn been translated back into Indonesian. The language used in these back-translated texts is present-day Indonesian, as used by speakers today. When the old Indonesian and contemporary Indonesian versions are compared, discrepancies may arise, even though the meanings of both texts are the same. These differences are considered to signify changes in the language. Our findings show that this back-translation method can be applied to understand changes in Indonesian usage. These include lexical changes, such as the word sebagai being replaced by seperti, or sekalian replaced by semua or seluruh; morphological changes, such as diobat changing into diobati, or menghinakan into menghina; and syntactical changes, such as the term suka kepada being replaced by suka.

Identification of ChatGPT-Generated Abstracts Within Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Poses a Challenge for Reviewers

PurposeTo evaluate the extent to which experienced reviewers can accurately discern between AI-generated and original research abstracts published in the field of shoulder and elbow surgery and compare this to the performance of an AI-detection tool. MethodsTwenty-five shoulder and elbow-related articles published in high-impact journals in 2023 were randomly selected. ChatGPT was prompted with only the abstract title to create an AI-generated version of each abstract. The resulting 50 abstracts were randomly distributed to and evaluated by 8 blinded peer reviewers with at least 5 years of experience. Reviewers were tasked with distinguishing between original and AI-generated text. A Likert scale assessed reviewer confidence for each interpretation and the primary reason guiding assessment of generated text was collected. AI output detector (0-100%) and plagiarism (0-100%) scores were evaluated using GPTZero. ResultsReviewers correctly identified 62% of AI-generated abstracts and misclassified 38% of original abstracts as being AI-generated. GPTZero reported a significantly higher probability of AI output among generated abstracts (median 56%, IQR 51-77%) compared to original abstracts (median 10%, IQR 4-37%; p < 0.01). Generated abstracts scored significantly lower on the plagiarism detector (median 7%, IQR 5-14%) relative to original abstracts (median 82%, IQR 72-92%; p < 0.01). Correct identification of AI-generated abstracts was predominately attributed to the presence of unrealistic data/values. The primary reason for misidentifying original abstracts as AI was attributed to writing style. ConclusionsExperienced reviewers faced difficulties in distinguishing between human and AI-generated research content within shoulder and elbow surgery. The presence of unrealistic data facilitated correct identification of AI abstracts, whereas misidentification of original abstracts was often ascribed to writing style.

MATERIJALNI NEDOSTACI KOD KUPOPRODAJE STOKE U REŽIMU OGZ-a

This article is an analysis of the liability for defects in the sale of cattle during the application of the ABGB in Croatia. It analyses the foundations of the system in Roman law and provides an overview of the contemporary Croatian approach to the matter. In Croatian regions, ABGB has been applied for a relatively long period, and the analysis is based on the available case law from that period. In Roman law, the sale of cattle was essential to the creation of general rules for liability for defects, and ABGB set particular rules for the liability of defects in the sale of cattle. Generally, in the sale of livestock, there is an obvious problem regarding many potential latent defects (especially diseases, in Roman law morbus), so this area was historically quite relevant for the system of liability for defects. The article first deals with liability for eviction and for defects in the system of the ABGB (Gewährleistung). It then addresses the liability for defects according to the original text of the ABGB and compares it with the corresponding system in Roman law. The analysis of the liability for defects in the sale of cattle in the ABGB system is done with a special emphasis on the relevant case law of that time. Finally, there is a short overview of the contemporary Croatian approach to the matter.

TYPES OF ALLUSIONS IN BOHDAN TOMENCHUK’S POETRY ABOUT THE WAR

The paper examines allusions in Bohdan Tomenchuk’s poetry collection “Embroider, Mother, a bulletproof vest.” The various types of allusions are grouped based on their functions (activation of historical memory, adherence to literary tradition, text-structuring), themes (historical, mythological), and typology (ranging from nominal and quotation-type to associative). An attempt was made to differentiate the concept of allusion from quotation and reminiscence, while also juxtaposing it with intertext and intertextuality for comparison. In the poet’s texts about the modern Russian-Ukrainian war, the references to literary works are accompanied by numerous allusions to historical reality. These are references of the nominal type (topographical or proper names connected with certain historical events in the reader's mind). The author's distinctive approach involves overlapping different types of allusions, namely those of historical and literary nature, as well as historical and mythological. Behind a direct allusion, an associative one may emerge, linking to a text from a different time period through shared words, phrases, or thematic aura. The involvement of allusion in Tomenchuk’s poetry often occurs on the basis of the allegation (the new text ‘absorbs’ the previous one, without entering into a controversy with the original text). In this case, we deal with intertext (a text within a text). When an allusion entering a new text gets engaged in a dialogue with the original text, we deal with intertextuality as a process of textual interaction. By involving an allusion, the author makes it an element of the structure that serves as an impetus for the reader to navigate within a receptive context, searching among known texts relevant for interpreting the allusion while disregarding distant ones. Intertextuality engages cognition here. Sometimes allusion is not just an element of a structure but a structural principle, and it is proper to name it a structuring allusion. Various allusions in B. Tomenchuk’s poetry make it possible to fit the widest range of emotions and thoughts in a small textual space, to integrate the new experience of war into a broad historical and literary canvas with a biblical and mythological background.

Ho Xuan Huong’s Nom Poetry and Its Significance to the Current Issues of Gender Equality

Ho Xuan Huong was a famous Vietnamese poet who lived in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. She left behind many unique poems with a poetic style that is both thanh (right and pur vulgar) or tục (vulgar and dirty) and was dubbed “the Queen of Nom Poetry”. While nom poetry is a genre of poetry passed down from generation to generation without original text, Huong is considered one of the unique poets of Vietnamese literature. Many of her works have been lost; up to now, her poems still in circulation are mainly oral Nom poems. Her poetic system focuses primarily on promoting the role of women under the harsh regime of the feudal dynasty which is expressed to honor women while mocking and pointing out the negative aspects of the regime of “trọng nam khinh nữ" (male chauvinism, to value men above women). Using qualitative research methods and referencing several previous studies combined with a survey of some historical data, is the main method of this research. Researching feminism in Huong’s nom poetry allows future generations to have a more complete and comprehensive view of the condition of women under feudalism, ideas that are ahead of their time and humanely profound; from there, determine its value and significance to the current issue of gender equality.

“NIGHT” AND “MOON” CONCEPTS IN E. YOUNG’S POEM NIGHT THOUGHTS AND THEIR TRANSFORMATION IN TRANSLATIONS (FRENCH AND RUSSIAN)

The article discusses the "night" and "moon" concepts based on the material of the English poem Night thoughts and its translations into French and Russian. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to determine the specifics of the functioning of the "night" and "moon" concepts in the English original text and its transformation in the translations. Materials and methods. The original text of the poem Night thoughts, as well as its translations into French (translated by P. Letourneur) and Russian (translations by A.M. Kutuzov, S.N. Glinka, P.S. Politkovsky) were selected as research materials. Component, contextual, comparative and conceptual methods were used in the study. Results. As a result of the analysis of the poem and the translations, it can be concluded that the "night" and "moon" concepts are personified both in the original and in the translations; on the one hand they are inextricably linked, on the other hand, they are not equal to each other. The translations into French and Russian preserve the main interpretations of these concepts, while strengthening their emotional component and connection with the lyrical hero of the poem. Practical implication. The results of the study can be used in classes on cognitive linguistics, as well as in the study of the dialogue of cultures.

LATE MODERN ANXIETY AND DIGITAL JIHADIST ALTERNATIVE IN ANNA ERELLE’S IN THE SKIN OF A JIHADIST AND TIMUR BEKMAMBETOV’S PROFILE

For almost a decade, ISIS has held the status of the West’s radical other, its symbolic and real challenge to the western idea of modernity becoming ever more prominent and threatening with a growing accessibility of online propaganda content and recruitment via social media platforms in a largely unregulated social networking environment. In that context, the paper discusses Anna Erelle’s book In the Skin of a Jihadist and its film adaptation Profile as two distinct but complementary visions of the West and its other. My argument is that Timur Bekmambetov’s adaptation, as a Baumanesque critical reading of the West’s late modernity, is supplemental to the original text and its liberal views of jihadist otherness. Profile thus views the West and ISIS as two universalist visions of the world so that by facing the dangerous alterity on the computer screen, the West should not only see the morally inferior enemy to be exposed, transformed or eventually defeated but the reflection of its own late modern failures, disappointments and frustrations.

Revoicing Attitude of Virginity Test: An Appraisal-based Translation Study on News Discourse

The virginity test is a long-standing tradition that has been documented in at least 20 countries around the globe (WHO, 2018). Women and girls are frequently subjected to or forced to undergo this test for various reasons. In the Indonesian context, this gynecological examination conducted under the belief to determine if a woman has had vaginal intercourse has to be experienced by female military candidates. In response, the Indonesian army has set to remove this somewhat controversial policy. Through media, this issue was packed in such a way that reflects the media's stance. Accordingly, this research aims to investigate how media take a stance toward this issue and how the translated version delivers it from the perspective of translation studies and appraisal theory using the qualitative method. Appraisal resources identified the data and compared the original text to the Indonesian versions retrieved from the ABC online news portal (Australian and Indonesia-based). This method is conducted to gather and interpret any attitudinal resources in both original and translated texts. It reveals that the translated version, compared to the more neutral-sounded original one, exploits a more clear-cut attitude towards the issue. Various attitudinal lexis including invasive, gender-based, victim and abusive, are chosen to revoice her stance that this practice is groundless. Through its translation, the author articulates her attitude louder. It proves that different target readers influence how the information is packed and constructed. As a re-situated text, translation barely occurs in an empty space.

Reproductive and Adaptive Strategies in Translating Comparative Units (on the Material of the Italian, English and Ukrainian Languages)

The article deals with the problem of rendering comparative units of the Italian language into English and Ukrainian through the lens of the translation strategies of domestication and foreignization. Considering translation as one of the means of intercultural communication, the main research question addresses the effectiveness of the chosen strategies in conveying all the meanings of the original text to the translated language. The study aims to analyze how the above-mentioned strategies influence the perception of comparison and comparative units in various cultural contexts, i.e., in English and Ukrainian translations. The twofold nature of the image underlying the comparative unit might represent certain difficulties due to its national and cultural component or intricate, elaborate associative connections, especially in the case of ad hoc comparisons which are characterized by their novelty and/or unpredictability of associations between the object and its referent. This determines the relevance of the present research. Both translation strategies have their advantages and disadvantages. The data received allow us to talk about the priority of a certain strategy within a certain cultural context / language. English translation tends to reproduce the image of comparative units as accurately and precisely as possible, compensating a certain lack of attention to possible linguistic and cultural patterns and readers’ preferences with accuracy, consistency, and original style, which allow obtaining a holistic and coherent picture in the target language. Whereas the Ukrainian translation gives preference to greater dynamics, using adaptive strategies in rendering images and compensates for certain semantic losses at the expense of «proper», understandable images, which should potentially contribute to effective communication and meet reader’s expectations.

Linguistic tools of manipulation in russian language translations Of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 and its “Sisters” resolutions

One of the ways to clarify national terminology and to enshrine correct definitions of concepts related to various aspects of gender issues in the legal framework is using the official translations of international documents on women’s rights and gender equality in Ukrainian language. The issue of the correctness of translations of international documents in general and in the field of human rights and gender equality in particular is not only an important subject of scientific research, but also has great practical significance in the context of Russia’s hybrid war against Ukraine. Russian language is an official language of the UN. All documents from the working languages of the UN General Assembly (English and French) are translated into Russian and used by regional international organisations, as well as by countries beside the russian federation where this language has status of the official or state language. In addition, many translations of international documents into Ukrainian have been made using Russian translations as basis. This also applies to such important documents in the field of women’s rights and gender equality as UN Security Council Resolution 1325 “Women. Peace. Security” and related Security Council resolutions, in particular, 1888, 2467, 2493 and others. Based on a comparative analysis of the original texts of the above-mentioned UN Security Council resolutions and their russian translations, the article offers a classification of directions of linguistic manipulation in the translation of documents, illustrated by specific examples; draws conclusions about the consequences and impact of the using of incorrect translations on the policy of ensuring women’s rights and gender equality at both the international and national levels; offers recommendations for identifying linguistic manipulation during translation process.

Valorativity of time-remote source text as a problem of cognitive-discursive Translation studies (case study of Ukrainian retranslations of Shakespeare’s Tragedies)

The article addresses an issue of reproduction of evaluation category in the translated text drawing on cognitive-discursive translation studies. The objective of the study is to reveal the potential of valorativity of the units of the original and justify the ways of translational reproduction of this potential in units of translation in terms of the cognitive-discursive paradigm. This is a case study of the tragedy “Macbeth” by W. Shakespeare (1605) as a time-remote original work and its Ukrainian retranslations, the authors of which are Panteleimon Kulish (1900), Todos Osmachka (1930), Yurii Koretskyi (1940), Borys Ten (1986), Oleksandr Hryaznov (2008). The article substantiates the definition of new terminology, namely “cognitive-discursive translation studies”, “valorativity”, “valorative cognitive variant”. The article focuses on the nature of cognitive-discursive paradigm, which is rooted in the interaction of language structures and cognitive processes. The paradigm proves to be the most relevant for considering the valorativity of the text, as it studies it in the context of human cognitive activity and takes into account the impact of linguistic elements on the perception and interpretation of the text. The article reveals that the effectiveness of the selection of means for the reproduction of valorativity of a time-remote original work is determined by the general cultural code of the authors of retranslations and the nature of the translators’ idiostyle and individual authorial worldview. The study affirms that both lexical- semantic and lexical-grammatical transformations were effective in translating evaluative units of the original text using valorative cognitive variants. At the same time, the valorative potential of the original unit when using valorative cognitive variants is either strengthened, or weakened, or transformed as the opposite one.

PECULIARITIES OF THE USE OF ANCIENT QUOTATIONS IN THE PORTRAITURE OF THE RENAISSANCE ERA

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the use of quotations from ancient authors’ works in the form of inscriptions on secular portraits of the Renaissance period. It outlines the cultural and historical prerequisites that determined the peculiarities of portrait painting development in this period as well as the use of Latin inscriptions therein. The key underlying role in cultural development of this period played the change of religious and philosophical paradigm, the general cultural humanistic orientation of the era, as well as the revival of classical ancient ideas. These factors ultimately determined the selection and application of Latin inscriptions in the Renaissance portraiture. This paper analyses the grammatical features (change in the grammatical design of individual quotation elements) and structural transformations (abbreviation or, conversely, supplementation) of the ancient quotations on portraits depending on their respective functional load, which the painters availed themselves of, in order to explicitly convey their artistic intention. The article scrutinizes various semantic transformations undergone by ancient quotations in terms of their use in a completely different (as regards to the original text) cultural context. It also offers general description of the functional semantics of ancient quotations on secular portraits of the Renaissance period.

„I will share the news about myself – and will expect the same”Miriam’s Correspondence with Reymont (1899–1907)

The main part of the article is a critical edition of Zenon Przesmycki-Miriam’s correspondence withWładysław Stanisław Reymont. There were 50 letters, and 13 have survived. They were written from1899 to 1907. Only 4 letters are Miriam’s autographic texts. The others were rewritten by WitoldKotowski during World War II on the basis of fragments or summaries of original texts. The articleshows the relationship between Przesmycki and Reymont from 1894 to 1908 and traces the historyof their correspondence.

Translation of Michelangelo’s Fifth Sonnet by Vyacheslav Ivanov: Issue of Equivalency and Translation Transformations

This article focuses on the translation of Michelangelo Buonarroti’s fifth sonnet by Vyacheslav Ivanov in 1925. The sources used include the translated text and the manuscript of the original text, accompanied by the author’s drawing. Comparative analysis results of Ivanov’s translation and a literal translation by the authors are presented. It emphasizes Michelangelo’s original concept related to deforming the sonnet form (20 lines instead of 14, with two additional tercets added), resonating with the sonnet’s content, specifically describing his physical sufferings and uncomfortable poses while painting the Sistine Chapel ceiling. Attention is given to the author’s drawing, highlighting the division of the lyrical subject and his doubts about the effectiveness of his work. Commentary is provided on Vyacheslav Ivanov’s translation decisions for this sonnet, linked to his poetic and aesthetic principles. A symbolist interpretation of the sonnet’s key antithesis is explored: Michelangelo portrays the lyrical subject as a “Syrian bow” (a phrase denoting a bow that never misses) and a “crooked crossbow”, interpreting his doubts through images of projectile weapons overcoming him. The translator interprets this antithesis through the classical contrast of “poet and crowd”, indicating that the artist fears condemnation and requires protection.

He niwan geeode þa fyrran Fresan: Geographical Marker or Literary Topos in the Old English Bede?

Abstract In his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, V.10, Bede apparently introduced a two- fold division of Frisia when he called Frisia citerior the region to where Ecgberht sent missionaries. Neither Bede nor the Old English translator of Bede’s work offer a precise identification of the region at issue; moreover, the passage does not mention a possible counterpart, that is, Frisia ulterior. While Bede uses Frisia citerior, the translator refers to fyrran Fresan. An analysis of possible sources does not yield any parallel to Bede’s reference, nor to the use of the term as a geographically identifiable territory. On the other hand, the use of Old English feorr in similar geographical contexts, whether in translations or original texts, vouches for a free and imaginative employment of the comparative fyrran, which was not used as a precise geographical marker. This essay suggests that the mission to Frisia, which was of great importance in both Bede’s narrative and the Lives of missionaries, such as that of Willibrord, had the effect of striking the translator’s imagination. He chose a suggestive term, rich in connotations, rather than supplying a geographical identifiable information.

ЛИНГВОКУЛЬТУРНЫЕ ЦЕННОСТИ В ЭПИЧЕСКОМ ДИСКУРСЕ (на материале якутского и алтайского эпических текстов)

This article is devoted to the identification of universal and national values in the epic texts Mighty Er Sogotokh and Maadai-Kara. The relevance of the study of the problem is due to the growing interest in the comparative study of linguistic and cultural features in multi-system languages based on the material of epic texts. The following methods are used in the work: the continuous sampling method, linguistic and cultural and interpretative analyses, and the comparative method. The material for the analysis was extracted by a continuous sampling method from the original texts of epic tales, provided with a line-by-line translation into Russian. The purpose of the work is to identify and describe universal and national-specific attitudes in the value perception of the surrounding world, reflected in the linguistic units of epic tales. The study revealed that both texts enshrine such basic values as family, attention to people, safety, respect for parents, Homeland, justice, health, etc., which show their relative stability in the temporal and spatial dimensions. The vital, cultural, moral, spiritual, terminal, and other values available in each community exist collectively in one context. It is also revealed that the life-affirming imperative is translated from the position of the characters, for example, the father and mother of the main characters or on behalf of the mistress of Altai, who have significant experience in pragmatic communication with the outside world and the nature of the worldview of the inhabitants of the space of their existence. Thus, a general picture of values is formed for transmission to the inexperienced, the young, or those who are looking for value supports to know themselves and others, are in search of answers to the multifaceted questions of human existence, etc. The prospect of further work is seen in a more detailed and in-depth development of the dominant values that determine the norms of behavior in various discursive practices of related languages.

Lexical and Stylistic Features of Translating Old Russian Literary Monuments into Russian and English Languages (“The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”)

This article explores the peculiarities of translating military vocabulary from the Old Russian literary monument “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” into Russian and English languages through the analysis of translations by D.S. Likhachov, O.V. Tvorogov (modern Russian language), V. Nabokov, and I. Petrova (English language). The study employed methods such as the method of complete sampling, contextual analysis method, comparative method, and quantitative analysis method. The research focused on 34 lexical units used in 128 contexts. Based on the conducted study, the following conclusions can be drawn. (1) Translators of the aforementioned work into Russian mostly replaced archaic words with contemporary ones etymologically related to the original word, while preserving archaic words to convey historical color in translations. (2) Translations of the work into English showed translators’ tendency towards fidelity to the original text through the use of full and partial equivalents, approximate translation, and the method of generalization (selecting a word with broader meaning). Thus, the analysis of lexical units and their translation methods into modern Russian and English languages revealed translators' inclination to choose the translation variant closest to the original unit.

Do translation universals exist at the syntactic-semantic level? A study using semantic role labeling and textual entailment analysis of English-Chinese translations

Albeit extensive studies of translation universals at lexical and grammatical levels, there has been scant research at the syntactic-semantic level. To bridge this gap, this study employs semantic role labeling and textual entailment analysis to compare Chinese translations with English source texts and non-translated Chinese original texts. The research has found substantial evidence for translation universals like explicitation, simplification, and levelling out at the syntactic-semantic level, which is illustrated by significant differences between syntactic-semantic features of Chinese translations and those of English source texts and Chinese original texts. This suggests a distinct syntactic-semantic uniqueness of Chinese translations, wherein the overall features exhibit an “eclectic” characteristic, showcasing contrasting outcomes such as explicitation identified as S-universal and implicitation deemed T-universal. This could be attributed to the gravitational pull from the two language systems. In the inspection of specific semantic roles, features of agents and discourse markers are found to be evidence for both S-explicitation and T-explicitation, potentially reflecting the role of socio-cultural factors in shaping the uniqueness of syntactic-semantic features of Chinese translations. These findings further underscore the complexity inherent in translation, highlighting its function as a dynamic balance system.

The Application of the Original Teaching Method of Bilingual Course Cases in the Perspective of Cultivating Foreigner Legal Talents

Since the Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Party Central Committee with Xi Jinping as the core has repeatedly emphasized the need to strengthen the training of foreign-related legal talents. In this context, the importance of bilingual legal courses has become more prominent. To effectively improve teaching effectiveness, the case based original text teaching method should be introduced. The original case texts include international law case texts and country law case texts from important countries or regions such as the United States and the European Union; When teaching, the method of intensive reading should be adopted, under the careful organization of the teacher ,which is to achieve a one-stop acquisition of legal professional knowledge and language skills through three processes: preview in advance, intensive classroom teaching, and reinforcement after class. This teaching method integrates the acquisition of substantive law knowledge, procedural law knowledge, and other disciplinary background knowledge.