Original Product Research Articles

Unlocking the advantages of differential pricing: A two‐period model integrating consumer identifiable information and advertising effort

To explore the potential benefits of differentiated pricing compared to uniform pricing within supply chain networks, we constructed a two‐period dynamic pricing model for products in this research. In our scenario, the manufacturer produces the original product during the initial period and introduces a new‐generation product in the subsequent period. Simultaneously, the retailer handles the original product during the initial period and transitions to selling the new‐generation product boosted by advertising efforts in the following period. Our analysis of the proposed models yielded three primary insights. First, the adoption of a differentiated pricing strategy may not universally favor supply chain participants. Second, the implementation of a differentiated pricing approach does not necessarily equate to higher wholesale and retail prices in each period. Finally, to optimize overall profits and attain mutually beneficial outcomes, it is imperative for supply chain stakeholder to share decision‐making information. Furthermore, we offer managerial recommendations based on these findings.

Aktivitas antioksidan, total polifenol, total flavonoid, dan sifat sensoris inovasi tempe kedelai dengan substitusi tepung daun kelor

One of our nation's original fermented products using soybean raw materials is Tempeh. Tempeh has been known as an inexpensive source of vegetable protein but tempeh also contains micronutrient compounds that play an important role in body health. To increase the content of micronutrient compounds such as polyphenols and flavonoids which are known as sources of antioxidants, in this study Moringa leaf flour was added in the process of making tempeh. The purpose of this study was to determine how much the content of polyphenols, flavonoids and antioxidants in tempeh might increase with the addition of Moringa leaf flour. One factor experimental design was used, with the percentage of Moringa leaf flour (0 %, 3 %, and 6 %) as treatment. The observed variables: antioxidant activity (%), total polyphenols (mg GAE/g extract) and total flavonoids (µg/g). The antioxidant test results of tempe substituted with Moringa leaf flour (3 %) and (6 %) were (85.156 % and 93.67 %) higher than without the addition of Moringa flour which was only (68.166 %). To test the total polyphenols in tempe substituted with Moringa leaves (3 %) and (6 %) were (29.24 and 49.52 mg GAE/g extract) or 2-3.5 times the total polyphenols in tempe without Moringa leaf flour which only of (14.15 mg GAE/g extract). While the total flavonoid yields were: a) soybean tempeh without innovation of moringa leaf flour 642.19 (µg/g), b) soybean tempeh with innovation of 3 % Moringa leaf flour was 798.70 (µg/g), and c) soybean tempe with 6 % Moringa leaf flour innovation is 904.97 (µg/g). In conclusion, the antioxidant activity, total polyphenols, and total flavonoids in the tempeh with the addition of moringa leaf flour increased above 100 %. In the descriptive organoleptic test, the panelists gave positive impressions for the parameters of cohesiveness, texture, taste, and aroma, except for the color of the tempeh

Uncertainties on the combined use of ICESat and ICESat-2 observations to monitor lake levels

Lake water level is an important variable to indicate lake hydrological balances and climate change impacts. Benefiting from the launch of the laser altimeters ICESat and ICESat-2, higher spatial-resolution elevation measurements have opened new possibilities for monitoring lake levels globally over the past two decades. However, uncertainties on the combined use of two-generation satellite laser measurements have not yet been investigated specifically. This study aimed to summarize the important technique notes on water level data processing by integrating the ICESat and ICESat-2 altimetry measurements. We mainly focused on the effect of geoid height, water masks for extracting altimetry footprints, and the 9-year data gap between the two generations of satellites on water level change estimates. We compared the influences of the above three factors in different situations by selecting typical lakes worldwide as study cases. The results showed that: (1) In the combination of ICESat and ICESat-2 products, geoid heights need to be recalculated for each footprint based on its longitude and latitude in order to replace the geoid values of the original products when calculating orthometric heights. It is necessary because the default geoids in both generations of products (ICESat and ICESat-2) exhibit a systematic deviation; (2) To balance the accuracy and efficiency, the small water mask in the low-level year is recommended to extract the potential footprints in comparison with the laborious processing of time-varying water masks; (3) The 9-year data gap between ICESat and ICESat-2 observations may cause inevitable overestimations or underestimations of the long-term change rate of lake levels with a non-linear trajectory, yet it has few effects on lakes with (near) linear trending or fluctuating changes.

Automated Aroma and Flavor Profiling of Honey Using High-Capacity Sorptive Extraction

Honey is prone to food fraud, where either a less desirable honey is misrepresented as a more desirable one, or honey substitutes are used to bulk the original product. This article demonstrates how high-capacity sorptive extraction can be used to extract aroma compounds spanning a wide volatility range from different honey samples. Automated statistical analysis was used to uncover subtle differences between the honey samples, to determine possible markers of authenticity and help to combat fraud.

Effects of Aftermarket Electronic Cigarette Pods on Device Power Output and Nicotine, Carbonyl, and ROS Emissions.

Aftermarket pods designed to operate with prevalent electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) products such as JUUL are marketed as low-cost alternatives that allow the use of banned flavored liquids. Subtle differences in the design or construction of aftermarket pods may intrinsically modify the performance of the ENDS device and the resulting nicotine and toxicant emissions relative to the original equipment manufacturer's product. In this study, we examined the electrical output of a JUUL battery and the aerosol emissions when four different brands of aftermarket pods filled with an analytical-grade mixture of propylene glycol, glycerol, and nicotine were attached to it and puffed by machine. The aerosol emissions examined included total particulate matter (TPM), nicotine, carbonyl compounds (CCs), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). We also compared the puff-resolved power and TPM outputs of JUUL and aftermarket pods. We found that all aftermarket pods drew significantly greater electrical power from the JUUL battery during puffing and had different electrical resistances and resistivity. In addition, unlike the case with the original pods, we found that with the aftermarket pods, the power provided by the battery did not vary greatly with flow rate or puff number, suggesting impairment of the temperature control circuitry of the JUUL device when used with the aftermarket pods. The greater power output with the aftermarket pods resulted in up to three times greater aerosol and nicotine output than the original product. ROS and CC emissions varied widely across brands. These results highlight that the use of aftermarket pods can greatly modify the performance and emissions of ENDS. Consumers and public health authorities should be made aware of the potential increase in the level of toxicant exposure when aftermarket pods are employed.

Using Real-World Remanufacturing and Recollection Data to Optimize Time-to-Treatment in Patients with out-of-Specification Ciltacabtagene Autoleucel

Ciltacabtagene autoleucel (cilta-cel) is a B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-directed genetically modified autologous chimeric antigen receptor-T cell (CAR-T) immunotherapy approved for the treatment of adults with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Manufacturing of cilta-cel can take approximately 4 weeks from receipt of apheresis material until release for cilta-cel infusion. Though manufacturing is a well-controlled biological production process, delays in release can occur when the final product does not meet predetermined release specifications. Such products are referred to as being out-of-specification(s) (OOS). In the United States, OOS CAR-T products may be released for use via an exceptional release process as part of an expanded access clinical trial (NCT05346835). Additional time is needed as the process requires the prescriber's request for release, an internal safety review to assess benefit/risk, and US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) notification and/or approval. Further delays to treatment may occur if a prescriber requests to remanufacture and potentially recollect new apheresis material, attempting to obtain an in-specification product. In some instances, this increased time has resulted in clinically significant disease progression. We reviewed and characterized the experience from discussions with prescribers regarding OOS cilta-cel over the past 18 months. Options presented to the prescriber included: (1) remanufacture using the original apheresis product, (2) recollection of new apheresis material, (3) exceptional release of the OOS cilta-cel, and (4) cancellation of the order. The outcomes for cases of remanufacturing or recollection were analyzed. To date, remanufacturing from the initial apheresis material has been requested in 37% of OOS cases. Of these cases, 60% of remanufacturing attempts resulted in the same or worse outcomes (ie, additional OOS outcomes or worse performance on the original OOS outcomes). Recollection of new apheresis material was requested in 15% of OOS cases, either because of insufficient remaining material or concern about the impact of therapy received prior to collection. Upon recollection, 65% of these attempts resulted in the same or worse outcomes. The reason cilta-cel was determined to be OOS varied. Of remanufacturing attempts for OOS due to a low proportion of CAR+ cells, none were successful in obtaining an in-specification product. Cases where OOS was due to low cell viability were unsuccessfully remanufactured or recollected 71% and 75% of the time, respectively, whereas OOS due to low dose was unsuccessfully remanufactured 95% of the time. On occasion, the second attempt at remanufactured OOS cilta-cel due to low dose has been combined with the OOS cilta-cel generated in the first manufacture to achieve a combined dose that meets or comes close to the specified dose range. Remanufacturing or recollection success rates were increased in cases where the root cause of the OOS was due to something inadvertent that occurred during the manufacturing process. Our findings on remanufacturing and recollection outcomes may inform physician decisions and help optimize time-to-treatment in patients receiving cilta-cel. Additional studies (eg, NCT05347485) are underway to evaluate the safety and efficacy of OOS cilta-cel.

Pembinaan Pemasaran dan Pengelolaan Keuangan pada UMKM Batik Ciwaringin Cirebon

Batik is an original and typical Indonesian product which has received international recognition as an Indonesian cultural heritage which has been designated by UNESCO. The batik industry has also made a significant contribution to the Indonesian economy, where the number of batik businesses in Indonesia has reached almost 3000 business units. Of this number, 98% is the batik industry managed by small entrepreneurs. After being hit hard by the Covid-19 pandemic, the batik industry is now starting to improve. The aim of this service is to provide guidance in the form of marketing management and financial management as well as assistance to batik MSMEs under the auspices of the Ciwaringin Batik Cooperative, so that their batik business management can be better. The coaching provided is in the form of marketing management, financial management and bookkeeping. Based on the results of training and mentoring, MSME participants have been able to carry out promotions independently or jointly with cooperatives, and there has been a slight increase in sales.

Reconstructed NDVI and EVI datasets in China (ReVIChina) generated by a spatial-interannual reconstruction method

ABSTRACTRemote sensing-based vegetation index (VI) data are significantly impacted by cloud contamination. Spatiotemporal reconstruction methods demonstrate higher accuracy than temporal reconstruction methods. However, the computing time and random access memory (RAM) consumption of these spatiotemporal reconstruction methods for large-scale reconstruction remains unclear. In this study, a method called spatial-interannual reconstruction (SIR) was proposed to reconstruct cloud-contaminated pixels in MODIS normalized difference VI (NDVI) and enhanced VI (EVI) data. SIR has four major advantages: (1) High accuracy. The average mean absolute error of SIR was 0.0338, which was 20.2% and 23.4% lower than that of two state-of-the-art spatiotemporal reconstruction methods (i.e. interpolation of the mean anomalies (IMA) and Gapfill). (2) High computing speed. The average computing time of SIR was 99.7% and 98.8% lower than IMA and Gapfill, respectively. (3) Low RAM consumption. (4) Simultaneous reconstruction of all invalid values. Reconstructed 250 m spatial resolution and 16-day composite NDVI and EVI datasets in China from 2000 to 2022 (written as ReVIChina) were developed based on the SIR method and MODIS MOD13Q1 data. Spatiotemporal analyses revealed that the reconstructed datasets were more reliable than the original product and a similar dataset.

Traditional Meat Products-A Mycotoxicological Review.

Traditional meat products are commonly produced in small family businesses. However, big industries are also involved in the production of this kind of product, especially since a growing number of consumers crave the traditional taste and aromas. The popularization of original and organic products has resulted in a return to traditional production methods. Traditional meat products are produced worldwide. However, in such (domesticated) conditions there is a potential danger for mycotoxin contamination. This review aims to present the sources of mycotoxins in traditional meat products, the most common mycotoxins related to such meat products, and future prospects regarding the suppression of their occurrence. Special attention should be paid to reducing the transfer of mycotoxins via the food chain from animal feed to animals to humans (stable-to-table principle), which is also described in this review. Other sources of mycotoxins (spices, environment, etc.) should also be monitored for mycotoxins in traditional production. The importance of monitoring and regulating mycotoxins in meat products, especially in traditional meat products, is slowly being recognized by the institutions and hopefully, in the future, can deliver legally regulated limits for such products. This is especially important since meat products are available to the general population and can seriously affect human health.

Corporate Marketing Strategies for Modern Short Video Platforms in the Perspective of 4I Theory -- Take Douyin (Chinese TikTok) as an Example

With the continuous development of the Internet, short video platforms have become an integral part of people's daily lives. In such an environment, the corporate marketing strategy of a short video platform determines whether it can stand out among its competitors. Douyin, which has grown from a late-comer in the short-video field to the head of the pack today, and is bound to have its own unique take on corporate marketing strategies. This paper will mainly use the literature review method to analyse the corporate marketing strategy of Douyin short video platform based on the 4I theory, namely Inter-esting, Interests, Interaction and Individually. In terms of Interesting, Douyin introduces original product features to attract users; in terms of Inter-ests, Douyin provides direct economic benefits and public welfare value to users; in terms of interaction, communication between Douyin officials and users, and between users and users are smooth and friendly; in terms of Individually, Douyin can accurately recommend videos that meet users' tastes and achieve effective advertising.

A Case Study on the Business Expansion Strategies of SHEIN in the US

SHEIN is a recent rapid growing apparel company that mainly aim to attract the young generation customers. This paper aim to analyze the factors that help SHEIN to become such an outstanding company. What is specific contribute to their success. In the past few years, the whole world suffered from the pandemic, this prevents people from purchasing products in the physical clothes shops. During this period, as an e-commerce company, SHEIN gained many customers by using multiple strategies. SHEIN also had encountered some obstacles, which include frequently being sued by designers that SHEIN is plagiarizing their pieces without authorization. Moreover, many environmentalists accused SHEIN of producing too much virgin polyester and left the waste undisposed. The reported of long working hours of workers and standardless outsourcing manufacturers led the consumers and media to concern about the working condition of workers and the quality of clothes. To solve these problems, this paper suggests that SHEIN could hire young designers to provide original products. Stricter rules on factories need to be set to make sure that the wastes are properly disposed. SHEIN could also limit outsourcing manufacturers. Under such condition, the working hours and the condition of the factories could be regulated easier.

Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of sunitinib and Sutent® in Chinese healthy subjects: an open-label, randomized, crossover study.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the pharmacokinetics (PK), bioequivalence and safety of generic sunitinib and its original product Sutent® in healthy Chinese subjects through a phase-I clinical trial. Methods: The study selected two groups of 24 healthy Chinese subjects in a 1:1 ratio through random allocation. Each participant received either 12.5mg of sunitinib or Sutent® per cycle. A total of 15 different time points were employed for blood sample collection during each cycle. Furthermore, a comprehensive assessment of the drugs' safety was consistently maintained throughout the trial. Results: The average adjusted geometric mean ratios (GMR) (90% CI) for the primary PK parameters Cmax, AUC0-t and AUC0-∞ were 97.04% (93.06%-101.19%), 98.45% (93.27%-103.91%) and 98.22% (93.15%-103.56%), respectively. The adjusted GMRs for essential pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters all met the requirements for bioequivalence, with values within the acceptable range of 80%-125%. In addition, the two drugs showed comparable results for the other PK parameters. These results indicate that the two drugs were bioequivalent. Furthermore, both drugs showed well safety. Conclusion: The research results proved that the PK and safety profiles of sunitinib in healthy Chinese subjects were comparable to those of Sutent®. These results advocate the clinical application of generic sunitinib as a potential alternative to original product Sutent® in the treatment of certain medical conditions.

Analysis of Kazakhstan Crude Oil Biomarkers by Gas Chromatography in Combination with Mass Spectrometry

Kazakhstan ranks as the 12th largest oil producer globally and boasts a diverse range of crude oils. This research introduces a method for distinguishing between the different types of crude oils based on biomarker analysis of 28 crude oils from Western and Southern Kazakhstan using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Biomarkers serve as valuable tools, especially in forensic investigations of oil spills. These biomarkers effectively retain a significant portion of the original natural product’s carbon structure, providing crucial evidence regarding the origin and identity of the oils under examination. This study identifies a set of biomarkers, including pristine, phytane, n-C17 and n-C18 alkanes, hopanes, bisnorhopanes, iso-copalanes, pregnane, androstane, allopregnane, homopregnane, cholestane, and stigmastane. By examining ratios such as pristane/phytane, pristane/n-C17 alkane, tricyclic/pentacyclic terpanes, and hopane, as well as the distribution of steranes, it was deduced that crude oils from West Kazakhstan exhibited resilience to biodegradation. These findings showed that gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is an effective method for oil biomarkers determination, especially because it provides efficient separation and identification. Additionally, this study delved into the origin conditions and maturity of these oils, contributing to a deeper understanding of their characteristics and analysis that is simple to use and available worldwide.

Automated Process Planning System for Machining Injection Molding Dies Using CAD Models of Product Shapes in STL Format

In this study, we developed a method for automatically generating computer-aided design (CAD) models of injection molding dies. The method only required 3D CAD models of products in the Standard Triangulated Language (STL) format as the input information. We also developed a system for automatically generating numerical control (NC) programs by automating the system process planning necessary for machining the injection molding dies. The method generated CAD models of the injection molding dies by dividing the STL files of the products into triangular meshes on a specified split plane. For injection molding dies with several free curved surfaces, we acquired the tool positions of a ball end mill (as approximated by a spherical shape) and flat drill (as approximated by a cylindrical shape) from the geometrical relationships of the triangles constituting the CAD model. We generated a CAD model of an injection molding die using the proposed method with respect to the CAD model of a product shape to verify the validity of the developed system. Then, we machined the product based on the NC programs and tool position. In addition, we injection molded a product with a machined die to mold it into its original product shape.

Information Technology Capabilities and Innovation Capacities Increasing with Competitive Advantage

This study aims to examine the effect of information technology capability and innovation capability on culinary UMKM competitive advantage with strategy as an intervening variable. This research was conducted in the city of Semarang. The sampling technique used purposive sampling method. The research data is primary data collected by distributing questionnaires to UMKM owners in the culinary field in Semarang City with a sample of 96 respondents. Hypothesis testing is done using the Path Analysis method. Based on statistical tests, the results show that information technology capability has a significant effect on strategy, innovation capability has a significant effect on strategy, information technology capability has a significant effect on competitive advantage. Innovation capability has a significant effect on competitive advantage, and Strategy has a significant effect on competitive advantage. Micro, small and medium businesses in the culinary field It is suggested to be able to continue to increase the use of information technology in order support business activities and improve the ability to create innovation in product without losing the original product.

Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction (dPCR) Versus Flow Cytometry (FC), a Validation Study for CAR-T Cell Product Optimal Detection

CONCLUSIONS Adoptive immunotherapy with Chimeric Antigen Receptor - T cells (CAR-T), has revolutionized hematological treatment mainly in relapsed/refractory (r/r) B-cell malignancies. CAR-T cells constitute challenging living drugs with heterogeneous in vivo cellular kinetics and adverse side effects that emphasizes the importance of its accurate detection and monitoring. Diagnostic assays are required for precise CAR-T quantification. Digital PCR (dPCR) is characterized by a high specificity, sensitivity and reproducibility, therefore we developed a study to implement this technique for CAR-T detection and compare its efficacy against Flow Cytometry (FC). Duplex dPCR assays were performed to concomitantly amplify CAR and RPP30 (reference gene) sequences using ddPCR Expert Design Assay: CD-19 CAR-T Assay (Bio-Rad, California, USA) with QIAcuity Digital PCR System and data analysis with QIAcuitySoftware Suite (QIAGEN, Germany). To assess sensitivity, a Axicabtagene Ciloleucel (Axi-Cel ®) original product obtained from leftovers's infusion bag patient was employed to perform dPCRs on serial dilutions using genomic DNA(gDNA) from a wild type (WT) patient. Specificity was ensured using WT and no template controls (NTC). Two independent dPCR assays with replicates for each sample were conducted to assess reproducibility. For FC comparative study, CAR-T cells percentage (%CAR-T) was determined by both techniques at variable post-infusion intervals (n=210) in different sample types, peripheral blood (n=205) and cerebrospinal fluid (n=5). Anti-FMC63 scFv Antibody, Mouse IgG1 (Acro biosystems) was employed, using FACSCanto II®, Becton-Dickinson Biosciences with FACSDiva software ® (V8.0; BD) and InfinicytTM software (Cytognos SL, Salamanca, Spain), for data analysis. Correlation coefficients were determined using two-tailed Pearson statistics with a confidence interval of 95%. Statistical analyses were made with SPSS Software (IBM, Germany). The dPCR data collected of 2 independent dPCR assays revealed a good split between the negative and positive partitions for the targets evaluated, showing a progressive decrease of the %CAR-T detected (63,88% - 4,12% - 0,77% - 0,08% - 0,01% - 0,00%). This reduction is correlated with the dilution factor applied to the series with an initial concentration of 50ng/µL both for CAR-T original product and WT gDNA. WT and NTC samples were negative with a SD=0; %CV=0, intra and inter-assays, evidencing thus the specificity of the technique. Positivity of the last (1 pg/µL) samples revealed a maximum sensitivity of 0.009 %CAR-T, threshold below which false positive results would be considered. WT gDNA did not influence the assay's sensitivity. 3 replicates of each sample and 2 independent dPCR assay were performed to study potential variations, exhibiting an excellent intra and inter-assay reproducibility with a minimal SD across dilutions ( Table.1.) Comparative study with FC revealed a light correlation between techniques with a Pearsons's correlation coefficient (R=0,553) ( p<0,001). Differences among both were enhanced for Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) evaluation from 60 days post-infusion monitoring (R=0,58) ( p=0,066) in which CAR-T cells can be detected applying dPCR up to 2 years and 9 months post-infusion, whereas being undetectable by FC. Complex CAR-T in vivo kinetics enhances the need for optimal diagnostic and monitoring techniques. dPCR is an ideal tool for precise CAR-T therapy evaluation with a higher grade of specificity, sensitivity and reproducibility than FC, mainly for MRD assessment. dPCR implementation and the establishment of standardized protocols across centers is required to improve CAR-T biology knowledge with a direct benefit on patient care.

PERCEPTIONS OF PRESERVICE PRESCHOOL TEACHERS ON CONCEPT OF CREATIVITY

The aim of this study is to determine perceptions of preservice preschool teachers on concept of creativity. Sixty preservice preschool teachers were included in the study conducted with the qualitative research design. In the first stage of the data collection process, the preservice preschool teachers were asked to define creativity. In the second stage, they were asked to explain the concept of creativity by drawing a picture. They were allowed to write explanations on their pictures about what they had drawn. The data of the study included definitions and pictures made by the preservice preschool teachers. Content analysis method was employed to analyse the data. The findings of the study indicated that preservice preschool teachers emphasised that an individual should have some personality traits to exhibit creativity, they reflected this on the pictures they drew, they highlighted that a person’s creative ideas during the creativity process should be at most original, they also reflected the creativity process on their pictures they drew, they declared that a creative product should have an original and functional/useful quality, they reflected creativity as the ability to produce a functional (useful) and original product on the pictures they drew for the creative product, and they stated that the environmental features supporting the formation of creativity should be free and natural without any limitation, restriction and direction.

Analisis Pendapatan dan Nilai Tambah Kelor (Moringa oleifera) pada Agroindustri CV. Atlantic Kabupaten Aceh Utara

The purpose of this study was to analyze the income and added value generated from moringa processing at CV Atlantic located in Tanjung Ara Village, Tanah Jambo Aye District, North Aceh Regency. This type of research is a case study using quantitative data. To analyze income and added value, the Hayami method was used. The data used in this study were collected through in-depth interviews with moringa processing business owners, based on a questionnaire guide. The results showed that moringa processing at CV Atlantic provides benefits for the company because the income is greater than the production costs. Revenue per month from original moringa tea products amounted to Rp.9,456,875, red ginger moringa tea amounted to Rp.21,624,875, and moringa coffee beans amounted to Rp.17,872,050. In addition, the added value of moringa processing was also calculated, with the added value of original moringa tea amounting to Rp.18,761.00, red ginger moringa tea amounting to Rp.54,916.00, and moringa coffee beans amounting to Rp.327,867.00. The added value generated from moringa processing is greater than zero (NT>0), so it can be concluded that moringa processing provides added value.

Study of the elemental composition of a series of virland fruits Viburnum Opulus L.

Viburnum fruits are a well-known and popular means of folk and scientific medicine. It is used as a vitamin, immunostimulating, diuretic, hypotensive agent. There is information about the use of viburnum fruit processing products in the food industry. Today, there is no drug based on this raw material in our country. A systematic study of the composition of the mineral compounds of viburnum fruits from different harvesting locations in Ukraine was not conducted. This is especially relevant because the significant content of organic acids to a certain extent determines the presence of a number of cations.
 The purpose of the work is to determine the elemental composition of the series of common domestic medicinal plant raw materials – Viburnum fruits, harvested in Ukraine.
 In the results of the research conducted by the method of atomic absorption spectrography with photographic registration of the results, it was found that in total at least 19 macro-, micro- and ultra-microelements were found in the raw materials. The content of total ash in series of viburnum fruits was determined. It ranged from 0.120 ± 0.005% (series 1) to 0.326 ± 0.010% (series 6). The following regularity is observed for the accumulation of macroelements in raw materials: for all studied series of raw materials, potassium and calcium dominated in terms of content (K > Ca). Significant data variability is observed for the remaining macronutrients. So, for the fruits of series 1 and 5, the following variant is defined – P > Mg > Na > Si, series 2 – Mg > Na > P, Si, series 3 – Mg > Na, P > Si, series 4 – Mg > P > Si > Na, series 6 – Na > Mg > P > Si.
 The results of the study show that the potassium content ranges from 986.28 ± 9.27 mg/100 g (series 5) to one and a half times higher – 1451.38 ± 15.34 mg/100 g (series 5). In addition to potassium, the studied series contain large amounts of calcium – its content fluctuates more than twice, in the range: 302.29 ± 3.20 mg/100 g (series 2) – 661.30 ± 3.14 mg/100 g ( series 4). In addition to potassium and calcium, a fairly high content of magnesium was found – its content ranges from 79.22 ± 0.96 mg/100 g (series 5) to 107.95 ± 1.27 mg/100 g (series 6).
 The highest content of phosphorus was determined in viburnum fruits of ordinary series 1 – 125.56 ± 1.59 mg/100 g, in the rest of the raw materials this indicator is 1.3–8 times lower, the lowest in fruits of series 2 – 15.80 ± 0,30 mg/100 g. The highest sodium content was determined in the raw materials of series 6 – 144.81 ± 1.84 mg/100 g. At that time, Viburnum fruits of series 2 contained almost five times less of this element (30.92 ± 0.61 mg/100 g). The fruits of series 6 are the leader in the accumulation of silicon compared to the rest of the studied series (where the content of this element can be five times lower) and contain 74.01 ± 0.87 mg/100 g of this compound.
 A significant content of potassium (at least 980 mg/100 g), calcium (at least 300 mg/100 g), and magnesium (at least 75 mg/100 g), which play an important role in the functioning of the human body, confirms the perspective of taking into account the elemental of the pharmaceutical composition in the creation of original medicinal products.

Improving daily precipitation estimations in a high mountainous watershed by developing a new downscaling method with spatially varying coefficients

Accurate estimates of spatial patterns of daily precipitation are critically important for numerous hydrologic applications. However, the estimation of daily precipitation is still challenging, especially in regions with sparse observation networks and complex terrain. Although satellite precipitation products can offer continuous precipitation fields on a daily scale, the data contain large bias and coarse spatial resolution, which limit the application of these products in local studies. Here, we developed a new spatially varying coefficient downscaling approach to yield a daily precipitation field with high-resolution and high-accuracy in a high mountainous watershed. First, the random effect eigenvector spatial filtering (RESF) model was introduced and improved by considering the nonlinear term; second, the residuals were corrected by applying the simple inverse distance weighted (IDW) method. Using the proposed method, named RESF-IDW, the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) was downscaled from 0.1° to 0.01° by integrating reanalyzed atmospheric data and environmental variables as auxiliary information. The performance of RESF-IDW was evaluated and compared with the geographically weighted regression (GWR) method and the original GSMaP precipitation products at 20 national and automatic stations by using leave-one-out cross validation. The results show that compared to the original GSMaP products, RESF-IDW, RESF, GWR-IDW, and GWR exhibited improvements in their mean values of correlation coefficient (CC) by 24.5%, 17.9%, 12.0%, and 3.2%, respectively. Additionally, their mean values of mean absolute error (MAE) improved by 31.2%, 14.9%, 18.7%, and 2.4%, respectively, while their mean values of root mean square error (RMSE) improved by 24.1%, 18.5%, 9.6%, and 3.8%, respectively. The RESF-IDW model can be used to correctly improve the original GSMaP product under different precipitation intensities, with critical success index (CSI) improvements of 38.81%, 43.14% and 44.58% for low, medium and high precipitation intensities, respectively. The use of residual correction enhances the spatial accuracy (MAE decreases by 19.43% on average) and the precipitation detection capability (CSI increases by 12.09% on average) of the RESF estimations. Based on the error metrics, the RESF-IDW model can be used to generate improved precipitation estimates on a daily scale and has a good capability for precipitation detection over different intensities. The proposed method in this study provides a promising way to generate accurate daily precipitation fields with high spatial resolution over data sparse and high mountain regions.