Original Formulation Research Articles

Specialisation by Value Divergence: The Role of Epistemic Values in the Branching of Scientific Disciplines

ABSTRACT According to Kuhn's speciation analogy, scientific specialisation is fundamentally analogous to biological speciation. In this paper, we extend Kuhn's original language-centred formulation of the speciation analogy, to account for episodes of scientific specialisation centred around methodological differences. Building upon recent views in evolutionary biology about the process of speciation by genetic divergence, we will show how these methodology-centred episodes of scientific specialisation can be understood as cases of specialisation driven by value divergence. We will apply our model of specialisation by value divergence to an episode of methodology-centred scientific specialisation: the emergence of molecular biology.

Wall-distance free transition model based on the laminar kinetic energy

The next fluid dynamics solvers will be based on innovative numerical schemes and models to increase the fidelity and decrease the computational cost. The higher accuracy and geometrical flexibility guaranteed by discontinuous Galerkin spatial discretization methods in solving Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes equations could represent an appealing solution in comparison with finite volume solvers for real-life simulations. In this context, numerical models able to accurately predict transitional flows are mandatory to overcome the limits of turbulence models and the costs of high-fidelity approaches, e.g., Direct Numerical Simulations and Large Eddy Simulations, for the efficient design of many industrial applications, e.g., aerospace, turbomachinery, maritime, automotive, and cooling applications. Among the transition models proposed in the literature, the local and phenomenological formulation seems to guarantee better robustness, fidelity, and easiness of implementation in all the solvers. All the transition models are based also on the wall-distance, to define some local terms or parameters and model the transition phenomenon. The calculation of the wall-distance can be critical in the discontinuous Galerkin framework for the high-order representation of the boundaries, which can become very expensive and high-memory consuming. To alleviate this problem, a wall-distance free version of a transition model based on the laminar kinetic energy is proposed and implemented in a high-order discontinuous Galerkin solver, and the robustness and fidelity are assessed by computing flows with bypass and separation-induced transition and different Reynolds number, turbulent intensity, and pressure gradient on flat plates. The wall-distance free formulation proves robustness and fidelity in all the cases, in comparison with the original formulation and an ad hoc modified formulation for the separation-induced transition cases.

Reformulation and Thermal Stability of a Therapeutic Anti-Cocaine mAb

We concentrated and reformulated the anti-cocaine mAb, h2E2, to reduce the amount of sucrose and histidine buffer infused with the mAb, to satisfy FDA maximum exposure levels for those components for use in clinical trials. After concentration of the original 20 mg/ml mAb, 4 reformulation buffers were evaluated for suitability. The concentration of histidine was reduced from 10 mM to 3 or 0 mM, and the concentration of sucrose reduced from 10% to 2, 4, or 6%. The approximately 100 mg/ml reformulated mAb samples were analyzed for oligomer formation, aggregation, concentration of the emulsifier polysorbate 80, and thermal stability. These reformulated mAb samples were also assessed for their stability at 40°C from 1 day to 12 weeks. As expected, long term thermal resistance to oligomer formation increased as a function of increasing sucrose concentration. Interestingly, unbuffered reformulated mAb displayed a less than or equal to tendency to form oligomers and aggregates, compared to the histidine buffered samples. Importantly, even after 12 weeks at 40°C, all the reformulated samples displayed little aggregation, and bound their antigen (cocaine) with identical affinities and thermodynamics, as measured by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). These ITC thermodynamic binding parameters are consistent with recently published values for the original formulation of this mAb. In all reformulated samples there was a slight decrease in the number of cocaine binding sites after 12 weeks at 40°C, likely due to the parallel small increase in soluble oligomeric antibody, suggesting that soluble oligomeric mAb may no longer bind cocaine with high affinity.

The policy process of adopting environmental standards for coal plants in India: accommodating transnational politics in the Multiple Streams Framework

This article provides an important international empirical application of the multiple-streams framework with some theoretical additions that make a novel contribution to the existing scholarship in this field. Using a modified multiple-streams approach (MSA) that extends Kingdon’s original agenda setting model to the decision-making stage, we analyse and explain an empirical puzzle in the context of the environmental regulation of coal-fired power plants, considered central to India’s economic development. The puzzle involves both the content – a stringency comparable to those in more developed economies – and the timing – within a year of a new national government coming to power with the promise of reviving economic growth. Our findings show how a top bureaucrat exploited the agenda window opening in the problem stream to couple the three streams, resulting in the notification of draft environmental standards. The political entrepreneurship of the same bureaucrat led to the adoption of final standards in the same form as the draft in the decision window created by developments during the period leading to the Paris climate summit. The operationalisation of the modified MSA to our empirical case generated new theoretical insights. First, we expand on the original formulation of decision stage dynamics and argue that the decision window could also open due to independent activity in any of the three streams. Second, we argue that transnational politics could act as an additional factor in the ripening of the political stream at the decision stage.

A Proof of Chaos for a Seasonally Perturbed Version of Goodwin Growth Cycle Model: Linear and Nonlinear Formulations

We show the existence of complex dynamics for a seasonally perturbed version of the Goodwin growth cycle model, both in its original formulation and for a modified formulation, encompassing nonlinear expressions of the real wage bargaining function and of the investment function. The need to deal with a modified formulation of the Goodwin model is connected with the economically sensible position of orbits, which have to lie in the unit square, in contrast to what occurs in the model’s original formulation. In proving the existence of chaos, we follow the seminal idea by Goodwin of studying forced models in economics. Namely, the original and the modified formulations of Goodwin model are described by Hamiltonian systems, characterized by the presence of a nonisochronous center, and the seasonal variation of the parameter, representing the ratio between capital and output, which is common to both frameworks, is empirically grounded. Hence, exploiting the periodic dependence on time of that model parameter we enter the framework of Linked Twist Maps. The topological results valid in this context allow us to prove that the Poincaré map, associated with the considered systems, is chaotic, focusing on sets that lie in the unit square, and also when dealing with the original version of the Goodwin model. Accordingly, the trademark features of chaos follow, such as sensitive dependence on initial conditions and positive topological entropy.

A sparse matrix formulation of model-based ensemble Kalman filter

We introduce a computationally efficient variant of the model-based ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF). We propose two changes to the original formulation. First, we phrase the setup in terms of precision matrices instead of covariance matrices, and introduce a new prior for the precision matrix which ensures it to be sparse. Second, we propose to split the state vector into several blocks and formulate an approximate updating procedure for each of these blocks. We study in a simulation example the computational speedup and the approximation error resulting from using the proposed approach. The speedup is substantial for high dimensional state vectors, allowing the proposed filter to be run on much larger problems than can be done with the original formulation. In the simulation example the approximation error resulting from using the introduced block updating is negligible compared to the Monte Carlo variability inherent in both the original and the proposed procedures.

Disentangling the role of the institutional environment in the ownership competence framework: A comment on Foss et al. (2021)

AbstractResearch SummaryWe extend the ownership competence framework by discussing how the features of the institutional environment influence the exercise of ownership competence. Two amendments are proposed. First, we add a new dimension to the framework, institutional competence (“where to own”), which denotes that individuals and firms have heterogeneous abilities to assess how an institutional environment affects the potential uses of a resource. Second, we argue that institutional uncertainty moderates the three original dimensions of the framework, impairing the exercise of ownership competence of some entrepreneurs and firms more than of others. We use examples from the literature to illustrate our arguments. We also discuss the implications of our analysis.Managerial SummaryThe ownership competence framework is built on the idea that business owners have different abilities to deploy resources and create value. Starting from this contribution, we shed light on the specific role that the institutional environment plays in the exercise of ownership competence. We argue that the ownership competence framework must explicitly consider where ownership takes place in order to explain the actions of entrepreneurs and firms. We also claim that institutional uncertainty can influence value creation in more subtle ways than indicated in the original formulation of the ownership competence framework. All in all, this article paves the way for institutional aspects to be considered more explicitly in the strategic analysis of ownership.

COVID-19 Pandemic as Subjective Repeated Strains and its Effects on Deviant Behavior in a Sample of Italian Youth.

Although over the past 2 years several studies have been carried out on the psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on young people, few of them investigated the pandemic as psychosocial strain and its effects on deviant behaviors. According to Agnew's General Strain Theory, a repeated objective psychosocial strain, such as the pandemic, exerts pressure on deviance when individuals associate with deviant peers and have weak attachment to parents. Using a sample of 568 young Italians (ages: 15-20 years; 65.8% females, 34.2% males) from north, central and south Italy, we tested for the possible correlation between COVID-19 as a repeated psychosocial strain, deviant behaviors and the role of some coping strategies not included in the Agnew's original theoretical formulation. Results back the thesis that, considering the COVID-19 pandemic as a repeated subjective strain, affect deviance results primarily through association with deviant peers and less through weak attachment with family. The mediating role of coping strategies was found to be weak. The predominant role of the peer group in the genesis of deviant responses to strain will be discussed.

Tunable metasurfaces for seismic Love wave manipulation: A theoretical study

Seismic Love waves are horizontally polarized surface waves propagating within an overlying layer, which have been shown to pose potential hazards to infrastructures. In this study, we propose an original analytical formulation to investigate the interaction between seismic Love waves and a metasurface that is composed of a cluster of tunable anti-plane resonators. The formulation utilizes the Green's function of a layered half-space subjected to a surface SH source, to describe both the source-induced incident field and the resonator-excited scattered field. Based on the multiple scattering theory, we obtain the total wavefield of the layered half-space equipped with surface resonators by coupling the incident field and the scattered field. Besides, a closed-form dispersion relation governing the hybrid Love waves is derived by utilizing the effective medium approximation. We demonstrate the capabilities of our analytical formulation by modelling Love waves propagating across a pair and a cluster of resonators, evidenced by some complex phenomena (e.g., surface-to-bulk wave conversion and higher-order hybridized surface modes). The hybridization features of different Love modes and metasurface resonances are clearly revealed. We anticipate the proposed tunable metasurface and the formulation can shed light on versatile control of Love wave propagation.

Phytochemical Profile and Bioactive Compounds of Pineapple Infused Arak Bali

Along with the development of the tourism industry, local culture has become valuable as a product and activity to attract tourists. The development of the Arak Bali formulation as a gastronomic drink was carried out by using pineapple as an infusion ingredient to produce Pineapple Infused Arak Bali. This type of research is a true experimental with a Post-test Only Control Group Design. The sample in this study was Pineapple Infused Arak Bali with FU and FD formulas. The purpose of this research was to determine the phytochemical profile and the concentration of bioactive compounds of the sample of Pineapple Infused Arak Bali. The determining of the phytochemical profile was carried out by qualitative tests while the quantitative analysis of bioactive compounds such as tannins, total phenols, and flavonoids was carried out by using the Folin-Denis, Folin-Ciocalteu, and AlCl3 methods by visible spectrophotometry. The results showed that Pineapple Infused Arak Bali contains phytochemical compounds, such as alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, phenols, and terpenoids. The quantitative analysis results showed that the Pineapple Infused Arak Bali had tannin, total phenol, and flavonoid level of 52.9545, 42.005, and 6.8995 mg/100g. The results showed that the use of pineapple in the formulation of Pineapple Infused Arak Bali was able to increase the types of phytochemical compounds and the bioactive compounds levels compared to the original formulation, Arak Bali.

Generic drug application and approval process in Vietnam and Philippines

A generic drug is a pharmaceutical drug that is equivalent to a brand-name product in dosage, strength, route of administration, quality, performance, and intended use, but does not carry the brand name. Generic medicines are those where the original patent has expired and which may now be produced by manufacturers other than the original innovator company. A generic drug must contain the same active ingredients as the original brand-name formulation. The present review article describes the generic drug registration and approval process for two ASEAN countries Vietnam and Philippines.

A unified non-equilibrium phase change model for injection flow modeling

The homogenous relaxation model (HRM) is one of the most widely used models to describe the liquid‑gas phase transition. However, in its original formulation, it is unable to handle multispecies vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE), which limits its applicability to single-component fluids. In this work, a unified non-equilibrium phase change model that considers the VLE of multicomponent mixtures is proposed building upon the HRM's structure. A time factor is introduced to mimic the effect of different phase change timescales due to different mechanisms, e.g., cavitation, flash-boiling, and evaporation. To assess the model's performance, computational fluid dynamics simulations of the internal and near-nozzle injection flow of the Engine Combustion Network's Spray G injector were performed using the nine-component PACE-20 fuel with both the unified model and the original HRM. The predicted fuel density in the near-nozzle region matched well with X-ray tomography measurements. The simulation results indicated that, whereas the HRM failed to capture the vaporization due to convective mixing between the fuel and ambient gas, the unified model performed well in predicting the mixing-driven vaporization and the corresponding evaporative cooling. Further comparisons using the nine-component fuel formula and a single-component fuel surrogate demonstrated the unified model's ability to predict preferential vaporization, which affects the predictions of local mixture composition and rate of vaporization. Finally, it is shown that the unified model is capable of representing multiple phase change mechanisms, and the relaxation time factor plays an important role in determining the degree of phase change due to the different mechanisms.

Benders-type branch-and-cut algorithms for capacitated facility location with single-sourcing

We consider the capacitated facility location problem with (partial) single-sourcing (CFLP-SS). A natural mixed integer formulation for the problem involves 0–1 variables xj indicating whether faclility j is used or not and yij variables indicating the fraction of the demand of client i that is satisfied from facility j. When the x variables are fixed, the remaining problem is a transportation problem with single-sourcing. This structure suggest the use of a Benders’ type decomposition algorithm. Here we present three possible variants. Applied to CFLP-SS they are compared computationally with a commercial solver (CPLEX) on the original formulation, a CPLEX version of Benders and a recent cut-and-solve approach developed specifically for CFLP-SS. Our results show that for CFLP-SS, when the percentage of clients requiring single-sourcing is less equal than 25%, the Benders’ variants achieve speedups of between 1.2 and 3.7.

Beyond Job Guarantee: The Employer of Last Resort Program as a Tool to Promote the Energy Transition

ABSTRACT We argue that a careful design of a program of direct employment and public provision by the state can have permanent effects and promote the structural and environmental transformation of the economy. Starting from this point, we develop a multisectoral stock-flow consistent model to study the long-run effects of the implementation of a job guarantee program, both in the original formulation of Minsky and in its recent version put forward as part of the ‘Green New Deal’ (GND) policy package. We also assess the impact of both ‘green’ and ‘brown’ standard fiscal expenditures, as well as a policy mix including industrial, environmental and employment measures. Results from our simulations point out that, in order to pursue the twin targets of full employment and environmental sustainability, the government should invest in gross fixed capital formation while both reducing energy consumption and acting as an employer of last resort in order to absorb the workforce expelled from the energy sector.

Tuning the Model Winds in Perspective of Operational Storm Surge Prediction in the Adriatic Sea

In the Adriatic Sea, the sea surface wind forecasts are often underestimated, with detrimental effects on the accuracy of sea level and storm surge predictions. Among the various causes, this mainly depends on the meteorological forcing of the wind. In this paper, we try to improve an existing numerical method, called “wind bias mitigation”, which relies on scatterometer wind observations to determine a multiplicative factor Δw, whose application to the model wind reduces its inaccuracy with respect to the scatterometer wind. Following four different mathematical approaches, we formulate and discuss seven new expressions of the multiplicative factor. The eight different expressions of the bias mitigation factor, the original one and the seven formulated in this study, are assessed with the aid of four datasets of real sea surface wind events in a variety of sea level conditions in the northern Adriatic Sea, several of which gave rise to high water events in the Venice Lagoon. The statistical analysis shows that some of the seven new formulations of the wind bias mitigation factor are able to lower the model-scatterometer bias with respect to the original formulation. For some other of the seven new formulations, the absolute bias, with respect to scatterometer, of the mitigated model wind field, results lower than that supplied by the unmodified model wind field in 81% of the considered storm surge events in the area of interest, against the 73% of the original formulation of the wind bias mitigation. This represents an 11% improvement in the bias mitigation process, with respect to the original formulation. The best performing of the seven new wind bias mitigation factors, that based on the linear least square regression of the squared wind speed (LLSRE), has been implemented in the operational sea level forecast chain of the Tide Forecast and Early Warning Centre of the Venice Municipality (CPSM), to provide support to the operation of the MO.SE. barriers in Venice.

Holmes' Reformulation Through Elements of Feminist in Enola Holmes

As time goes by, fiction has become a medium that satisfies people’s wishes. This phenomenon happens because the purpose of popular fiction is to fulfill people's demands of plot lines. Therefore, the storyline or narrative of the story is a crucial point in discussing popular fiction. Genre becomes the key point in discussing the formulation of a story. This formulation is based on convention and one of the famous formulations is the genre of detective. One of the famous works of detectives is Sherlock Holmes. Holmes has created his own world and has produced so many adaptations. One of the adaptations that hooked people's attention is a spin-off work of Sherlock Holmes, Enola Holmes. Enola Holmes is a novel series written by Springer that got recognition from many people because she wrote a story on the line of Sherlock Holmes’s canonical story. Due to the fame, this series got adapted into film as Jack Thorne rewrote the story based on the original. However, Enola—written by Springer and Thorne—represents a contra point in the formulation. In order to discover and prove the formulation, this study focuses on using genre critcisim focusing on the formulation of feminist in the objects. Furthermore, this study also uses genre theories by Cawelti and Gelder in conducting the discussion. This research proves that Enola is a detective story by following the classical detective formula following the original formulation by Doyle on Sherlock. The problem of contra point is represented in the invention or innovation of the detective genre as it is taking women as the detective and main villain and a mystery around women characters.

Dynamic Successor Features for transfer learning and guided exploration

The Successor Feature framework for Reinforcement Learning algorithms improves task transfer by decomposing the learned state–action value function. The decomposition involves two components, one that captures future-expected state features and the other that models the task-related reward structure. However, successful transfer between tasks depends heavily on how the reward function changes, possibly leading to failure of the original Successor Feature formulation. This paper proposes the Dynamic Successor Feature framework, DynSF, by extending the mathematical formulation of the original Successor Feature framework to center around a learned state-transition model. Under this formulation, the state-transition model dynamically induces the acting policy. The flexibility of DynSF also extends to the architecture, requiring only a state-transition model and a small vector of parameters. This architecture provides immense flexibility in the choice of the model used to learn the state-transition model. The DynSF framework is evaluated and compared to other baseline algorithms through several experiments in a continuous grid world environment, a robotic Reacher, and pixels in the Doom environment.

Differentiated goods in a dynamic Cournot duopoly with emission charges on output

We extend the dynamic Cournot duopoly framework with emission charges on output by Mamada and Perrings (Econ Anal Policy 66:370–380, 2020), which encompassed homogeneous products in its original formulation, to the more general case of differentiated goods, in order to highlight the richness in its static and dynamic outcomes. Each firm is taxed proportionally to its own emission only and charge functions are quadratic. Moreover, due to an adjustment capacity constraint, firms partially modify their output level toward the best response. Like in Mamada and Perrings (Econ Anal Policy 66:370–380, 2020), the only steady state coincides with the Nash equilibrium, and it will be considered admissible when it guarantees the positivity of the marginal emission charge. We find that the full efficacy of the environmental policy, which applies to an equilibrium that is globally asymptotically stable anytime it is admissible, is achieved in the case of independent goods, as well as with a low good interdependence degree in absolute value, independently of being substitutes or complements. When goods are substitutes and their interdependence degree is high, the considered environmental policy is still able to reduce pollution at the equilibrium, but the latter is stable just when the policy intensity degree is large enough. When instead goods are complements and their interdependence degree is high in absolute value, the considered environmental policy produces detrimental effects on the pollution level and the unique equilibrium is always unstable, when admissible. This highlights that, from the static viewpoint, even in the absence of free riding possibilities, the choice of the mechanism to implement has to be carefully pondered, according to the features of the considered economy.

Trad nationalist a/effects

Trad nationalist a/effects

Truncation Number Selection of Harmonic State-Space Model Based on the Floquet Characteristic Exponent

Harmonic state-space (HSS) theory has been an effective method for studying system stability with time-periodic characteristics, such as modular multilevel converters (MMCs) and renewable power generation under unbalanced grid conditions. However, the original state-space formulation of the HSS model comprises infinite-dimensional matrices. Truncation is necessary before practical computing application. Therefore, this letter proposes a truncation number selection method for the HSS model. The theoretical basis of the proposed method is based on the Floquet characteristic exponent of the linear time-periodic model, which has a straightforward physical meaning. Finally, a case study of an MMC grid-tied system with tests in RT-LAB illustrates the validity of the proposed method.