Original Genus Research Articles

Revision of the Amphipod (Crustacea: Stegocephalidae) genera Andaniotes Stebbing, 1897 and Metandania Stephensen, 1925

The amphipod (Crustacea: Stegocephalidae) genus Andaniotes Stebbing, 1897 currently comprises 11 species. Andaniotes abyssorum (Stebbing, 1888) is re-established as a valid species, and five new species are described. One species, Andaniotes islandica (Stephensen, 1925), is both re-established as a valid species and returned to its original genus Metandania Stephensen, 1925.

Invasion history ofOenotheracongeners in Europe: a comparative study of spreading rates in the last 200 years

AimThe dynamics of spread of some representatives ofOenothera, a genus of New World origin and alien to Europe, was analysed.LocationDistribution data from six European countries., i.e. Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Portugal, Serbia and UK were used.MethodsFloristic records covering the last 200 years were collated and the cumulative number of localities was plotted against time. A correction of the number of localities, taking into account the intensity of floristic research in particular countries, was applied based on the total number of available herbarium specimens to make comparisons of the rate of spread in particular countries possible.ResultsIn total, 35 alien taxa of the genus have been reported from the countries considered, the majority of which has only a limited distribution. So far 1800 records ofOenotheraspecies have been reported from the six countries analysed since 1780, withO. biennis,O. erythrosepala, O. salicifolia, O. stricta, O. cambrica, O. rubricaulis,andO. chicaginensishaving more than 50 localities. There is a highly significant negative correlation between the total number of localities in Europe and the year of the first introduction. Marked differences were found in the taxonomical pattern of invasion in particular countries.Main conclusionsMultivariate analyses have shown that in Europe, there are two distinct groups of species of North and South American origin, respectively, whose invasion is determined by climatic conditions, namely temperature and precipitation. The South American group is represented by perennial and annual species preferring oceanic climate (e.g.O. rosea, O. stricta), while the North American group consists of biennial representatives (O. biennisand others) better adapted to inland conditions with lower mean temperature and more balanced monthly precipitations. In addition, there is a transitional group of species, including namelyO. erythrosepalaandO. fallax,preferring regions with sufficient rainfall and higher temperatures. The relatively hot climate of Balkan Peninsula seems to prevent invasion byOenotherarepresentatives. Pattern of invasion of particular taxa corresponds well to the climatic conditions in the regions of their natural distribution.

Type studies of the polypores described by E. J. H. Corner from Asia and West Pacific Areas II. Species described in Gloeophyllum, Heteroporus, Microporellus, Oxyporus, Paratrichaptum, and Rigidoporus

Identifications of 29 species of polypores described by Corner were made by type examinations.Laetifomes gen. nov. is proposed, typified byRigidoporus flammans. The following new combinations are proposed:Abortiporus zonatus, Antrodiella flava, Laetifomes flammans, Oligoporus perplexus, Trichaptum vinaceibrunneum andTyromyces sublacunosus. The following names are accepted in the original genera:Microporellus fuliginosus, M. pahangensis, M. subumbonatus, Rigidoporus adnatus, R. erectus andR. incarnatus. The following names are considered synonyms:Heteroporus kinabaluensis, Microporellus brunneus, M. nigripes, Rigidoporus albiporus, R. ochraceicinctus, R. parvulus, R. patellarius, R. sulphureus, R. suppileatus, R. trametoides andR. vinaceus. The following species are dubious because of their poor or sterile conditions:Heteroporus odoratus, Microporellus labyrinthiformis, Oxyporus lilaceus andRigidoporus hypobrunneides. No authentic specimens were traced forMicroporellus grandiporus andParatrichaptum accuratum. Descriptions and line drawings are given for most of the accepted species.

Type studies of the polypores described by E. J. H. Corner from Asia and the West Pacific I. Species described in Polyporus, Buglossoporus, Meripilus, Daedalea, and Flabellophora

Identifications of 28 polypore species described by Corner were made by type examinations. The following new comblnations are proposed:Antrodiella aurantiaca; A. heritierae; Grifola kinabaluensis; Perenniporia marmorata; Piptoporus malesianus. The following species are accepted in the original genera:Polyporus aurantibrunneus; P. pervadens; Meripilus applanatus; Flabellophora intertexta; F. velutinosa. The following species are synonyms:Buglossoporus matangensis; B. rufescens; Meripilus villosulus; Flabellophora inconspicua; F. nana; F. squamosa. The following species belong to difficult species complexes, and allied species are cited:Polyporus trametoides; Flabellophora latiporus. The following species are dubious because of their poor or sterile conditions:Buglossoporus flavus; Flabellophora brevipes; F. deceptiva; F. flaviporus; F. obtorta; F. subsimplex. No authentic specimens were traced for the following 4 species:Buglossoporus brunneiflavus; B. magnus; Meripilus maculatus; Daedalea langkawiensis. Descriptions and line drawings are given for some of the accepted species. The taxonomic positions ofPolyporus obovatus and its allied species, and the genusFlabellophora are discussed.

Finding rational points on bielliptic genus 2 curves

We discuss a technique for trying to find all rational points on curves of the form Y 2=f 3 X 6+f 2 X 4+f 1 X 2+f 0, where the sextic has nonzero discriminant. This is a bielliptic curve of genus 2. When the rank of the Jacobian is 0 or 1, Chabauty's Theorem may be applied. However, we shall concentrate on the situation when the rank is at least 2. In this case, we shall derive an associated family of elliptic curves, defined over a number field ℚα. If each of these elliptic curves has rank less than the degree of ℚα : ℚ, then we shall describe a Chabauty-like technique which may be applied to try to find all the points (x,y) defined over ℚα) on the elliptic curves, for which x∈ℚ. This in turn allows us to find all ℚ-rational points on the original genus 2 curve. We apply this to give a solution to a problem of Diophantus (where the sextic in X is irreducible over ℚ), which simplifies the recent solution of Wetherell. We also present two examples where the sextic in X is reducible over ℚ.

Species-specific probing for the polymerase chain reaction product of ammonia monooxygenase gene amplified from DNA mixtures of Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrosolobus multiformis

Y Ecological studies on chemolithotrophic ammonia-oxidizers have been limited because of their extremely slow growth rates in autotrophic life (Wood 1986). For these slowgrowing bacteria in environments, the PCR techniques have been introduced. For instance, 16S rDNAs of chemolithotrophic ammonia-oxidizers were amplified by PCR from environmental samples (Hiorns et al. 1995; Voytek and Ward 1995). At present, the use of amo which encodes ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) is a promising and more powerful tool than 16S rDNA for the precise differentiation of these bacteria (Rotthauwe et al. 1995) and for the specific analysis based on functions, because AMO plays a major role in the metabolism of halogenated hydrocarbons (Vannelli et al. 1990; Hyman et al. 1995) and in N20 production (Hynes and Knowles 1984) in addition to nitrification in soil. Except for Nitrosococcus oceanus, chemolithotrophic ammonia-oxidizers isolated belong to the \\gB-subdivision of Proteobacteria (Head et al. 1993; Teske et al. 1994). PCR primers which could be applied to amo of these bacteria have not been developed (Sinigalliano et al. 1995). DNA sequences of three open reading frames, namely amoC, amoA, and amoB in this order, have been accumulated in DNA data bases as the components of an amo operon. amoA encodes the active site of AMO and has been best studied. The products of amoB and amoC are functionally unknown. amoB is located downstream of amoA after internal sequences with variable length depending on the species. In this report, we designed universal PCR primers for targeting the region comprising the parts of amoA and amoB of chemolithotrophic ammonia-oxidizers of \\gB-Proteobacteria and identified the bacterial origin of PCR products with specific probes. We tested the efficiency of the technique using two representative species, Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrosolobus multiformis. The former is the best studied species and the latter a representative species of the newly proposed genus, Nitrosospira, which consisted of the original genera, Nitrosospira, Nitrosolobus, and Nitrosovibrio (Head et al. 1993).

Effects of Antagonist Cell Concentration and Two-Strain Mixtures on Biological Control of Fusarium Dry Rot of Potatoes

ABSTRACT Eighteen bacterial strains were individually assayed against Gibberella pulicaris (5 x 10(5) conidia per ml) by coinoculating antagonist and pathogen in wounds in cv. Russet Burbank potatoes. All antagonist concentrations (10(6), 10(7), and 10(8) CFU/ml) decreased disease (38 to 76% versus control, P < 0.05). When four strains were assayed at 11 concentrations (range 10(5) to 10(8) CFU/ml) against G. pulicaris, linear regression of the log-dose, log-response data was significant for all four strains (P < 0.001 to 0.01, R(2) = 0.50 to 0.74). Challenging G. pulicaris with all possible antagonist pairings within 2 sets of 10 antagonist strains (5 x 10(5) CFU of each strain per ml) resulted in 16 of 90 pairs controlling disease better than predicted based on averaging the performance of the individual strains making up the pair (P < 0.10). Successful pairs reduced disease by ~70% versus controls, a level of control comparable to that obtained with 100 times the inoculum dose of a single antagonist strain. Neither strain genus nor soil of origin were useful in predicting successful antagonist pairs. Factors potentially influencing dose-response relationships and the effectiveness of antagonist pairs in controlling disease are discussed.

Two New Combinations in Kengyilia (Poaceae)

Two new combinations are provided for Chinese species of Poaceae: Kengyilia leiantha (Keng) L. B. Cai and Kengyilia kaschgarica (D. F. Cui) L. B. Cai. Kengyilia Yen & J. L. Yang (1990) was originally published as a new genus of the tribe Triticeae (Poaceae). Initially, the genus included only K. gobicola Yen & J. L. Yang. Subsequently, Baum et al. (1991), Yang and Yen (1992), and Yang et al. (1992, 1993) not only added new species to the genus, but also transferred some species of Roegneria and Agropyron because the P genome in Kengyilia agrees with the P genome of the species of these genera, and in appearance these taxa possess similar morphological characters. The work of Yen and Yang (1990) and Yen et al. (1992, 1993) was accepted by most taxonomists. Chen et al. (1991) published an academic thesis in which they discussed the systematic position of the genus and the relationships among related genera, based on the micromorphology of the leaf epidermis, and concluded that the genus Kengyilia is a new branch derived from the primitive Roegneria. Thus far, 19 species of Kengyilia have been reported. Most of the species are endemic to China, and they are mainly distributed on the QinghaiXizang Plateau and the contiguous zone north of the plateau. In external morphology, the genus Kengyilia has erect or slightly curved spikes often with dense spikelets, ovate-lanceolate or oblong glumes, and lemmas covered with hairs. The diagnostic characteristics of Kengyilia and its nearest related genera have been documented recently by Baum et al. (1995). Their key indicates that Kengyilia is distinguished from Agropyron by the glumes symmetric, not keeled, but midrib prominent, and from Roegneria and Elymus by the spikes crowded, with rachis internodes short, spikelets densely imbricated, and lemma awns up to 5 mm long. (If the spikes, spikelets, and lemma awns lack the aforementioned characters, then the genus differs from Roegneria by the glumes with prominent to slightly keeled midrib, and from Elymus by the palea shorter than the lemma, or if equal to the lemma then with an obtuse or retuse tip.) According to these external characters, however, there still are two species that remain in Roegneria and Elymus, namely R. leiantha Keng and E. kaschgaricus D. F. Cui, that have close relationships to Kengyilia, and are remote to the original genus whether in the morphology of the spike or in the arrangement and constitution of the spikelet. The presence of these species in Roegneria and Elymus causes both overlap of characters and confusion of taxa. Therefore, in order to safeguard the uniformity of generic characteristics and the clarity of the demarcation between the genera, the two species should be assigned to the genus Kengyilia. The following are the two new combinations. Kengyilia leiantha (Keng) L. B. Cai, comb. nov. Basionym: Roegneria leiantha Keng, Acta Nanjing Univ. (Biol.) 3: 42. 1963. TYPE: China. Qinghai: Datongxian, Xiangshan, on the edge of a pool, alt. 2380 m, 3 July 1945, Hejing 758 (holotype, NJU). Kengyilia kaschgarica (D. F. Cui) L. B. Cai, comb. nov. Basionym: Elymus kaschgaricus D. F. Cui, Bull. Bot. Research 10: 27. 1990. TYPE: China. Xinjiang: Tashikurgan et Aheqi Xian, ad pratum alpinum frigidum crescens, alt. 2800-3800 m; 4 XII 1978, Exped., Xinjiang Northwest Inst. Bot. 922 (holotype, XJBI).

Three Species of the Genus Thymoites(Araneae: Theridiidae) from Japan.

The spider genus Thymoites belonging to the family Theridiidae is recorded for the first time from Japan. Two Japanese species, Dipoena okumae YOSHIDA, 1988 and D. chikunii YOSHIDA, 1988 are transferred from the original genus to Thymoites. A new species, Thymoites yaginumai, is described from Yonaguni-jima Island, Okinawa Prefecture.

The status and composition of the genus Steringophorus Odhner, 1905 (Digenea: Fellodistomidae), based on partial small subunit rRNA sequences

Analysis of partial small subunit (18S) rRNA sequences shows the paraphyly of the genus Steringophorus as currently recognised. In consequence it is necessary to change the conception of the genus by the transfer of the species Steringophorus agnotus and S. sebastodis back to their original genus, Fellodistomum.

Revision of the genus Acasta Leach (Cirripedia: Balanoidea)

Abstract The relationship between sponge hosts and barnacles are investigated, and the dependence of the morphology of the barnacles on the skeletons of the sponges is shown. The evolutionary development of this group is analysed. Five genera: Archiacasta, Neoacasta, Euacasta, Acasta and Pectinoacasta , are distinguished from the original genus Acasta on the basis of important morphological characteristics. The new sub-family Acastinae is suggested for these genera. The vertical and horizontal distributions of the species of this sub-family are studied. About 150 sponge samples, containing 26 species of these barnacles, have been examined. Eight new barnacle species have been described already in the Russian Zoological Journal. This article provides illustrations of these, and descriptions with illustrations of a further five new species. This group of sponge-inhabiting barnacles, which is rather interesting in morphological and ecological aspects, has not hitherto been examined thoroughly.

Revision of the genus Acasta Leach (Cirripedia: Balanoidea)

The relationship between sponge hosts and barnacles are investigated, and the dependence of the morphology of the barnacles on the skeletons of the sponges is shown. The evolutionary development of this group is analysed. Five genera: Archiacasta, Neoacasta, Euacasta, Acasta and Pectinoacasta , are distinguished from the original genus Acasta on the basis of important morphological characteristics. The new sub-family Acastinae is suggested for these genera. The vertical and horizontal distributions of the species of this sub-family are studied. About 150 sponge samples, containing 26 species of these barnacles, have been examined. Eight new barnacle species have been described already in the Russian Zoological Journal. This article provides illustrations of these, and descriptions with illustrations of a further five new species. This group of sponge-inhabiting barnacles, which is rather interesting in morphological and ecological aspects, has not hitherto been examined thoroughly.

Systematik und Chorologie der Gattung Odontites Ludwig s.l. (Scrophulariaceae)

Summary The classification of the hemiparasitic genus Odontites L udwig s.l. ( Scrophulariaceae-Rhinanthoideae , tribe-sub tribe Rhinantheae Euphrasiinae ) was studied by means of phenetic-numerical investigations, including PCA, on the basis of 32 characters and 83 character-states. The genus in its traditionally wide sense had to be split into five genera, three of them being monotypic: Odontites L udwig (25 species and 15 subspecies), Macrosyringion R othm . (2), Odontitella R othm . (1), Bornmuellerantha R othm . (1) and Bartsiella B olliger (1). Odontites in its restricted sense represents most probably a natural (monophyletic) group, being characterised by its unique pollen morphology consisting of an irregular microreticulate exine-sculptering, thinned mesocolpi and subtriangular ambo In most other characters the genus is manifold and therefore impossible to distinguish by any singular conspicuous character. Odontites is a genus of west-mediterranean origin, 18 of its 25 species are stenochoric endemics of the macaronesian-mediterranean region, all being restricted to small areas on isles or moutain massifs. Only three species are relatively widespread, their areas extending over more than one floristic region: O. viscosus (northeastwards to the Valais), O.luteus (sub mediterranean - centraleuropenean - pontic) and especially the mainly temperate - eurasiatic variable group of the Red Bartsia O. vernus , which is the only representative of the genus to overstep the Ural chain. Concerning phylogeny, Odontites emerged from taxa closely related to the huge genera Bartsia and Euphrasia, both having developed in other regions of the world than Odontites . In contrast to these almost worldwide distributed genera, the geographically much more restricted genus Odontites lacks long-lived perennial species, consisting mostly of summerannuals. With the taxonomic revision presented here the number of genera of the tribe Rhinantheae amounts to 29; of these, 18 occur in Europe and the mediterranean region, but only 7 genera are endemic to this area, which represents a secondary development center of the tribe whose roots have to be searched for in east Asia, the centre of origin of important genera like Pedicularis and probably cradle of the family Scrophulariaceae as a whole.

A New Lowland Species of Tropaeolum (Tropaeolaceae) from the Venezuelan Guayana

Tropaeolum orinocense from southern Venezuela, the first species in the genus recorded from the upper Orinoco basin, is described. Tropaeolum is a genus of southern temperate origin, with about 90 species native to South and Central America. The tropical and subtropical species are restricted to cool, montane areas, especially in the Andes, except for a few species that enter into coastal lowland Ecuador and Peru. In the most recent monograph of the family (Sparre & Andersson, 1991), no species was reported to occur in lowland Amazonia or Guayana. In 1951, Leon Croizat participated in the FrancoVenezuelan expedition to the headwaters of the Orinoco River and made over 1,000 plant collections. One of these, Croizat 790, was a Tropaeolum growing on the banks of the upper Orinoco at about 300 m elevation. It was reported by Hoist & Todzia (1990) as T. fintelmannii Wagener ex Schldl., a species otherwise known from the Coastal Cordillera of Venezuela and the Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. In 1989, as part of a Venezuelan group retracing the previous expedition to the Orinoco headwaters, I found the same Tropaeolum at a single locality along the Orinoco above the mouth of the Rio Ugueto, probably at the same site where Croizat collected it previously. Study of pickled flowers and additional dried specimens showed significant differences from T. fintelmannii and other related species of Tropaeolum. Consequently, the Orinoco collections are described as a new species and the only one known from Amazonian South America. Tropaeolum orinocense P. Berry, sp. nov. TYPE: Venezuela. Territorio Federal Amazonas: Rio Orinoco below Raudal and Salto El Tobogan, above the mouth of Rio Ugueto, 2?14'N, 63?45'W, elevation 370 m, 21 Nov. 1989, Berry 4783 (holotype, MO; isotypes, MYF, TFAV, VEN). Figure 1. Species haec Tropaeolo repando Heilborn affinis, sed floribus minoribus, calcari 24-27 mm longo, petiolo a basi folii 3-5 mm inserto, foliis manifeste quinquelobatis differt. NOVON 2: 182-184. 1992. Slender climbing herb to 5 m long, stem glabrous to lightly strigillose. Leaves peltate, insertion index (ratio of the length of the longitudinal axis of the blade distal to the point of petiole insertion vs. the proximal part) 9:1, stipules lanceolate, ca. 1 mm long; petiole 5-7(-11) cm long, glabrous to strigillose, inserted 3-5 mm from base of leaf; blade thinmembranous, glabrous, light green on upper surface, glaucous on lower surface, + depressed ovate, 3.25.5 cm long, 4.5-9.0 cm wide, the length:width ratio usually 2:3 or less often 1:2, truncate at the base, shallowly 5-lobed, the central 3 lobes shortly mucronate, principal ascending veins 3 from point of petiole insertion, the lateral ones dichotomously branched close to the base. Flowers orange-red, with slender, pendent pedicels 45-75 mm long. Calyx lobes elliptic, the uppermost lobe 5 x 4 mm, the lowermost one 9-10 x 5-6 mm, with a narrowly conical spur either straight or slightly downcurved in distal '/2 to 1/3, the spur 24-27 mm long and 56 mm diam. at point of pedicel insertion. Petals ciliate-dentate at the apex, the cilia 2-2.5 mm long, the upper two petals (opposite the pedicel) cuneate, 5-6 x 3-4 mm (excluding the cilia), the lower three spathulate-unguiculate, the blade 2.5-3.5 x 3-4 mm, somewhat concave, the claw smooth and 5-6 mm long. Stamens 8, slightly uneven, filaments 46 mm long, anthers 2 x 1 mm. Ovary 3-angled; style 2-3 mm long, trifid at apex, one lobe longer than the other two. Mericarps 1(-3?), ca. 5 x 3 mm, brown. Paratypes. VENEZUELA. AMAZONAS: Ugueto, upper Rio Orinoco, Croizat 790 (VEN). Morphologically, this species strongly resembles Tropaeolum repandum Heilborn, a lowland species from coastal Ecuador and northern Peru. The two are very similar in the apical position of the petal cilia and in the shape of the upper and lower petals; the depressed ovate to reniform leaf shape is also common to both species. Tropaeolum orinocense differs, however, in its smaller flowers and the leaves with a higher petiole insertion ratio and a higher length to width ratio. Details of petal coloration, a useful character at the species and sectional level, require further observation of fresh flowers. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.184 on Fri, 29 Jul 2016 05:09:19 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Volume 2, Number 3 1992 Berry Tropaeolum 183

Host-Frankia specificity within the Casuarinaceae

Fifteen species from three genera of the Casuarinaceae were inoculated with suspensions ofFrankia prepared from single nodule-lobes collected from different species and genera within the Casuarinaceae. Host-endophyte specificity was expressed mainly at the generic level. There was marked cross-inoculation within Casuarina and little nodulation ofCasuarina species from Allocasuarina sources with the exception of 3 sources ofFrankia fromA. torulosa which showed a high tendency to nodulateCasuarina species. Few sources from Casuarina nodulated species of Allocasuarina and while cross-inoculation within Allocasuarina was frequent it was less marked than within Casuarina. SomeFrankia inocula had wider host ranges than others, nodulating outside the genus or series of origin. It was not possible to determine if these apparent wider ranges in host spectra reflected genotypic differences betweenFrankia or were associated with the presence of more than oneFrankia strain in some inocula.

Numerical Taxonomy of Australian Species of 9 Genera of Scolopendrid Centipedes (Chilopoda, Scolopendridae)

Data on 32 characters of each of 35 Australian species in nine scolopendrid genera (Scolopendrinae: Arthrorhabdus, Asanada, Colobopleurus, Cormocephalus, Notiasemus, Scolopendra; Otostigminae: Ethmostigmus, Otostigmus, Rhysida) are analysed by means of various numerical procedures (Phenetic: principal components, nearest and furthest neighbour, WPGMA, UPGMA, a new 'variable' method, PHD, minimum spanning tree, three types of consensus trees, CRAMER; Cladistic: Wagner trees, Farris optimization, ADTREE). A few scolopendrine species form a 'primitive' cluster with the outgroup, Cryptopidae. The species inermis is removed from Cormocephalus and reinstated in its original genus Cupipes. Colobopleurus inopinatus groups inseparably in Cormocephalus and is transferred to it. Arthrorhabdus mjobergi often links with Scolopendra and consistently separates widely from A. paucispinus, which is similar to extralimital members of the genus. With the above provisos, the various species generally group together in their currently recognized genera, and Scolopendra (two species) and Cormocephalus, sensu lato (17 species) emerge as particularly 'strong' genera. Cormocephalus, as in previous analyses, tends to have subgroups of varying degrees of consistency but these are considered inadequately robust to warrant receiving formal subgeneric status. The three otostigmine genera are 'strong' and cluster near each other: Rhysida and Otostigmus are particularly 'good' genera; Ethmostigmus has two consistently strong segments. The cladograms are, as usual, highly asymmetrical (pectinate) at upper levels. They provide a putative evolutionary tree, but a very unsatisfactory basis for a 'phylogenetic' classification.

Historical and Life History Factors in the Biogeography of Mayflies

SYNOPSIS. Cladistic analysis of mayflies suggests that dispersal was very asymmetrical after the new land connection between North and South America. Twenty-one genera apparently moved from South to North and Central America, but there is good evidence for only one North American genus moving into the south. Testable predictions are possible once the boreal (Laurasian) or austral (Gondwanian) designations are made. For example, Paracloeodes , a genus of austral origin, was predicted to be found in South America, and in North America in warm rivers north and east of its known distribution. These predictions have been confirmed. Other characteristics of tropical mayflies, such as length of larval period and emergence and mating patterns, may be used to predict habitats and characteristics of present North American genera. Merger events and consequent dispersal of organisms have profound influences on distributional patterns, and from such information, biologically useful generalities can be made.

A SUMMARY OF BLUTAPARON RAFINESQUE INCLUDING SPECIES EARLIER KNOWN AS PHILOXERUS R. BROWN (AMARANTHACEAE)

If Philoxerus R. Brown is typified by the Australian species P. conicus R. Brown (see previous paper), then Philoxerus is the name of a group of Australasian species considered most closely related to Gomphrena L. (Burbidge, 1963). For the American species that have been called Philoxerus since 1814, and during much of the period considered generically distinct from the Australian species, another genus name must be found. Yet, so firmly was Philoxerus applied to the American species that only C. S. Rafinesque produced relevant generic names: Caraxeron Vaillant ex Rafinesque (1837) and Blutaparon Rafinesque (1838). In Flora Telluriana (part 3), pp. 38-39, Rafinesque (1837) resurrected, with the following comments, the original genus name Caraxeron used by Sebastian Vaillant (1724, p. 193) for what Linnaeus eventually named Gomphrena vermicularis:

Taxonomy, morphology, phylogenetic relationships and distribution of Micropsectra Kieffer, 1909 (Diptera: Chironomidae)

AbstractMicropsectra Kieffer, 1909 is described and diagnoses presented for the imaginal (♂♂), pupal and larval stages; females of the notescens-group are described. The genus contains at present 83 species of which 9 are described on females. The type material for 16 of these species has not been found. 142 species which have been listed under Micropsectra are presented in alphabethical order. This list contains: name of author, reference to description. name of original genus, present status of species, reference to the paper in which this was listed, collection in which the type material is deposited. Morphological characteristics, evolutionary trends and phylogenetic relationships of Micropsectra are discussed. The genera Rheotanytarsus, Parapsectra, Krenopsectra, Micropsectra and Paratanytarsus form a monophyletic group within the tribe Tanytarsini. The group is referred to as the Micropsectra series. Rheotanytarsus, the most plesiomorphic genus in the series, has a worldwide distribution. This supports the conclusions reached by the morphological analysis. The genera Parapsectra and Krenopsectra are only known from the Palaearctic and Nearctic Regions. The great majority of Micropsectra species are found in the Palaearctic and Nearctic Regions. A smaller number of species occur in the northern part of the Oriental Region, which has the same environmental conditions as the adjacent areas of the Palaearctic Region. Two doubtful species have been reported from India. Genus Paratanytarsus has a wider distribution but clearly has its origin on the northern hemisphere. The habitat selection in the Micropsectra series is studied and compared with the phylogeny. The species within the plesiomorphic genera Rheotanytarsus, Parapsectra and Krenopsectra are found in streams and springs. In the more apomorphic genus Micropsectra many of the species occur in these types of habitats, though there are also a comparatively high number of species occurring in lakes. Paratanytarsus, the most apomorphic genus contains species which inhabit shallow standing waters. It seems probable that the ancestor of the Micropsectra series was an inhabitant of running water. A lectotype is designated for Tanytarsus retusus Goetghebuer.

Three new generic names in the Dinophyceae:Herdmania, SclerodiniumandTriadiniumto replaceHeteraulacusandGoniodoma

Three new generic names are proposed for marine dinoflagellates. Herdmania gen. nov. is suggested for some organisms currently placed in Gymnodinium, and Sclerodinium gen. nov. for Gyrodinium calyptroglyphe and an entirely new species, S. striatum. In all cases the organisms cannot remain in the original genera because they are not naked but have a tough theca or periplast. Triadinium gen. nov. is proposed to replace Goniodoma Stein and Heteraulacus Diesing, both of which are invalid names. New combinations are put forward for several other species of Triadinium.