Original Style Research Articles

THE ROLE OF THE NARRATIVE GENRE IN THE COMPOSITION OF THE FIRST EPICS "KHAMSA"

The article analyzes the role of stories in the composition of the dastans “Hayrat ul-abror”, their important function in the formation of the structure of the work, the ideological and artistic features of the story, their classification, and plot issues. When creating the “Hayrat ul-abror” architectonics, the issues of the original style of Hazrat Navoi, his attitude to tradition, the early epics of his predecessors and innovation were highlighted. It was found that the stories, considered the illustrative final part of the conversations of the epic, are an important factor in proving the poet’s artistic intention. “Hayrat ul-abror” emphasizes that conversations and stories are inextricably linked, that a specific moral, poetic idea is expressed in conversations based on the author’s own opinion, the author’s views on time, space, reality, that the stories reveal the issue discussed in the conversations, problem, the attitude of the sages of the past, saints to the idea. This article also reveals the principles of updating epic stories, a realistic reflection of the spirit and problems of the era in which the poet lived.

The Industrial Design Model in Italy at the Stage of Formation. The Aemilia Ars Group

The article considers the formation of the industrial design model in Italy in the peculiarity of socio-political conditions at the turn of the 20th century. Orientated towards the prospects of the design industrial culture, the progress of new art tended towards two vectors of development: a strong influence of traditional heritage of the great classical past and passion for modern examples of European design schools. The design, formed within the boundaries of the Italian regional version of the Art Nouveau style, stile Liberty, became a product of a specifically Italian design and artistic culture with a strong designer’s original creative beginning. It allowed freedom of experimentation in the search for its own unique means of expression. The industrial model of design was determined by the experience of the great craft heritage in addition to the influence of the artistic traditions of the new style. The new “revival” of the artistic industry of Italy took place in symbiosis of the activities of an artist-designer and artistic craft and industrial production. The Aemilia Ars group, as a regional design and production association, became an exemplary model of industrial design in Italy. The multidisciplinary structure of the association, which included a collaboration of architects, designers, and artisans specialising in various areas of the art industry, allowed the implementation of interdisciplinary tasks: from architectural restoration to interior design solutions. The group was an example of a unique design culture focused on a scientifically based approach, regional craft artistic traditions and an original style of a creative experiment. The great design-artistic and technological heritage as well as design potential of the Aemilia Ars craft traditions can still be found in the practice of a number of local associations of embroiderers of modern Bologna.

THE DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM OF EDGAR ALLAN POE'S NOVELS IN CHINA

The purpose of this study is to examine the history and process of the reception of Edgar Allan Poe's prose works in China, whose work from the late 19th century until now has been the object of close interest and attention from translators, literary critics and critics, which emphasizes the relevance of the topic of this study. The objective and subjective factors of those phenomena related to the fact that in the middle of the 20th century Edgar Allan Poe's novels became more popular in China, some texts were introduced into the program of academic disciplines, became an important material for training specialists, a subject for scientific research are studied. The processes of transformation of his novels for cinema, television and theater have been studied. their influence on the sphere of culture and entertainment and their multifaceted impact on Chinese literature have been revealed.The history of perception, and interpretation of E. Poe's novels, where the genre-stylistic features of the famous novelist's prose, his original style, and manner of narration are considered. These phenomena expand the research area of literary studies, promote intercultural exchange, development of philological education and science, and are a valuable contribution to the culture of China. The carried out problem analysis of scientific and critical literature on the works of the representative of Americanliterature shows that the distribution, perception and study of Edgar Allan Poe's works in China has many aspects and levels. The results and conclusions of the article have practical significance, productive thoughts. as it considers the history and specificity of the reception of foreign-language literature, the place and significance of artistic translation as a moderator of intercultural communication.

Reproductive and Adaptive Strategies in Translating Comparative Units (on the Material of the Italian, English and Ukrainian Languages)

The article deals with the problem of rendering comparative units of the Italian language into English and Ukrainian through the lens of the translation strategies of domestication and foreignization. Considering translation as one of the means of intercultural communication, the main research question addresses the effectiveness of the chosen strategies in conveying all the meanings of the original text to the translated language. The study aims to analyze how the above-mentioned strategies influence the perception of comparison and comparative units in various cultural contexts, i.e., in English and Ukrainian translations. The twofold nature of the image underlying the comparative unit might represent certain difficulties due to its national and cultural component or intricate, elaborate associative connections, especially in the case of ad hoc comparisons which are characterized by their novelty and/or unpredictability of associations between the object and its referent. This determines the relevance of the present research. Both translation strategies have their advantages and disadvantages. The data received allow us to talk about the priority of a certain strategy within a certain cultural context / language. English translation tends to reproduce the image of comparative units as accurately and precisely as possible, compensating a certain lack of attention to possible linguistic and cultural patterns and readers’ preferences with accuracy, consistency, and original style, which allow obtaining a holistic and coherent picture in the target language. Whereas the Ukrainian translation gives preference to greater dynamics, using adaptive strategies in rendering images and compensates for certain semantic losses at the expense of «proper», understandable images, which should potentially contribute to effective communication and meet reader’s expectations.

Hugo Ehrlich and Villa Karma

The authorship of the Villa Karma is as a rule ascribed to Adolf Loos. The villa was formed by taking an existing structure and extending it upwards and sideways, in the period between 1903 and 1906, according to most accounts. In fact, however, in this time the construction of the new parts and the transformation of the existing building had only just begun. The period in which the Zagreb architect Hugo Ehrlich was involved in the design and building of Karma stretched from 1908 to 1912; it was then that the villa took on its final external appearance. At the same time the grounds were landscaped, and the interior spaces were defined according to Ehrlich’s designs. The hall and the library are an exception, for Ehrlich produced them in line with Loos’s approach and in part with materials already sourced. An examination of the documentation kept in three countries has shown that the claim that Ehrlich was just the contractor for the building of designs previously defined by Loos is untenable. The original style can be correlated with a series of formal motifs in the works of Hugo Ehrlich or Viktor Kovačić at the time they were working together, which was contemporaneous with the period in which Karma was being finished. The most telling confirmation of the work of Ehrlich consists of several hundred drawings from Ehrlich’s personal papers.

Pragmatic Translation: Application of Relevance Theory in Film Dialogue Translation

As a type of cultural medium that transcends national boundaries, films are not only conveys rich story lines and profound theme thoughts, but also shows the charm of various languages in communication. Pragmatics, as a branch of linguistics, studies the meaning and function of language in practical use and provides crucial theoretical support and practical guidance for film dialogue translation. From the pragmatics point of view, film dialogue translation should not only pay attention to the accuracy of language, but also focus on the influence of context and culture on language comprehension. This paper aims to explore the principles and methods of film dialogue translation from the perspective of pragmatics, and to analyze how to achieve effective translation of film dialogue on the basis of maintaining the original style and emotional expression, in order to provide new ideas and methods for the practice and research of film translation.

The semantics of language in Eugène Ionesco’s plays

The goal of this paper is to present the characteristics of Eugène Ionesco’s dramatic texts, a reason why the genre of avant-garde and theatre of the absurd are also considered, with a view to revealing their major ways of functioning. By pointing out the different dimensions of dramatic language, the emphasis is on those elements that differ from current oral and written language. Starting from the times of decadentism, a crisis of character can be noted in the theater around a type of individual who, as an alienated individual, cannot find his identity in a hostile surrounding world. One of the direct consequences of this crisis will be the impossibility of interpersonal communication, which will be best demonstrated with the concept and tenets of the theater of the absurd. In this context, the study of the theater of the 20th century is done from the perspective of cognitive semantics, as an autonomous level of language. The approach is organised around two notions: dramatic conventions and the actual language of the dramatic texts. The interpretative theory rooted in semantics is applied while analysing Ionesco’s short plays. The starting point is the linguistics of the text as described by Eugen Coşeriu. Capturing the meaning and the means by which it is constructed is one of the objectives in accord with the main principles of cognitive linguistics. The way of analysing the meaning in a text is given by the presence of some textual functions, as possibilities provided by language through relationships that the linguistic sign establishes in the discursive act. The specificity of the discourse comes from the combination of verbal and non-verbal elements, in order to highlight the playwright’s original style. The particularities of this type of language based on an ontological representation of the actional nature in human existence are also investigated. There are two dimensions recognisable in the language of literature: one is specific to the genre and the other one is particular, giving originality and uniqueness. The textual meaning in between these dimensions needs to be reconstructed from all their constituents identifiable at different levels of analysis. Ionesco distanced himself from the conventional and traditional theatre, finding a new formula for the dramatic genre in his own vision of what drama should be like. Ionesco’s dramatic work includes short plays and extensive plays in which the author expresses his adversity against totalitarian regimes. He is the representative of the theater of the absurd and anti-theater. The corpus for this research is composed mainly of the plays The Bald Soprano, The Lesson and The Chairs, the most representative plays for the avant-garde spirit, short plays on the theme of language emptied of meaning and non-communication. Language has an impact on thinking and the resulting actions, which relates it to the ontology of human existence. As dramatic language is preponderently structured on dialogical interactions (and less on monologues, soliloquies and asides), its essence can be revealed by decomposing and recomposing them, from the angle of the conventions specific to the dramatic genre. The analysis of the selected fragments from the corpus has the role to highlight their semantic features in terms of conceptual representations.

The legacy of Nizami Ganjavi in Transoxiana: An analysis of Khamsa's influence on oral narrative

Nizami Ganjavi, one of the distinguished poets of the 12th century, has a special place in world literature with his works from ancient times to the present. This poet is famous not only in Persian literature but also in Turkish and Indian literature. Nizami Ganjavi is related to the Mesnevi works, which were translated into Turkish and even translated by many Turkish poets and writers in the following centuries. Among these, we can count the essential figures of Chagatai Turkish literature (Transoxiana), especially Emir Alişer Nevai, who cared about Mesnevi Khamsa Nizami and made changes and wrote examples based on his stories. Nizâmî, with the dreams and images created in the Mesnevi above, has revealed an original style that is very important in today's comparative literature field at the international level. He proved his success by creating a new style of fantasy drawing using imaginary images, and many poets influenced by him entered the field of literature. This article refers to Panj Ganj or Khamsa Nizami Ganjavi's works and tries to explore his influence on Transoxiana writers. The study uses a qualitative, library, and comparative methodology and is founded on the laws and categories of scientific research. Researchers applied modern research approaches and methods (general scientific analysis, comparison, generalization, systematization, text analysis, and retrospective analysis).

Studiu istoric al unei case urbane stil „Arta 1900”

This paper aims to answer a series of questions resulting from the presence of incomplete and superficial documentation gathered over time in the context of rehabilitation and restoration of historic houses in Turda, some of which are classified as monuments. Therefore, the following questions are considered: What is the value of a historical study in the context of an intervention? What is the structure of a historical study of a building? Who is in a position to carry out such a study and to impose permissions and restrictions? How can the research results be used? Does the history of one building illustrate wider policies of the Austro-Hungarian authorities to urbanise and modernise smaller towns in the realm? Although, this study is dedicated to a single building, located in the historical centre of the town, its detailed study and the reconstruction of its historical and architectural path can provide clues concerning the implementation of urban policies of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in provincial context. The building was classified as a historical monument, but its aspect today reflects its complicated history and the many unfortunate and misguided interventions it has undergone. It has also been neglected by existing research, and thus, its position within the „Art 1900” [Art Nouveau] has not been explored. Consequently, the present research attempts to make the most of the data recorded sporadically in various sources covering the history of Turda. On the other hand, the lack of conservation strategies for this type of heritage, reflected in a coherent legislative framework, has led until recently to a lax and confusing approach at the local administration level as well, as evidenced by the series of renovations and rehabilitation inappropriate to the original style, carried out by the local authority, owners or tenants over time. Good documentation forwarded to the authorities and current owners can, therefore, help these buildings and act as a method of educating the public, providing guidance concerning the value, functionality, and capacity of heritage to create more value for local communities.

Intra-Inter Domain Similarity for Unsupervised Person Re-Identification.

Most of unsupervised person Re-Identification (ReID) works produce pseudo-labels by measuring the feature similarity without considering the domain discrepancy among cameras, leading to degraded accuracy in pseudo-label computation across cameras. This paper targets to address this challenge by decomposing the similarity computation into two stages, i.e., the intra-domain and inter-domain computations, respectively. The intra-domain similarity directly leverages CNN features learned within each camera, hence generates pseudo-labels on different cameras to train the ReID model in a multi-branch network. The inter-domain similarity considers the classification scores of each sample on different cameras as a new feature vector. This new feature effectively alleviates the domain discrepancy among cameras and generates more reliable pseudo-labels. We further propose the Instance and Camera Style Normalization (ICSN) to enhance the robustness to domain discrepancy. ICSN alleviates the intra-camera variations by adaptively learning a combination of instance and batch normalization. ICSN also boosts the robustness to inter-camera variations through TNorm which converts the original style of features into target styles. The proposed method achieves competitive performance on multiple datasets under fully unsupervised, intra-camera supervised and domain generalization settings, e.g., it achieves rank-1 accuracy of 64.4% on the MSMT17 dataset, outperforming the recent unsupervised methods by 20+%.

Scythian–Sarmatian art as part of the cultural landscape of Crimea

The subject of the study is Scythian–Sarmatian art in the cultural landscape of Crimea, expressed in sculpture, monumental and decorative arts. The object of the study is the Crimean artifacts of the Scythian–Sarmatian culture (details of jewelry, weapons, sculpture, vase painting) in comparison with similar objects from other regions of settlement of the Scythian–Sarmatian nomadic peoples. The author pays special attention to the identification of the main distinctive features of the Scythian and Sarmatian culture, which is complicated by how much mixed culture develops in the Northern Black Sea region and transformations of the animal style of the Scythian–Sarmatian culture in the Crimean diaspora associated with the influence of ancient culture and Near Asian civilizations. The use of the animal style as part of all subsequent styles, including the Crimean Art Nouveau, which is a reflection of the synthesis of cultures of the multiethnic cultural landscape of Crimea, is also traced. The article uses the method of historicism in retrospect of Scythian–Sarmatian art in the cultural landscape of the Crimea, the comparative method in the comparative analysis of artifacts of the Crimea and the entire territory of Scythia, the method of stylistic analysis in the decorative and applied arts of the Crimea. The main conclusions of the study are: 1. The Crimean cultural landscape is diverse due to the historical polyethnicity of the region, associated with its geographical location and a unique natural complex, which has become a place of numerous ethnic migrations throughout history. This is also connected with the appearance of the Scythian–Sarmatian culture in the Crimea in the ancient era, which left a significant mark on the peninsula. 2. The characteristic features of the Scythian – Sarmatian animal style are simplification of form, linearity and geometrization, which harmoniously fits into the classical anthropomorphic proportions in sculpture, wall painting, vase painting of ancient art. The constructive expediency, conciseness and harmony inherent in the Scythian–Sarmatian animal style through the prism of ancient art became the reason for the global introduction into subsequent architectural and artistic styles, up to the present time. 3. The Scythian–Sarmatian art in the Crimean cultural landscape is unique in that it embodies the original style of the Scythian–Sarmatian people.

Modern Chinese Oil Painting on “Tibetan Themes”

Chinese fine art has undergone a long and painstaking history of the formation of classical writing techniques. However, the globalization processes, which also affected the spheres of artistic activity, influenced the themes of works, techniques and techniques of oil painting in China. Meanwhile, the existential and religious flavor of Tibetan painting, untouched by world trends, has preserved many unique traditional principles of existentialism and worldview concepts that have absorbed the virginity of the spiritual and semantic identity of the people. This phenomenon has attracted a lot of attention from professional artists and collectors of fine art. At the same time, the storehouse of unique Buddhist values and the foundations of the existence of the people of historical Tibet began to attract researchers and artists relatively recently. Namely, since the middle of the last century, eminent masters of the brush have only discovered this “art residence”, instantly capturing the market of connoisseurs of high culture and lovers of painting with their works, gaining their love for Tibetan chronography reflected in modern Chinese oil paintings. The canvases represent the value potential for the historiography of the ancient people, conglomerating the foundations of ontological, ethnic, regional, national and religious traditions of the original style, which determine the semantic value-forming core of Chinese culture. This phenomenon contributes to its continuity and self-identity, despite the influence of Western artists. The development of Chinese oil painting has undergone many collisions, ranging from Westernization, Russification and the consequences of the war with Japan, ending with the discovery of the value potential of the worldview system of the Tibetan people. The recognition of Chinese sovereignty over Tibet allowed China to integrate into its “art workshop” the spiritual and social perspectives of the national identical Tibetan culture, which conquered the art world with its identity. In the process of the formation of oil painting, artists subjected it to nationalization and Sinification, which, through the prism of depicting the realities of Tibetan life, allowed to form an original style of creating works.

TalkingStyle: Personalized Speech-Driven 3D Facial Animation with Style Preservation.

It is a challenging task to create realistic 3D avatars that accurately replicate individuals' speech and unique talking styles for speech-driven facial animation. Existing techniques have made remarkable progress but still struggle to achieve lifelike mimicry. This paper proposes "TalkingStyle", a novel method to generate personalized talking avatars while retaining the talking style of the person. Our approach uses a set of audio and animation samples from an individual to create new facial animations that closely resemble their specific talking style, synchronized with speech. We disentangle the style codes from the motion patterns, allowing our method to associate a distinct identifier with each person. To manage each aspect effectively, we employ three separate encoders for style, speech, and motion, ensuring the preservation of the original style while maintaining consistent motion in our stylized talking avatars. Additionally, we propose a new style-conditioned transformer decoder, offering greater flexibility and control over the facial avatar styles. We comprehensively evaluate TalkingStyle through qualitative and quantitative assessments, as well as user studies demonstrating its superior realism and lip synchronization accuracy compared to current state-of-the-art methods. To promote transparency and further advancements in the field, we also make the source code publicly available at https://github.com/wangxuanx/TalkingStyle.

A Study on Cubist Art Makeup Design Creation Using Artificial Intelligence Based Image Generation Model

This study extracted six works from representative artists of Cubism and analyzed the characteristics and expression techniques of the works to construct text prompts. Then, using Bing Image Creator model, an artificial intelligence based image generation model, art makeup design images were generated. The art makeup design created by the image generation model shows original style and expression compared to other studies, and has practicality and completeness that can be implemented as actual art makeup. The aim is to present a new way of creation and result through the integration of AI technology and art. In addition, by analyzing the creation process and result, the aim is to present a new perception and possibility of diversity and expandability of art makeup. This method can increase the accessibility and efficiency of art makeup, and provide new ideas and inspiration to creators. In conclusion, this study is a useful study that shows what role and possibility image generation artificial intelligence model has in the field of art, and it is expected to provide a basis for more in-depth and diverse studies in the future.

The multi-genre structure of J. Metham's poem “Amoryus and Cleopes” (1449) and bestiary motifs in the “encyclopedic” episode of its plot

The subject of research in this article is a multi-genre composition, and the research material is the medieval English poem “Amoryus and Cleopes”, underestimated by modern literary criticism: essays by English researchers about it are extremely few, and works by foreign researchers, apparently, are completely absent; in the 108 years since its first publication, it was published once again in Middle English, but was never translated not only into other languages, but also into modern English. There are also no scholars specializing in the work of its author, the mid-15th century writer John Metham. Meanwhile, this is definitely an interesting work, since it varies the plot from the Fourth Book of Ovid’s Metamorphoses, the story of Pyramus and Thisbe, and its creator copies Ovid’s material not mechanically, but quite creatively, including it in a genre- and stylistically variegated composition of plot episodes. In the process of research, we identified the boundaries of these episodes and focused attention on one of them, within the framework of which the poet Metem put into the heroine’s speech a lot of information of the “encyclopedic” type, obviously gleaned from various bestiaries and works of medieval zoologists. Our goal was to identify motifs transferred into the poem from the most famous of these works. Along the way, Metham's verse forms were described, and his free handling of the Chaucerian heptath used in the poem was revealed. Our article shows that the traditional attitude to the 15th century as a “barren age” is not entirely justified and that between the death of Chaucer and Lydgate and the appearance of the Scottish “Chaucerians” at the end of the century, there were English authors with an original style and works with individual poetic features.

Ruth Duvall Crawford’s Wonderful Career in Music and Evangelism

This book is a study of the career and ministry of Ruth Duvall Crawford (1916–1986), the wife of prominent evangelist Percy Crawford (1902–1960). As pianist for Percy’s evangelistic team and director of music for his various evangelistic enterprises, Ruth put together an ensemble of 40–50 musicians, and produced hundreds of high-quality music programs, geared to Percy’s nationwide radio and television audiences. These programs set a new standard of performance in evangelical circles in the Northeast and Central United States in the 1930s and 40s. In the process of building this musical program, Ruth developed a format and an original style of gospel music that proved to be highly effective in communicating the gospel to a wide audience. Even with the constraints placed upon her as a woman, Ruth was able to carve out her own identity and realize her full potential as a musical artist. Throughout their twenty-nine year ministry together, Ruth devoted herself fully and faithfully to Percy’s single-minded mission of winning souls; she and her musicians always viewed the significance of their music as supportive of this soul-saving work. I will argue, however, that, in fact, her music comprised a ministry in its own right, with a message of its own that had the power to change hearts and transform lives. I formulate what I believe was the content of that message— namely, the possibility of drawing close to the person of Jesus, and entering into an intimate relationship with him. Further, I suggest that her message did not merely complement Percy’s and strengthen its appeal, but offered the listener a different way of coming to know Christ as one’s personal savior.

ABODE OF «KHTISSHVILI»' (ACCORDING TO THE STORY «KHTISSHVILI» BY GODERDZI CHOKHELI)

Goderdzi Chokheli is an outstanding writer of the 20th century, whose works deeply and interestingly reflected the customs characteristic of the life of his native area - Gudamakri. He was a writer, poet, director, and playwright. Goderdzi Chokheli's creative heritage is diverse, as a writer he is distinguished by his writing manner and subject matter, his works are nourished by folk motifs, and he brings heroes from myths and legends, which establishes an original style of writing in Georgian writing of the postmodern era. Goderdzi Chokheli's works widely reflected pagan and Christian beliefs and ideas, the works are imbued with the spirit and aspirations that nourish the author's native corner - Gudamakari.The short story «Khtisshvili», which we are dealing with, contains a mixture of pagan and Christian beliefs and ideas, observation revealed that the author reconciles the two beliefs, ideas, and narrative. The characters created by the writer are often mythological heroes, as well as in the story «Khtisshvili», whose hero is little Zosime. He will live in heaven at the end of the story, like the mythological gods. The corner of lighted candles is a paradigm of the Lord, by the power of whose light Zosimus, clothed in unearthly light, joined the company of heavenly apostles. According to the worldview of Goderdzi Chokheli, the place of the chosen ones is only in heaven. This is how the author portrayed the face of «Khtisshvili» in the story. The mythical perspective, the confusion of the real and the unreal once again presents Goderdzi Chokheli as an outstanding writer and thinker of the twentieth century. A kind of anachronism, the transfer of the past into reality, which is the way of life of the Gudamakrs, skillfully turns into the legacy of the artistic text, thus immortalizing this event.

AI Supporting AAC Pictographic Symbol Adaptations.

The phenomenal increase in technological capabilities that allow the design and training of systems to cope with the complexities of natural language and visual representation in order to develop other formats is remarkable. It has made it possible to make use of image to image and text to image technologies to support those with disabilities in ways not previously explored. It has opened the world of adaptations from one picture to another in a design style of a user's choosing. Automated text simplification alongside graphical symbol representations to enhance understanding of complex content is already being used to support those with cognitive impairments and learning difficulties. Symbol sets have become embedded within applications as dictionaries and look up systems, but the need for flexibility and personalization remains a challenge. Most pictographic symbols are created over time within the bounds of a certain style and schema for particular groups such as those who use augmentative and alternative forms of communication (AAC). By using generative artificial intelligence, it is proposed that symbols could be produced based on the style of those already used by an individual or adapted to suit different requirements within local contexts, cultures and communities. This paper explores these ideas at the start of a small six-month pilot study to adapt a number of open licensed symbols based on the symbol set's original style. Once a collection has been automatically developed from image to image and text descriptions, potential stakeholders will evaluate the outcomes using an online voting system. Successful symbols will be made available and could potentially be added to the original symbol set offering a flexible personalized approach to AAC symbol generation hitherto not experienced by users.

PECULIARITIES OF THE REPRODUCTION OF IDIOMS IN MULTIPLE UKRAINIAN TRANSLATIONS

The purpose of scientific research is to investigate the appropriateness of using translation transformations for the adequate reproduction of idioms in multiple Ukrainian translations of the same literary work in order to compare and identify isomorphic and allomorphic features in the compared Ukrainian translations by M. Rudnytsky, D. Radienko and O. Andriyash. Since idioms present certain difficulties in reproducing their structure, semantics and functioning in a literary discourse, a number of Ukrainian translators used adequate translation techniques differently in order to preserve the original style of the novel under analysis. Despite numerous differences in Ukrainian translations, each of the translators tried to convey the peculiarities of the use of idioms for giving a Ukrainian reader a vivid description of literary characters, their actions, feelings, depicting events and phenomena by means of selecting accurate idiomatic expressions. The methodological basis of the study were methods of analysis and comparison which allowed us to select and find similarities and differences in depicting the author’s individual style, to compare systems of social stereotypes of that era and its reproduction in multiple Ukrainian translations. The novel ‘Wuthering Heights’ by the British writer Emily Brontë was chosen for analysis not by chance, because its translation was done by translators at different times from the moment of writing the original, so one of the research methods was to compare the selected translation strategies, techniques and methods used for revealing the meanings of idioms to a Ukrainian reader. The analysis show that Ukrainian translators in the process of translating idioms often resorted to the following basic translation strategies: paraphrasing, choosing the adequate Ukrainian analogues with similar meanings and forms, literal translation, the complete omission of idioms in the translation or revealing the idiomatic meanings in other ways. The analysis of the idioms selected from Emily Bronte's novel ‘Wuthering Heights’ showed that choosing an adequate translation strategy required the considerable knowledge of idioms, their structural and semantic peculiarities, linguistic erudition and translation skills. The study of idioms with a color component can serve as a prospect for further research.

SHUNIT: Style Harmonization for Unpaired Image-to-Image Translation

We propose a novel solution for unpaired image-to-image (I2I) translation. To translate complex images with a wide range of objects to a different domain, recent approaches often use the object annotations to perform per-class source-to-target style mapping. However, there remains a point for us to exploit in the I2I. An object in each class consists of multiple components, and all the sub-object components have different characteristics. For example, a car in CAR class consists of a car body, tires, windows and head and tail lamps, etc., and they should be handled separately for realistic I2I translation. The simplest solution to the problem will be to use more detailed annotations with sub-object component annotations than the simple object annotations, but it is not possible. The key idea of this paper is to bypass the sub-object component annotations by leveraging the original style of the input image because the original style will include the information about the characteristics of the sub-object components. Specifically, for each pixel, we use not only the per-class style gap between the source and target domains but also the pixel’s original style to determine the target style of a pixel. To this end, we present Style Harmonization for unpaired I2I translation (SHUNIT). Our SHUNIT generates a new style by harmonizing the target domain style retrieved from a class memory and an original source image style. Instead of direct source-to-target style mapping, we aim for source and target styles harmonization. We validate our method with extensive experiments and achieve state-of-the-art performance on the latest benchmark sets. The source code is available online: https://github.com/bluejangbaljang/SHUNIT.