Original Copy Research Articles

湛軒 洪大容 畵像의 종류와 정본 선정에 관한 고찰

湛軒 洪大容 畵像의 종류와 정본 선정에 관한 고찰

Massive expansion and differential evolution of small heat shock proteins with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) polyploidization

Wheat (Triticum aestivum), one of the world’s most important crops, is facing unprecedented challenges due to global warming. To evaluate the gene resources for heat adaptation in hexaploid wheat, small heat shock proteins (sHSPs), the key plant heat protection genes, were comprehensively analysed in wheat and related species. We found that the sHSPs of hexaploid wheat were massively expanded in A and B subgenomes with intrachromosomal duplications during polyploidization. These expanded sHSPs were under similar purifying selection and kept the expressional patterns with the original copies. Generally, a strong purifying selection acted on the α-crystallin domain (ACD) and theoretically constrain conserved function. Meanwhile, weaker purifying selection and strong positive selection acted on the N-terminal region, which conferred sHSP flexibility, allowing adjustments to a wider range of substrates in response to genomic and environmental changes. Notably, in CI, CV, ER, MI and MII subfamilies, gene duplications, expression variations and functional divergence occurred before wheat polyploidization. Our results indicate the massive expansion of active sHSPs in hexaploid wheat may also provide more raw materials for evolving functional novelties and generating genetic diversity to face future global climate changes, and highlight the expansion of stress response genes with wheat polyploidization.

New protocol based on massive parallel sequencing for aneuploidy screening of preimplantation human embryos

ABSTRACTNovel next-generation sequencing procedures have rapidly emerged into the preimplantation genetic screening framework. This work presents the design and validation of a new low-coverage whole-genome sequencing assay for aneuploidy detection in single blastomeres and trophectodermal samples from preimplantation embryos. The validation ensures analytical sensitivity, specificity, robustness, precision, limit of detection, resolution, and reproducibility. Specific parameters to measure the performance are defined, and the results are compared with a standardized array-based method to stablish the concordance. From the single cell genomics point of view, the main novelties are the length of reads of the libraries (150 nucleotides) together with a paired-end strategy and the design of an original algorithm and copy number viewer. A total of 129 samples were included in six experimental runs using a MiSeq Illumina platform. Samples included: single amniocytes, single blastomeres (cleavage-stage embryos), trophectoderm samples (blastocyst), and diluted DNA. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated per chromosome yielding 96% and 99%, respectively. The percentage of concordant samples was 98.2% and all of the aneuploid samples were confirmed. In conclusion, the validation yields highly reliable and reproducible results, representing an accurate and cost-effective strategy for the routine detection of aneuploidy in human embryos.

A famine in Surat in 1631 and Dodos on Mauritius: a long lost manuscript rediscovered

In 1887 Dutch archivist A. J. Servaas van Rooijen published a transcript of a hand-written copy of an anonymous missive or letter, dated 1631, about a horrific famine and epidemic in Surat, India, and also an important description of the fauna of Mauritius. The missive may have been written by a lawyer acting on behalf of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). It not only gives details about the famine, but also provides a unique insight into the status of endemic and introduced Mauritius species, at a time when the island was mostly uninhabited and used only as a replenishment station by visiting ships. Reports from this period are very rare. Unfortunately, Servaas van Rooijen failed to mention the location of the missive, so its whereabouts remained unknown; as a result, it has only been available as a secondary source. Our recent rediscovery of the original hand-written copy provides details about the events that took place in Surat and Mauritius in 1631–1632. A full English translation of the missive is appended.

Novel procedure with improved resolution and specificity for amplification and differentiation of variants of the gene encoding carboxylesterase 1.

Carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) is implicated in the metabolism of several commonly used drugs and other xenobiotics. The gene encoding this enzyme, CES1, is duplicated in some individuals. The original gene copy is called CES1A1. The duplicated version, CES1A2, is a hybrid of CES1A1 and the CES1-related pseudogene, CES1P1. Variants of CES1A2 with a weak and a strong promoter, respectively, have been reported. In addition, there are chimeric subtypes of CES1A1 that contain a segment of CES1P1. Collectively, this represents challenges to the genotyping of CES1 that previous procedures have had difficulties in solving, frequently leading to loss of specificity and inaccurate genotyping. Here, we report a novel and specific procedure that can selectively amplify CES1A1 and CES1A2 and accurately determine their variants. This procedure may be useful for personalization of treatments with drugs metabolized by CES1.

Movie Piracy Networks at Alaba International Market, Lagos, Nigeria.

This study examined the veiled chain of film piracy, a major crime in the Nigeria entertainment industry. Studies on film piracy in Nigeria have focused on its economic implications, both on the copyright owners and on the Nigerian economy. The organization of the activities of the film pirates has, however, been neglected. Narratives were extracted through in-depth interviews with pirates, "marketers," and "producers." Data indicated that pirates were insiders in the film marketing industry and included importers of foreign movies, registered and nonregistered retailers of Nigerian films, as well as marketers appointed by copyright owners to distribute their films. With the connivance of sales girls working with the copyright owners and dubbing companies, original copies of films (white face) are "procured." Pirates distributed pirated copies, also secretly known as "green face," without issuing receipts or putting the logo of the company on it. For security reasons, pirated films are sold only to buyers introduced by a member in the piracy network. Efforts aimed at fighting piracy must take into account this veiled network to effectively combat intellectual theft via aggressive ban on the public sale of such products.

Application of Stochastic Labeling with Random-Sequence Barcodes for Simultaneous Quantification and Sequencing of Environmental 16S rRNA Genes.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a powerful tool for analyzing environmental DNA and provides the comprehensive molecular view of microbial communities. For obtaining the copy number of particular sequences in the NGS library, however, additional quantitative analysis as quantitative PCR (qPCR) or digital PCR (dPCR) is required. Furthermore, number of sequences in a sequence library does not always reflect the original copy number of a target gene because of biases caused by PCR amplification, making it difficult to convert the proportion of particular sequences in the NGS library to the copy number using the mass of input DNA. To address this issue, we applied stochastic labeling approach with random-tag sequences and developed a NGS-based quantification protocol, which enables simultaneous sequencing and quantification of the targeted DNA. This quantitative sequencing (qSeq) is initiated from single-primer extension (SPE) using a primer with random tag adjacent to the 5’ end of target-specific sequence. During SPE, each DNA molecule is stochastically labeled with the random tag. Subsequently, first-round PCR is conducted, specifically targeting the SPE product, followed by second-round PCR to index for NGS. The number of random tags is only determined during the SPE step and is therefore not affected by the two rounds of PCR that may introduce amplification biases. In the case of 16S rRNA genes, after NGS sequencing and taxonomic classification, the absolute number of target phylotypes 16S rRNA gene can be estimated by Poisson statistics by counting random tags incorporated at the end of sequence. To test the feasibility of this approach, the 16S rRNA gene of Sulfolobus tokodaii was subjected to qSeq, which resulted in accurate quantification of 5.0 × 103 to 5.0 × 104 copies of the 16S rRNA gene. Furthermore, qSeq was applied to mock microbial communities and environmental samples, and the results were comparable to those obtained using digital PCR and relative abundance based on a standard sequence library. We demonstrated that the qSeq protocol proposed here is advantageous for providing less-biased absolute copy numbers of each target DNA with NGS sequencing at one time. By this new experiment scheme in microbial ecology, microbial community compositions can be explored in more quantitative manner, thus expanding our knowledge of microbial ecosystems in natural environments.

The scribe of the Hilandar charter no. 139/141 and the Chrysobull of St Stephen palaeographic and philological analysis

Ever since it was discovered in the Topkap? Palace in Istanbul (1889), the Chrysobull of St Stephen has not ceased to attract researchers? attention. It is one of the most representative Serbian medieval charters, and the first known example of a charter in the form of a book. The Chrysobull is a rich resource for linguistic, historical, cultural and ethnic studies of the Serbian medieval state in a wide area covered by the estates of the Banjska monastery. A palaeographic and philological analysis has shown that the same scribe who wrote out this stupendous monument of Serbian medieval law also wrote King Milutin?s founding charter granted to the tower of Hrusija on the sea coast, intended for the defence of the Hilandar monastery (Archbishop Nikodim?s note of confirmation was added by the same hand at the bottom of the scroll). Although rather extensive, this document is more than half as extensive as the Chrysobull of St Stephen. Taking this into account and keeping in mind the fact that it presents a lower degree of original content (the tower was granted a rather small estate in Serbia for its own needs, whereas the estate of the monastery to which it belonged was merely enlarged), this document is, on the whole, a less abundant source of information for research. Nevertheless, it additionally illuminates the activity of a very prominent scribe from the beginning of the golden period of Serbian medieval culture who tried himself in writing original documents and original manuscript copies for the king. The Chrysobull reveals his scribal diversity and contributes to a better understanding of the activities of the royal chancery. The document may be used as a reliable comparative material in linguistic research, as well as a control corpus to check the previous knowledge, but also to make new conclusions. The exceptional significance of the Chrysobull of St Stephen also increases the significance of this Hilandar scroll.

A Study of Iron Based Superconductor

Exploratory union endeavors for iron based superconductors (FeSC) have been driven by any desires for enhancing superconducting basic temperatures (TCs), giving astounding examples to top to bottom investigations of inborn properties, and investigating potential superconductivity in comparable groups of materials. This original copy condenses the combination courses that are utilized for creating FeSC and their undoped guardians, in single precious stone and polycrystalline structures. A couple of the materials difficulties are abridged.

The Irish Contribution to the Ideological Origins of the American Revolution: Nonimportation and the Reception of Jonathan Swift’s Irish Satires in Early America

The Irish Contribution to the Ideological Origins of the American RevolutionNonimportation and the Reception of Jonathan Swift’s Irish Satires in Early America Sean Moore (bio) When scholars study the literature and history of the eighteenth century, it is a commonplace to say that the American Revolution inspired similar Irish decolonizing events like the 1798 Rebellion of the United Irishmen or even the 1916 Easter Rising, the one hundredth anniversary of which we commemorated last year. A newly discovered document at Harvard’s Houghton Library, an original copy of a text discussed by T. H. Breen, however, reminds us that the pattern might have been the reverse (236). The 1767 Boston Nonimportation Agreement, a covenant signed by hundreds of Boston merchants to boycott British imports in the wake of the Townshend Acts—new taxes on paper, paint, lead, glass, and tea—seems to have been inspired by Ireland’s similar idea in the 1720s. Led by satirist Jonathan Swift, this advocacy for an Irish boycott of British goods and the encouragement of domestic industry was targeted at the Declaratory Act of 1720, a measure that asserted the British Parliament’s right to levy taxes for Ireland without the Irish Parliament’s consent. This legislation, copied almost word-for-word when the British Parliament passed a similar Declaratory Act for the American colonies in 1766, was symptomatic of a greater centralization of the empire’s fiscal authority, generating much constitutional debate about the proper relationship between England and its external dominions (McIlwain 49–50, 50–51n2). Americans were inspired by this Irish debate because until the radical republican break with Britain in 1776, they were still attempting to make constitutional arguments within the tradition of anglophone political thought about their proper level of sovereignty vis-à-vis Britain. What both the [End Page 333] Anglo-Irish Swift and the Anglo-American Patriots were objecting to was the British fiscal-military state’s endless appetite for revenue, felt particularly keenly by the Americans in the wake of the Seven Years’ War (Brewer xvii). While the debt of the early Americans to the Irish political thought of the previous generations and centuries was well documented in the 1920s by Charles Howard McIlwain and more recently by Carla Mulford and Leo Lemay, little work has been done on literature’s place in articulating this thought. Further, though the Patriot and Loyalist receptions of Swift’s more English writings have been documented by many critics, much less work has been done on the reading and influence of Swift’s Irish satires in early America. This essay establishes that Swift’s advocacy for an Irish boycott, articulated in such literary works as A Proposal for the Universal Use of Irish Manufacture (1720), the Drapier’s Letters (1724), and A Modest Proposal (1729), influenced British Americans to propose similar political and economic actions to protest what they saw as unconstitutional London measures. It contends that the Anglo-Irish, a colonial elite struggling to protect its assets from imperial confiscation, were a political model for the Anglo-Americans, who similarly found themselves underrepresented in legislative deliberation affecting their economy. What both groups were arguing for in asserting control over their fiscal affairs was a measure of sovereignty, in relation to the British Parliament, over the proceeds of colonialism. This essay argues that the prism of book history, and its focus on reader reception, promises to make visible the relationship of Anglo-American to Anglo-Irish political thinking. It does so by drawing on the work of Hugh Amory, David Hall, and James Raven on the transatlantic book trade—the vehicle for the dissemination of such ideas. There is evidence, I explain, particularly from the America’s Historical Newspapers database and from the catalogues and borrowing records of the Salem Social Library and Redwood Library of Newport, that American readers took Swift’s Irish writings to hand during the nonimportation era. The broader implications of this argument are that Irish writing’s role in the ideological origins of the Revolution not only is manifest in the nonimportation agreements but also is indicative of the fact that American Patriots, like the Anglo-Irish, were not exceptional in their confrontation with...

HISTORY OF THE SECOND SEAL OR THE OTHER COPY OF THE "CODEX CUMANICUS"

The Codex Cumanicus is a unique manuscript of language of the Turkic people at the end of thirteenth and beginning of fourteenth century of our era, contains Latin-Persian-Cuman and German words, early Cuman riddles, collection of religious texts. The Codex may be divided into two distinct and independent parts: I) a practical handbook of the Cuman language with glossaries in Italo-Latin, Persian and Cuman II) a mixed collection of religious texts, linguistic data and folkloric materials ( the Cuman riddles), stemming from a number of hands, with translations into Latin and a dialect of Eastern Middle High German. The original copy of the Codex Cumanicus, which is presently, housed in the Library of St. Mark, in Venice, Cod. Mar. Lat. DXLIX, and the second copy of the manuscript placed in the Laurentian library in Florence, Cod. Ashburnham 1584. The aim of the work is to research the structure, content and peculiarities of the script of another copy of “Codex Cumanicus” created by an unknown scribe in November, 5 in 1824, which is kept at the National library of Medici in Florence. The article is also dedicated to specification of process connected with the given copy and as well as the history of appearance of the seals of the National libraries of France and Venice on the first and last pages of the original.

The Fruit of the Poisonous Tree in IP Law

If a police officer searches my home illegally and finds evidence of a crime there, the criminal law suppresses not only that evidence, but evidence derived from the search that was not itself found illegally. This doctrine is known as the “fruit of the poisonous tree.” The animating principle of the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine is but-for causation: if you had not violated the law, you wouldn’t have found the evidence, and so you wouldn’t have followed whatever investigative path was triggered by the finding of that evidence. The newly discovered evidence – the fruit – is tainted by the poison of the illegal search.Civil law also concerns itself with chains of causation, both in determining liability and in ordering relief. But civil does not apply the logic of the fruit of the poisonous tree to chase down every consequence of a wrong. Tort law, for example, requires proof not only of but-for causation but also that the defendant was a sufficiently proximate cause of the injury. Plaintiffs can recover for some (but not all) unforeseeable consequences. And while remedies law generally tries to return plaintiffs to their rightful position, compensating them for injuries and giving them what they could have expected to receive absent the wrong, it also limits both who can obtain compensation and the sort of thing for which they can be compensated. Intellectual property (IP) regimes in particular struggle with causation issues in one important set of cases: defendants who infringe an in IP right in the course of making a product that does not itself infringe that right. Suppose, for instance, that I copy your song onto my laptop in order to make my own song that samples yours. Depending on how much I use, the final song I release may not infringe your copyright, but intermediate versions of my song might, as might the original copy. Or suppose I use a patented microscope without permission to make a scientific discovery that turns into a new drug. The drug doesn’t infringe the patent, which is, after all, on a microscope, not a chemical. But the act of research might infringe. Or I might steal your product to figure out how it works, not so that I can copy it but so I can make a one that works a different way. My final product doesn’t incorporate your secret, but I used my ill-gotten knowledge of your product to get there.IP law is all over the map in dealing with such cases. Some IP regimes, like trade secret law, apply the fruit of the poisonous tree logic, allowing the plaintiff to recover not only for the profits the defendant made from secrets she actually stole and used but also for the profits of any product that resulted from the use of those secrets. It will also grant a “head-start” injunction against even non-infringing products. Copyright law, by contrast, does not permit a plaintiff either to obtain an injunction or to recover damages against non-infringing final products. Patent law is somewhere in between, refusing to enjoin non-infringing products but leaving the door open to reach-through royalty claims.It is not clear that these differences reflect any considered judgment about when IP law should prevent or punish the making and sale of non-infringing products tainted by infringement in the process of creation. In this article, I offer a cohesive way to think about the fruit of the poisonous tree in IP law. Whether IP remedies should extend to tainted but non-infringing products should be a function of the mental state of the infringer, the likelihood that infringement will be detected, and the contribution made by the final, non-infringing product. Balancing those three factors won’t necessarily lead all IP regimes to treat the fruit of the poisonous tree in the same way. But it does both explain and suggest some needed reforms to the current legal rules.

Transposition mechanism, molecular characterization and evolution of IS6110, the specific evolutionary marker of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex.

The mycobacterial insertion sequence IS6110 proved crucial in deciphering tuberculosis (TB) transmission dynamics. This sequence was also shown to play an important role in the pathogenicity (transmission ability and/or virulence) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the main causative agent of TB in humans. In this study, we explored the usefulness of IS6110 and its potential as a phylogenetic/typing marker. We also analyzed the genetic polymorphism and evolutionary trends (selective pressure) of its transposase-encoding open reading frames (ORFs), A and B, using the maximum likelihood method. Both ORFs evolved chronologically through random single nucleotide polymorphisms. They were subjected to strict purifying selection more tight on orfA, with no evidence of significant recombination events. OrfA proved to have a crucial role in regulating the transpositional process. Several analyses showed that IS6110 acquisition antedated the emergence of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. This original copy of IS6110 element was functionally optimal. In conclusion, this study not only demonstrated the usefulness of IS6110 in terms of phylogenetic and typing purposes and its transpositional mechanism, but also informed the scientific community on its evolutionary history.

Repeated Duplication of Argonaute2 Is Associated with Strong Selection and Testis Specialization in Drosophila.

Argonaute2 (Ago2) is a rapidly evolving nuclease in the Drosophila melanogaster RNA interference (RNAi) pathway that targets viruses and transposable elements in somatic tissues. Here we reconstruct the history of Ago2 duplications across the D. obscura group and use patterns of gene expression to infer new functional specialization. We show that some duplications are old, shared by the entire species group, and that losses may be common, including previously undetected losses in the lineage leading to D. pseudoobscura. We find that while the original (syntenic) gene copy has generally retained the ancestral ubiquitous expression pattern, most of the novel Ago2 paralogs have independently specialized to testis-specific expression. Using population genetic analyses, we show that most testis-specific paralogs have significantly lower genetic diversity than the genome-wide average. This suggests recent positive selection in three different species, and model-based analyses provide strong evidence of recent hard selective sweeps in or near four of the six D. pseudoobscura Ago2 paralogs. We speculate that the repeated evolution of testis specificity in obscura group Ago2 genes, combined with their dynamic turnover and strong signatures of adaptive evolution, may be associated with highly derived roles in the suppression of transposable elements or meiotic drive. Our study highlights the lability of RNAi pathways, even within well-studied groups such as Drosophila, and suggests that strong selection may act quickly after duplication in RNAi pathways, potentially giving rise to new and unknown RNAi functions in nonmodel species.

Erratum to: Duration of US Residence and Obesity Risk in NYC Chinese Immigrants.

The footnote to address the correspondence in the original copy of the article is an error. The contact information and affiliation only correspond to the first author, Aimee Afable. The correct affiliations for the other coauthors are mentioned below.

The Effect of Eong-bang-gang (翁方綱) on forming epigraphy of Chu-Sa(秋史)

한국금석학의 역사에서 가장 주목해야할 일은 19세기에 있었던 한·중 금석탁본의 교류와 연구이다. 이 시기는 청조를 방문했던 많은 문인들과 역관들에 의해 금석학자들의 적극적인 학문적 교류가 확대되었고, 이를 계기로 금석문을 연구대상으로 삼 고자 하는 학풍이 생겨나기 시작한 시점으로, 그 중심에 覃溪 翁方綱(1733~1818)과 秋史 金正喜(1786~1856)가 있었다. 특히 이 두 학자간의 직접적인 만남과 교류는 韓中의 금석탁본을 서로 교환하고 분석하면서 자연스럽게 추사금석학을 탄생하 게 하는 결과를 낳았다. 조선의 18세기 후반과 경화지역은 청대의 학문과 예술에 대해 관심이 증폭된 시기로, 추사는 1809년 10월 24세에 司馬試에 합격하여 生員이 되면서 아버지 김노경이 冬至副使로 연경에 갈때 子弟軍官의 자격으로 함께 중국에 가게 되어 40일간 머무르며 계획적이고 체계적인 공부를 하게 되었다. 이 짧은 기간동안 옹방강을 비롯한 曹江(?~?) ․ 徐松(1781-1848) · 阮元(1764~1849) ․ 朱鶴年(1760-1834) ․ 李鼎元(1749-?) ․ 李林松(?-?) 등과 만나면서 시서화는 물론 청조고증학을 받아 들이는 창구를 만들어 놓았고, 귀국후에도 이들과의 지속적인 교류를 유지하면서 새로운 학문에 대한 열망으로 추사금석학을 체계화시켰다. 특히 옹방강은 당시 최고의 학자로 조선의 젊은 청년과의 만남이 쉽지 않았으나 추사의 스승인 朴齊家(1750~1805)의 소개편지로 귀한 만남의 시간을 가질 수 있었으며, 이러한 인연으로 옹방강의 서재인 石墨書樓에서 중국의 귀중한 탁본진본과 서화진적을 볼 수 있었던 행운의 기회를 얻을 수 있었다. 이러한 경험은 추사로 하여금 금석학과 고증학에 전념하는 큰 계기가 되었으며, 귀국 후에도 종종 서신을 나누면서 금석문을 분석하는 방법과 고증하는 과정, 제발, 쌍구의 체제를 지도 받았다. 당시 조선은 금석학 분야의 심도 있는 연구보다는 금석문을 서법연마의 자료로 활용하거나, 탁본을 통해 완상의 대상으로 삼았던 게 전부였으나 추사가 금석학의 체계를 세운 이후부터 금석문을 학문의 대상으로 삼아 체계적인 연구를 하면서 고 증과 분석을 하는 작업이 활발히 진행되어 여러 학자들에 의해 많은 성과가 있었다. 따라서 탁본첩의 제작이나 금석문 목록집의 편찬에서 더 나아가 금석문의 내용에 관해 釋文을 하고, 그 역사적인 유래와 의미, 서체를 연구하기 시작하면서 독립된 학문으로서의 체계를 갖추게 된 것이다. 따라서 목록집의 경우에도 단순히 비석의 위치나 명칭을 기록하는데서 더 나아가 건립 시기를 추정하고 간략한 해제를 첨가하는 데까지 나아가게 되었으며, 題跋文, 서예작품, 쌍구작품 등의 형태로도 분석결과를 남기게 되어 한국서예사 발전에도 큰 영향을 미쳤다.The most noticable thing in history of Korean epigraphy is study and exchange of Korean and Chinese epigraphy in 19th century. In this time, social intercourse with epigrapher was enlarged by many literator and interpreter who visited the Ching dynasty and academic tradition trying to study epigraphy started to appear with this as a momentum. And there were Dam-gye Eong-bang-gang (覃溪翁方綱, 1733~1818) and Chu-sa Kim-Jeong-hee (秋史金正喜, 1786~1856) in the center of that. The interchange between these two scholars led to the birth of Chu-sa s epigraphy by intercourse between Korean and Chinese epigraphic rubbing and calligraphic effect. Kyung-hwa region of the late 18th century had a lots of interest in study and art of Ching dynasty. Chu-sa passed Sa-ma-si in October 24, 1809 and became saeng-won. He went to China for 40 days as child officer and studied systematically when his father, Kim No Kyung went to Yanjing as Dong-ji-bu-sa. In this short period, Chu-sa met Eong-bang-gang ․ Jo-gang (曹江, ?~?) ․ Seo-song(徐松, 1781-1848) · Wan-won (阮元, 1764~1849) ․ Ju-hak-yeon (朱鶴年, 1760-1834) ․ Lee-jeong-won (李鼎元, 1749-?) ․ Lee-im-song (李林松, ?-?) and made a window for accepting the study of ancient documents of Ching dynasty as well as poem, writing and painting. After coming back, he maintained continuous intercourse with them and systematized the epigraphy of Chu-sa with an enthusiasm to the new study. Especially, it was not easy to meet young man in Joseon as Eong-bang-gang was the greatest scholar in Ching dynasty but he met Chu-sa thanks to the introduction letter of Park-je-ga (朴齊家, 1750~1805) who was a teacher of Chu-sa. Also, he could luckily have a chance to see Chinese precious original copy of rubbing and real relics. It was a great opportunity for Chu-sa to concentrate on epigraphy and the study of the ancient, so they often sent letters to each other to learn the method of analyzing epigraph and studying historical evidence and system of Jebal and Ssang-gu. At that time, scholars of Joseon could only just use epigraph as a material of polishing writing style rather than intensive study on epigraph and regard an epigraph as appreciating object by rubbing. But, after Chu-sa systemize an epigraph, studying and analyzing epigraph systematically paid off by many scholars. So, they systemized epigraph as independent study as doing Jebal about epigraph and studying its historical origin, meaning and font making a headway from making rubbing book and lists of epigraph. Therefore, in case of lists of epigraph, they not only just write location or name of stone but estimate the contruction period and adding brief explanation so it had a great effect on developing Korean calligraphy history leaving the work of Jebal, calligraphic work and Ssang-gu work.

Critical Appraisal of the Validity and Reliability of the Quantitative Studies Published in Iranian Nursing Journals

Background: Despite progression of knowledge of nursing researcher about importance of psychometric principles of instruments of studies but it seems that this subject is not used correctly in nursing studies. This study is designed to critically assess the validity and reliability of instruments applied in studies published in Iranian nursing journals Methods: This study is a critical review of literature that is used the Morse Critical appraisal method. Therefore all of studies of five Iranian nursing journals that are published in1391 was selected and assessed with a researcher made checklist. Results: In 197 assessed articles 280 instruments consist of 245(87.5%) questionnaire and 35(12.5%) checklist was used. In 60% of instruments the validity and reliability of original copy of instrument, in 42.9% the method for confirmation of validity and in 31.8% the method for confirmation of reliability not mentioned. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the quality of confirming validity and reliability of instruments applied in nursing studies is poor therefore this result can be a stimulator factor for nursing researcher to equip themselves with knowledge of psychometric to enhance and facilitate the evidence based practice.

Deduplication in Hybrid Cloud with Secure Data

Deduplication is also called single instance technique, deduplication remove redundant data and stores original copy of data so it will saves the storage space to protect sensitive data. The data security and access to particular data is very much important in current days hence the features in deduplication have been widely used in cloud storage system. There was drawback in previous work where differential privileges of users are set permanently so any client can access any files which are not authorized to specific user. To overcome the drawback of the previous work, we are concentrated on client privileges which will grant or revoke the file access permissions to specific client. With deduplication technique, the client data is secured with advanced encryption algorithm rather than conventional encryption algorithm in hybrid cloud. In previous work convergent encryption technique was used with deduplication which does not provide the security to data. To better enhancement of the security of data, client has given specific permission to access the data, which is more enhanced security system for data security .Our simulation results shows that increase in security of data.

Mitochondrion-to-Chloroplast DNA Transfers and Intragenomic Proliferation of Chloroplast Group II Introns in Gloeotilopsis Green Algae (Ulotrichales, Ulvophyceae).

To probe organelle genome evolution in the Ulvales/Ulotrichales clade, the newly sequenced chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes of Gloeotilopsis planctonica and Gloeotilopsis sarcinoidea (Ulotrichales) were compared with those of Pseudendoclonium akinetum (Ulotrichales) and of the few other green algae previously sampled in the Ulvophyceae. At 105,236 bp, the G. planctonica mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is the largest mitochondrial genome reported so far among chlorophytes, whereas the 221,431-bp G. planctonica and 262,888-bp G. sarcinoidea chloroplast DNAs (cpDNAs) are the largest chloroplast genomes analyzed among the Ulvophyceae. Gains of non-coding sequences largely account for the expansion of these genomes. Both Gloeotilopsis cpDNAs lack the inverted repeat (IR) typically found in green plants, indicating that two independent IR losses occurred in the Ulvales/Ulotrichales. Our comparison of the Pseudendoclonium and Gloeotilopsis cpDNAs offered clues regarding the mechanism of IR loss in the Ulotrichales, suggesting that internal sequences from the rDNA operon were differentially lost from the two original IR copies during this process. Our analyses also unveiled a number of genetic novelties. Short mtDNA fragments were discovered in two distinct regions of the G. sarcinoidea cpDNA, providing the first evidence for intracellular inter-organelle gene migration in green algae. We identified for the first time in green algal organelles, group II introns with LAGLIDADG ORFs as well as group II introns inserted into untranslated gene regions. We discovered many group II introns occupying sites not previously documented for the chloroplast genome and demonstrated that a number of them arose by intragenomic proliferation, most likely through retrohoming.

El Supuesto Memorial Del Conde de Aranda Sobre La Independencia de América

El Supuesto Memorial Del Conde de Aranda Sobre La Independencia de América