Original Language Research Articles

TRANS-NATIONALISM AND CIVILISATIONAL IDENTITY: RUMI ON LAND, LANGUAGE AND LOVE

In the twenty-first century, the eight-hundred-year-old teachings of a Muslim mystic-poet from West-Asia continues to inspire masses with the universal messages of liberty, love, and fraternity. Many of us can still read and enjoy Rumi’s appealing poems in the original Persian language without difficulty – a very rare accident in the arena of world literature! The transcendental meaning of ‘civilizational identity’ has an evident presence in Rumi’s poems, and his teachings are still relevant. This essay aims at presenting Rumi’s borderless mentality and inclusive approach, which is, in many instances, in contrast with the modern tendencies of fragmentation and exclusivism. The discussions begin with a short ‘Introduction’, followed by four main headings. ‘Civilisation, Imitation of Creation,’ provides a brief overview of the transformation of the meaning of ‘civilisation’ from the classical period to the modern times. It also emphasises on the less visible yet essential role of art and literature in the formation of civilisational identity. ‘Rise of Nationalism as Independent Identity’ touches upon the establishment of nation-states, followed by an elaboration of the positive and negative aspects of ‘Nationalism’ as a recent development in human history. ‘Trans-National Identity of Liberated Souls’ offers a bird’s-eye-view of Rumi’s life across various lands. It introduces Persianate culture as medium of connection of many nations, and showcases Rumi, through his writings, as a borderless, nationless, profound, inclusive, translucent, and love-oriented intellectual. ‘Language: Facilitator or Barrier’ focuses on the idea of communication at two levels: speechless communication and communication via tongue, referring to the esoteric and exoteric aspects of expression. Under this heading we shall also see how a shared language of a few countries – that has been a uniting factor in the history – can become a dividing factor when different ‘name-stickers’ are adopted to accomplish political agendas under the banner of nationalism. And finally, under ‘Conclusion,’ a concise summary of the paper is provided. The essay is complemented by relevant couplets by Rumi and two contemporary poets from Iran and Afghanistan. Fresh English translations of the couplets are provided.

Humor and allusions on screen

Contemporary texts often require a reader or viewer with vast background knowledge. One of the reasons behind this is intertextuality: every text is reliant, to a certain extent, on previous written, filmed, or painted artifacts. Conveying intertextuality by means of another language implies that a translator recognizes allusions and their function, analyses their recognizability in the target culture, and offers a solution that maintains their pragmatic effect. In the case of a multimodal product like an animated cartoon, the translator is also tasked with bringing the verbal channel to conformity with the non-verbal one. This article focuses on translation strategies of allusions to examine whether the distance between the original and target language plays a crucial role in conveying allusive humour. The research corpus is complete Season 5 of The Simpsons animated sitcom and its three translations: German, Ukrainian, and Russian. Selected scenes are discussed in light of the General Theory of Verbal Humour (Attardo, et al. 2002) and strategies for translating allusions (Leppihalme, 1992). The findings suggest that the distance between languages is not a key factor when searching for effective translation solutions, and that it is a translator’s competence that plays a major role in humour translation.

Банахово пространство и русско-украинско-польские связи (на примере моей биографии)

The article is one of the last reflections of the outstanding mathematician, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Viktor Nikolaevich Maslov, who passed away in August 2023. In it, in a free manner, the motives of personal biography are combined and easily turn into wise judgments about acute social conflicts of our time, it is shown that the real history of people and events found compromises and mutual understanding between seemingly irreconcilable ideas and positions. The Polish roots of his biography in his worldview are surprisingly linked to the proximity of the mathematical ideas of the Banach space of the great Polish mathematician Stefan Banach with the indexes of his name, with the friendship and cooperation of Polish and Russian scientists. Social-democratic family traditions on the maternal and paternal lines are perfectly combined with patriotic service to the state and are imprinted with vivid examples. He contrasts one – sided ideas about Ukrainian nationalism with the experience of such a politician as Makhno, who was merciless even to the slightest manifestations of anti-Semitism, but most importantly, this is opposed by the unity of the origin of languages and the interweaving of cultural ties. The author expresses his belief in the international potential of socialist ideas, which is poorly used in solving modern social conflicts, in particular, in Ukraine, which he, as a person with Cossack roots, experiences with particular acuteness.

Языковой сдвиг и этническое самосознание: детерминация, интердепенденция или констелляция?

The article discusses some aspects of the relationship between the ethnic identity of the collective and the preservation of the native language. This question is one of the most controversial problems, far beyond the scope of the science of language, and it is often not linguists who speak most fervently and categorically about it. An unambiguous solution is hardly possible here. When analyzing aspects related to it, it is necessary to distinguish whether we are talking about a language collective living in a foreign-language environment (diaspora in the broad sense of the word), but having its historical homeland, where this idiom is the main means of communication, or about the indigenous population of the territory that is part of a larger state entity that has no another “national hearth”. In the first case, the gradual “extinction” of the original language does not lead to the loss of it among the people as a whole; in the second, this process will most likely be perceived precisely as the desire of the dominant ethnic group to assimilate the corresponding people. Even after factual linguistic shift, if the sense of ethnic identity remains, the latter often begins to find linguistic expression. On the other hand, the struggle of the authorities against ethnic separatism often extended to the language, the displacement of which from any socially significant spheres, and preferably from everyday communication, was sometimes conducted by rather harsh means. Thus, of the three functions indicated in the title of the article, the leading trend is usually interdependence, although others may prevail in certain periods of history.

Gary M. Kelly: The Human Condition in Rousseau's “Essay on the Origin of Languages.” (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen, 2021. Pp. xviii, 242.)

Gary M. Kelly: The Human Condition in Rousseau's “Essay on the Origin of Languages.” (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen, 2021. Pp. xviii, 242.)

Reflections of the Ottoman Period of Westernization in Religious Architecture: Facade Arrangement of the Balyan Mosques

The conceptualization of Western architecture became a prominent force in Ottoman architecture with the advent of the period of westernization that started at the beginning of the eighteenth century during the Tulip Era (1718-1730). The most important cultural dynamic that changed the course of Ottoman architecture was the imported architectural styles that originated in Europe. Welcoming the western influence became a state policy that persevered throughout the nineteenth century. In this century, the western-based architectural perspective of the Armenian-Ottoman Balyan Family came to the forefront. The Balyan Family of architects created an original architectural language by blending the elements of western and traditional architecture, justifiably imprinting their stamp on the Ottoman architecture of the nineteenth century. While predominantly producing civil and official buildings, the Balyan Family's mosques also stood out in this period with their new design features. This article seeks to present and analyze the arrangements and elements of the facades of eight mosques built by the Balyan Family in the 19th century, namely the Büyük Mecidiye Mosque, Küçük Mecidiye Mosque, Dolmabahçe Mosque, Nusretiye Mosque, Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque, Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque, Teşvikiye Mosque, and Sadabad Mosque.

Untangled: A Complete Dynamic Topological Logic

Dynamical systems are general models of change or movement over time with a broad area of applicability to many branches of science, including computer science and AI. Dynamic topological logic (DTL) is a formal framework for symbolic reasoning about dynamical systems. DTL can express various liveness and reachability conditions on such systems, but has the drawback that the only known axiomatisation requires an extended language. In this paper, we consider dynamic topological logic restricted to the class of scattered spaces. Scattered spaces appear in the context of computational logic as they provide semantics for provability and enjoy definable fixed points. We exhibit the first sound and complete dynamic topological logic in the original language of DTL. In particular, we show that the version of DTL based on the class of scattered spaces is finitely axiomatisable, and that the natural axiomatisation is sound and complete.

Clinicians' views on cognitive assessment with Aboriginal Australians.

A shortage of standardised cognitive assessment tools for use with Aboriginal Australians is evident. Clinicians also miss the range of guidelines necessary to inform test selection and interpretation for all Aboriginal clients. This mixed methods study examines clinicians' confidence, views and current practices when conducting cognitive assessments with Aboriginal Australian clients. Clinicians were asked about factors that influence their likelihood of using standardised testing in Aboriginal vs non-Indigenous Australian people. Twenty-one health professionals with experience conducting cognitive assessments with Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australians participated. Clinicians were presented with a series of different scenarios per the client's level of education and language of origin via an online survey. Clinicians rated their likelihood and confidence using standardised cognitive assessment for each scenario. Open-ended questions captured clinicians' views and information about their current clinical practices. Clients' age, education and language of origin influence the likelihood of clinicians' use of standardised cognitive assessment measures with Aboriginal people. Overall, clinicians reported feeling only slightly more confident working with non-Indigenous clients than Aboriginal clients. Qualitative data indicate a lack of consistency regarding test selection. Clinicians expressed concerns about the validity of available cognitive assessment tools for use with Aboriginal Australians and the absence of evidence to assist decision-making. Cited barriers included language, educational attainment and cultural factors.

RÉSUMÉ AUTOMATIQUE DE TEXTES: PROBLÈMES ET PERSPECTIVES

The present paper focusses on the automatic text summarization (AS), the analysis of linguistic problems related to it and the ways to overcome them, as well as on the perspectives of using some natural language processing computer programs. The author carries out a comparative analysis of two AS programs, MSWord2003 and Pertinence Summarizer, for literary, journalistic and scientific texts. The chosen methodology of comparative analysis allows not only to single out the peculiarities and limitations of each program, but also to make some general conclusions about the problems existing in the process of automatic summarization. The analysis of source texts and results of AS presented in the paper is focused on the correlation between the text genre and the process/result of AS. The analysis does not take into account such factors influencing the quality of summary as the length of the original text, the original language, the subject, etc. The primary hypothesis of the study was the assertion that the quality of automatic summarization of a text directly depends on the genre of this text. The obtained results made it possible to confirm this hypothesis and highlight the interdependence between the level of formalism in the text, which can be explained by its genre, and the pertinence of the summary. The conducted research showed that both AS programs are based, first of all, on morphological and, to a lesser extent, on morpho-syntaxic analysis of the source text. Furthermore, the issue of processing the implicit information available in the text, at the semantic and pragmatic level in particular, still seems unresolved. One of the possible ways to overcome this problem is the dynamic summarization of the text, which necessitates broader participation and involvement of the program user in the process of automatic summarization.

ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ПЕРЕКЛАДУ НАУКОВО-ТЕХНІЧНИХ ТЕКСТІВ

The article outlines the main theoretical differences when translating the scientific and technical texts. Differences during the translation of texts of this type are summarized. Various styles of language functioning are presented and structural features of the scientific and technical style are revealed. The authors' attention is focused on the importance of using the scientific and technical style. Scientific and technical style refers to the book type of language, which serves both written and oral speech. The bases of the language functioning of scientific and technical texts are standardization, syntactic completeness of the statement, the presence of analytical constructions, the frequent use of clichéd structures, (mainly the nominal nature of the morphological components of the sentence), an extensive system of connecting elements, etc. Not only does translation of technical documents require essential knowledge on translation but it also takes into account the national nature of the instruction texts in the original language. The translator is bound to develop a certain style, while adapting the instruction to the standards of the recipient and trying to remain unique in the industrial market. This aspect is especially relevant when translating the instructions from English to Ukrainian. An important focus is made on certain quality rules of scientific and technical texts translation. There are three types of stylistic errors that deprive the text clarity: incorrect logical emphasis in a sentence, amorphousness of sentences, formation of poor connections between words. By overcoming these shortcomings, the translator is likely to achieve clarity in translation.

Genç Yetişkinlerde Ruh Sağlığı Okuryazarlığının Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması (MHLq)

Objective: This study was conducted on the Turkish validity and reliability study of the Mental Health Literacy Scale (MHLq) in young adults. 
 Methods: This methodological investigation was carried out throughout the 2018–2019 academic year at a public university. The MHL, created by Dias et al. in 2018, and a sociodemographic data form were used to gather the data. 350 students between the ages of 18 and 25 participated in the study. 
 Results: The scale was translated from the original language into Turkish, professional opinion was sought, and to translate it into Turkish, a pilot study was conducted. The content validity index, confirmatory factor analysis, item analyses, reliability, Cronbach's alpha analysis, and test-retest scores were used to test the scale validity as well as its construct validity, internal consistency, and time invariance. The scale is four-dimensional, as was found. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the scale's item loads varied between 0.40 and 0.73 while its content validity was 0.98. Its 0.91 Cronbach's alpha value was discovered. The participants' average mental health literacy scores were 84.45±7.80. 
 Conclusions: The analyses made showed that the MHLq could be safely used as a measurement tool for young adults’ mental health literacy.

ПАРЕМІОЛОГІЙНІ ОДИНИЦІ В СУЧАСНОМУ ГАЗЕТНОМУ ДИСКУРСІ УКРАЇНИ ВОЄННОГО ПЕРІОДУ: ПРАГМАТИЧНИЙ ЕФЕКТ

There is no doubt about the relevance of the study of language units of paremia in the Ukrainian-language newspaper discourse, because this topic is little studied in the scientific works of linguists. In our study, we interpret newspaper discourse as a complex mental and sociocultural phenomenon, pragmatic in its expressive representations, complex in content and construction structure due to the need to reflect information about the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine. The modern newspaper text of the war period is a vivid representative of the use of paremiological units, which testify to an extremely expressive atmosphere in the information space and explain the national potentials and originality of the native language. A significant feature of the activation of paremia in journalism is that the modern newspaper text becomes more readable, harmonious, ethnically marked, attractive, with bright expressive semantic and stylistic shades of appreciation, relies on the popular phraseological trends of Ukrainians to express reality. In our study, paremias are understood as linguistic units with a pragmatic effect, which form a functionally productive source of expressions for uncontrollable emotions, excitement and upheavals, most fully reflect the tragedy of modern realities of war, express a positive or negative social/authorial assessment of the depicted events. Paremiological units are powerful repeaters of national culture, they contain the genetic code of the people, ethnic group, nation, so journalists use paremiological material as an effective way of rhetorical argumentation, an authoritative source of folk wisdom, to finally convince the audience, emotionally impress them, make them believe and trust the author. We have proven that the array of paremias in newspaper texts ensures the success of the communicative act, because it contributes to the process of mental encoding and decoding of information, the levelling of communication barriers, the popularization of Ukrainian culture, and the expression of intellectual thought. The newspaper discourse of the war period appears as a vivid representative of the mentality and a powerful source of broadcasting the national code of the Ukrainian ethnos.

Identifying psychosocial problems, needs, and coping mechanisms of adolescent Syrian refugees in Jordan.

Refugees who have fled war zones are at a heightened risk of psychosocial problems that can impact their ability to function in day-to-day life and place a significant burden on the family structure. This study aimed to assess the psychosocial problems and needs and coping mechanisms of Adolescent Syrian refugees in Jordan. Between October and December 2018, we conducted a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with a sample of key and individual informants. Our sample included 20 primary healthcare professionals, 20 schoolteachers, 20 Syrian parents, and 20 adolescents aged 12-17 years. All interviews were transcribed verbatim, and we utilized thematic analysis to group, categorize, and analyze the original Arabic language transcripts. To ensure thorough analysis, we adopted a bottom-up inductive approach that covered the six-phase iterative process proposed by Braun and Clarke. The main psychosocial problems encountered by Syrian adolescents included stress, depression, loneliness, lack of a sense of security, isolation, aggressiveness, fear of war, and family disintegration. Almost all schoolteachers reported that they observed that Jordanian adolescents are more settled, self-confident, and financially stable relative to their Syrian peers. The Jordanian government and community were praised for their support, including education, recreational centers, health services, and awareness campaigns. Going to school, praying and reading the Holy Quran, listening to music, and talking to friends and engaging with them were reported as the main coping mechanisms. The majority of respondents said that more services are still needed for adolescents, including more places for entertainment, psychosocial support and psychological counseling, medical care, job creation, and providing health insurance. Syrian refugees are aware of the psychological aspects of their situation, but they are not always able to access clinic-based humanitarian assistance for mental health and psychosocial support. Stakeholders must interact with refugees to learn about their needs and develop services that are appropriate for their culture.

Evolution of human language: duetting as part of prosociality and cognition

The evolution of human language is a topic that has received undiminished attention. Numerous hypotheses for the origin of human language have been proposed, including gestural communication found specifically among apes. This study advances the hypothesis that human evolution, including human language development, is three-pronged: prosocial, cognitive, and collaborative. Duetting and turn-taking in primates are used as pivotal examples of how bonding leads to joint action and collaboration. It points out that such vocal behavior itself may be a crucial precursor of language evolution in the sense that it is explicitly focused on a conspecific. Some current hypotheses have acknowledged duetting as an important perceptual and behavioral example of synchronicity. Some forms of synchronized behavior, as found in duetting, synchronized dance, or even shared song, were perhaps crucial evolutionary steps preceding the evolution of human language. Duetting signifies more than that, however, because it is an observable and significant cognitive investment that signals attention toward a partner. This study also advances the hypothesis that affect and cognition would have needed to precede any form of duetting or signs of affiliation such as grooming. Hence, this study, asking what duetting in primates signifies in evolutionary terms, takes a multidisciplinary and multimodal approach to suggest important affective and cognitive steps in the evolution of human language and speech, the chief of which is prosociality. Prosociality, as an attitude and awareness of another, be this as a friend or partner for whom one can do favors or whom one can help, is a model for collaboration and cooperation, and also increased cognition.

Exploring physical activity experiences, barriers, and facilitators among individuals of South Asian heritage living with and beyond cancer

ABSTRACT Objectives: The purpose of this study was to understand the physical activity (PA) experiences, as well as preferences, barriers, and facilitators to exercise, among individuals of South Asian heritage diagnosed with cancer. Design: A qualitative descriptive design was used. Individuals of South Asian heritage were recruited via a mix of convenience sampling and purposive sampling, with outreach via radio, posters in community settings, and from outreach to participants in current exercise oncology studies. Inclusion criteria included being over the age of 18; diagnosed with any cancer type and stage; pre, during, or post-treatment; able to speak English, Hindi, or Punjabi; and self-identified as South Asian. Data for this study was collected via semi-structured interviews conducted in the participants language of choice. Interviews were transcribed verbatim in the original language and then analyzed using conventional content analysis. For non-English interviews, the codes created through analysis were subsequently translated into English, and back-translated into the original language, to ensure accuracy. These codes were then organized into themes and categories. Results: Eight participants were recruited, with 5 interviews conducted in Punjabi and 3 interviews in English. The three themes that were created from the participant interviews include: (1) Culture, (2) Informational Needs, and (3) The Nature of Exercise Oncology Interventions. Within these themes, categories included barriers and facilitators to PA, as well as PA needs. Conclusion: Participants’ perspectives provided insights into the PA experiences, barriers, facilitators, and needs of people of South Asian heritage living with and beyond cancer. These results can be used to inform the tailoring of exercise oncology resources to better support physical activity and exercise for this population.

ISLAM IN THE MALAY HISTORY AND CULTURE: ITS IMPACTS ON THE MALAY CULTURE, LANGUAGE & LITERATURE

The origin of Malay language, culture and literature often being debated due to different reasons and interests. Some argued there are similarities between the Malay’s practices, words and literature influences to the Hindus as well as Buddhists while some strongly refuted, saying that all aspect are solely influenced by Islamic traits. This research was carried out to prove that Islamization serves as the key factor in the Malay society’s transformation particularly in terms of language, literature and culture. It is in accordance with a Western Philosopher’s ideology, "a revolution from within" which stated that the Malay’s strength was not attributed to its race, culture and literature, but it is because of Islam. The research methodology used encompasses the literature review and analysis of information obtained from previous studies. The data findings revealed that there were indeed Hinduism and Buddhism in the Malay Peninsula particularly and the Malay Archipelago however the arrival of Islam has resulted in numerous changes in the traditional Malay society. The religion introduced a new system of law and values, thus resulting in a significant transformation in the Malay worldview. Perhaps the most noticeable change it caused was the emergence and development of the Malay language and literature. Islam's arrival has also led to other cultural shifts in the Malay Archipelago from various aspects, for instance the learning development that was mostly driven by the introduction of the religion's holy scripture known as Quran which was written in the Arabic language. Following Islamization, the Malay society learned recitation of the Quran to enable them to perform prayers and other religious rituals. Conversion to Islam involving all Malays in the Malay peninsula occurred without disrupting the harmony among the societies. In the political aspect, Islamization has brought about a new system of law and government.

Adding fuel to the flames in preeclampsia: the platelet connection

Preeclampsia (PE) is a potentially devastating and surprisingly common disease of pregnancy that, if left unmanaged, can result in maternal or fetal/neonatal mortality. Indeed, PE is the leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality and complicates between 2% and 8% of pregnancies globally [ [1] Al-Jameil N. Aziz Khan F. Fareed Khan M. Tabassum H. A brief overview of preeclampsia. J Clin Med Res. 2014; 6: 1-7 Crossref PubMed Google Scholar , [2] Thaddeus S. Maine D. Too far to walk: maternal mortality in context. Soc Sci Med. 1994; 38: 1091-1110 Crossref PubMed Scopus (1763) Google Scholar ]. The term “eclampsia” has its origins in the Greek language, meaning “lightning,” which perhaps describes the impact of this disease, with early descriptions of this attributed to Hippocrates in approximately 400 BCE. Therefore, PE is a long-recognized condition, yet we still struggle to explain its etiology.

Identità e lingua di madri moldave emigrate in Italia

Identity And Language Of Moldovan Mothers Emigrated To Italy. The present study investigates family-related language practices of Moldovan mothers emigrated to Italy, through a semi-structured interview. To date, few studies have considered linguistic choices in relation to educational practices and identity aspects in this population. Ten Moldovan woman have been interviewed. Results from a thematic analysis on the collected interviews has highlighted a complex relationship between identity, language and education: the use of the mother tongue or the «new» language appeared intertwined with the historical and political events of the country of origin, with consequences on the different use of languages in domestic contexts, through specific choices or «code-mixing»; or in extended family contexts. With their children, the language of origin is predominant, although the practices adopted to promote it are often mediated by TV. Overall, the findings confirm the interdependent nature of the cultural, social and identity aspects that influence language practices in migrant families from Moldova; at the same time, the selective use of these practices within different contexts and relationships has consequences for their children’s educational experiences.

Intermedialità e sinmedialità nella videoarte contemporanea: Robert Cahen e Pierre Boulez

Intermediality and Sinmediality in Contemporary Video Art: Robert Cahen and Pierre Boulez The French video artist Robert Cahen (Valence, 1945), member of the Groupe de Recherches Musicales (GRM) founded in Paris in 1958 by André Schaeffer, begun to apply to images the experimental techniques of the so-called «musique concrète» in the early Seventies. Since his first video («L’invitation au voyage», 1972) Cahen manipulates images like sounds and explores the dimension of time perception. Inspired by the complex, fluid motions of sounds in space and by the Schaeffer’s theory and practice of the «écoute réduite», he develops a visual style deeply influenced by a musical conception of time. The concept of time is central in both the Cahen’s works devoted to Pierre Boulez’s music and conducting: the film «Boulez-Répons» (1985) and the video installation «Le Maître du temps. Pierre Boulez dirige Mémoriale» (2011). The article presents and analyzes the original audiovisual language and aesthetic meaning of both works according to the concept of «intermediality» and «sinmediality» in contemporary video art.

Hebrew as a Subject of Research and Teaching in Poland from the Early 16th Century to the 20th Century. A Contribution to Further Reflections

The paper explores the history of Hebrew studies in Poland from the early 16th century to the 20th century. The beginnings of academic studies and thorough research into biblical Hebrew can be traced back to the 16th century as the first lecturers of classical languages appeared at the Kraków University. They were also the first to write textbooks for learning this language, and some of tchem translated biblical books from their original languages. Jewish printing houses had a significant impact on the growing interest in Hebrew studies, both in the Jewish and Christian communities. Passion for Hebrew was still observed in Poland in the 17th and 18th centuries. In turn, the late 18th century and the 19th century were the times of the Jewish Enlightenment (Haskalah) and disputes about the shape of Hebrew. At universities theological studies included biblical Hebrew courses. The 20th century saw the emergence of numerous centres for Hebrew studies at leading Polish universities, offering full-time Bachelor and Master’s programmes, conducting interdisciplinary research, developing scholarly publications in the field and establishing organizations aiming to promote research on Jewish history, culture and language.