Origin Positions Research Articles

Detection and characterization of constitutive replication origins defined by DNA polymerase epsilon

BackgroundDespite the process of DNA replication being mechanistically highly conserved, the location of origins of replication (ORI) may vary from one tissue to the next, or between rounds of replication in eukaryotes, suggesting flexibility in the choice of locations to initiate replication. Lists of human ORI therefore vary widely in number and location, and there are currently no methods available to compare them. Here, we propose a method of detection of ORI based on somatic mutation patterns generated by the mutator phenotype of damaged DNA polymerase epsilon (POLE).ResultsWe report the genome-wide localization of constitutive ORI in POLE-mutated human tumors using whole genome sequencing data. Mutations accumulated after many rounds of replication of unsynchronized dividing cell populations in tumors allow to identify constitutive origins, which we show are shared with high fidelity between individuals and tumor types. Using a Smith–Waterman-like dynamic programming approach, we compared replication origin positions obtained from multiple different methods. The comparison allowed us to define a consensus set of replication origins, identified consistently by multiple ORI detection methods. Many DNA features co-localized with the consensus set of ORI, including chromatin loop anchors, G-quadruplexes, S/MARs, and CpGs. Among all features, the H2A.Z histone exhibited the most significant association.ConclusionsOur results show that mutation-based detection of replication origins is a viable approach to determining their location and associated sequence features.

Improvement of Fatigue Life of Arc Welded T-joints by Local Shape Change Near the Joint Line

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study is to improve fatigue life of T-shape arc welded joint structures which are often used in automobiles. In conventional T-shape joint, ST-joint (Standard T-joint), a vertical part is welded to a flat surface in the horizontal part. In this paper, a new structure, CCT-joint (Concave shape T-joint), is proposed which can reduce stresses around a joint line in car driving. In a CCT-joint, a vertical part is welded to a concave surface in the horizontal part. Fatigue life of a CCT-joint was significantly longer than that of a conventional ST-joint. Results of this study suggest that the drastic improvement in fatigue life was due to stress reduction by the concave shape around the joint line. FEM stress analysis revealed that the maximum stress near the weld line of CCT-joint was reduced to less than half that of the ST-joint. Furthermore, it was found that the locations of the maximum stress were different between the CCT-joint and the ST-joint. This suggests that the crack origin positions of both joints are different, which was also confirmed experimentally. The geometry, hardness, and residual stresses after welding were investigated around the weld toe. The effects of geometry and hardness were small on the fatigue life. The residual stresses were decreased by CCT-joint. The evaluation of the advantage of residual stress reduction by CCT-joint compared with that of stress reduction in car driving will be investigated and discussed in the next step of this study.

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A brief review of the features of the defect structure and studies of the luminescent properties of nonlinear optical lithium niobate crystals of various compositions and genesis was given. It was established that the electron-hole pair NbNb4+-O- in the oxygen-octahedral cluster NbO6 emitted in the short-wavelength region of the visible spectrum (400-500 nm), while point defects (VLi and NbNb4+-NbLi4+ bipolarons) - in the long-wavelength region (500-620 nm). At the ratio of Li/Nb≈1 the luminescence was extinguished in the visible region of the spectrum due to decreasing the intrinsic luminescence centers. It was shown that the presence of polaron luminescence in the near-IR region (700-1050 nm) was due to the small polarons NbLi4+ and impurity ions Cr3+ localized in lithium and niobium octahedra. The energy transfer between the luminescence centers in the visible and near-IR spectral regions was detected. Moreover, luminescence in near-IR regions was dominant. Doping of LiNbO3 crystals with zinc and magnesium at ZnO<4.46 mol.% and MgO<5.29 mol.% led to decreasing luminescence of intrinsic defects (VLi, NbNb4+-NbLi4+). However, there was an increase of the contribution of the short-wave spectrum component at higher dopant concentrations because of the introduction of Zn and Mg into the origin positions of Nb ions.

Люминесцентные свойства нестехиометрических кристаллов ниобата лития различного состава и генезиса (обзор)

A brief review of the features of the defect structure and studies of the luminescent properties of nonlinear optical lithium niobate crystals of various compositions and genesis was given. It was established that the electron-hole pair NbNb4+-O- in the oxygen-octahedral cluster NbO6 emitted in the short-wavelength region of the visible spectrum (400-500 nm), while point defects (VLi and NbNb4+-NbLi4+ bipolarons) - in the long-wavelength region (500-620 nm). At the ratio of Li/Nb≈1 the luminescence was extinguished in the visible region of the spectrum due to decreasing the intrinsic luminescence centers. It was shown that the presence of polaron luminescence in the near-IR region (700-1050 nm) was due to the small polarons NbLi4+ and impurity ions Cr3+ localized in lithium and niobium octahedra. The energy transfer between the luminescence centers in the visible and near-IR spectral regions was detected. Moreover, luminescence in near-IR regions was dominant. Doping of LiNbO3 crystals with zinc and magnesium at ZnO<4.46 mol.% and MgO<5.29 mol.% led to decreasing luminescence of intrinsic defects (VLi, NbNb4+-NbLi4+). However, there was an increase of the contribution of the short-wave spectrum component at higher dopant concentrations because of the introduction of Zn and Mg into the origin positions of Nb ions.

How are social origin, destination and mobility linked to physical, mental, and self-rated health? Evidence from the United States

For decades, scholars have been exploring persistent inequalities in health by studying the roles of origin and destination socioeconomic positions (SEP), and the importance of social mobility trajectories from childhood to adult life in individuals’ wellbeing. However, this literature does not produce consistent and systematic findings on the relative importance of origin and destination SEP and independent social mobility effects. One of the main reasons for this is a set of methodological choices and decisions which researchers make. Arguably, one of the most critical aspects of research design is the operationalisation of SEP and the selection of health outcomes, usually without accounting for initial values of the health indicators employed. Using a nationally representative longitudinal dataset (Add Health) for the United States and diagonal reference models, in the present study, we examine how the choice of SEP in terms of educational, occupational, and income attainment, and the choice of health measures in terms of obesity, depressive symptoms, and self-rated health, influence findings on the origin and destination effects, as well as the health implications of social mobility. We also address the health selection problem by explicitly accounting for adolescents’ health in terms of each health outcome considered. Our results indicate that both choosing SEP and health measures, and accounting for social mobility and adolescent health have a noticeable impact on the relative importance of social origin and destination positions for health outcomes. We do not find evidence that social mobility has an independent effect on health, or that individuals’ previous health status moderates this association.

Modulation of C-to-T mutation by recombination-independent pairing of closely positioned DNA repeats

Repeat-induced point mutation is a genetic process that creates cytosine-to-thymine (C-to-T) transitions in duplicated genomic sequences in fungi. Repeat-induced point mutation detects duplications (irrespective of their origin, specific sequence, coding capacity, and genomic positions) by a recombination-independent mechanism that likely matches intact DNA double helices directly, without relying on the annealing of complementary single strands. In the fungus Neurospora crassa, closely positioned repeats can induce mutation of the adjoining nonrepetitive regions. This process is related to heterochromatin assembly and requires the cytosine methyltransferase DIM-2. Using DIM-2-dependent mutation as a readout of homologous pairing, we find that GC-rich repeats produce a much stronger response than AT-rich repeats, independently of their intrinsic propensity to become mutated. We also report that direct repeats trigger much stronger DIM-2-dependent mutation than inverted repeats. These results can be rationalized in the light of a recently proposed model of homologous DNA pairing, in which DNA double helices associate by forming sequence-specific quadruplex-based contacts with a concomitant release of supercoiling. A similar process featuring pairing-induced supercoiling may initiate epigenetic silencing of repetitive DNA in other organisms, including humans.

Modeling of liftoff heights of non-premixed turbulent flames in co-flows having various temperatures and O2 concentrations

Lifted flames in combustion furnaces are diluted with burned gas entrained into the fuel jet. The reduced concentrations of reactants resulting from this dilution increase the liftoff height, while the associated temperature increase decreases the height. The aim of the present study was to develop a premixed model capable of predicting the variation in the liftoff height resulting from entrainment. A triple concentric burner incorporating fuel gas, oxidizer and co-flow gas nozzles was employed to simulate a combustion furnace. Prior to combustion tests, the fraction of the fuel gas in the non-reactive jets forming on the burner was determined, to allow an evaluation of parameters affecting the entrainment rate of the co-flow gas. The flame liftoff height above the burner was found to increase with decreases in the O2 concentration in the co-flow gas and was decreased with increases in temperature. Three premixed models were examined: a conventional premixed model, a DP1 model including only the effect of decreasing reactant concentrations and a DP2 model including the effects of both decreasing concentrations and temperature increases. Validations of these models demonstrated that the conventional model failed to predict variations in the liftoff height at a variety of co-flow gas O2 concentrations and temperatures. The DP1 model also provided insufficient correlations between the bulk velocity and liftoff height, such that the correlation line at a high co-flow gas temperature separated from that at room temperature. In contrast, the DP2 model provided excellent correlations in conjunction with different virtual origin positions.

A Survey on OD Data Visualization

<p indent=0mm>OD data is a type of data that provides origin and destination positions, and sparsely describes the movement trajectory of objects. Being the research hotspots in data visualization and geospatial analysis, visual analysis of OD data contributes to discovering group movement patterns, exploring spatial anomalies and hidden relationships, and in-depth analysis of various statistics attributes. It is started from the pair-point structure of OD data in geospatial space, and classical OD data visualization methods and principles are elaborated, such as OD matrix, OD map, OD flow, etc. Then from the perspective of spatial-temporal feature exploration, spatial and spatial-temporal joint dimensions, the visual analysis of OD data is performed, while its application scenarios and enhanced significance of feature expression, perception, extraction and presentation are researched. To solve the problem of visual clutter in large-scale OD data visualization, the visual simplification methods such as filtering, aggregation, and sampling are sorted out in the research methods of visual analysis of OD data. Finally, the applications and specific cases of OD data visual analysis technology are investigated in different domains, the challenging problems in the research of OD data visual analysis are summarized, and the trend of its future development is prospected.

Polarization origin and iron positions in indium doped barium hexaferrites

M-type hexaferrite BaFe12−xInxO19 (x = 0.1, 1.2) samples were investigated by high resolution neutron powder diffraction and vibration sample magnetometry in a wide temperature range of 4–730K. Structural and magnetic parameters were determined including the unit cell parameters, ionic coordinates, thermal isotropic factors, occupation positions, bond lengths and bond angles, microstrain values and magnetic moments. In3+ cations may be located only in the Fe1 - 2a and Fe2 - 2b crystallographic positions with equal probability for the x = 0.1 sample. At x = 1.2 about half of In3+ cations occupy the Fe5 - 12k positions whilst the other half are equiprobably located in the Fe1 – 2a and Fe2 – 2b positions. The spontaneous polarization was observed for these compositions at 300K. The influence of structural parameters on the temperature behavior of Fe3+(i) - O2- - Fe3+(j) (i, j = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) indirect superexchange interactions was established. With the substitution level increase the superexchange interactions between the magnetic positions inside and outside the sublattices are broken which leads to a decrease in the value of the corresponding magnetic moments.

Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Cigarette Design Feature Influence on ISO TNCO Yields.

The aim of this study is to explore how differences in cigarette physical design parameters influence tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide (TNCO) yields in mainstream smoke (MSS) using the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) smoking regimen. Standardized smoking methods were used to evaluate 50 U.S. domestic brand cigarettes and a reference cigarette representing a range of TNCO yields in MSS collected from linear smoking machines using a nonintense smoking regimen. Multivariate statistical methods were used to form clusters of cigarettes based on their ISO TNCO yields and then to explore the relationship between the ISO generated TNCO yields and the nine cigarette physical design parameters between and within each cluster simultaneously. The ISO generated TNCO yields in MSS are 1.1-17.0 mg tar/cigarette, 0.1-2.2 mg nicotine/cigarette, and 1.6-17.3 mg CO/cigarette. Cluster analysis divided the 51 cigarettes into five discrete clusters based on their ISO TNCO yields. No one physical parameter dominated across all clusters. Predicting ISO machine generated TNCO yields based on these nine physical design parameters is complex due to the correlation among and between the nine physical design parameters and TNCO yields. From these analyses, it is estimated that approximately 20% of the variability in the ISO generated TNCO yields comes from other parameters (e.g., filter material, filter type, inclusion of expanded or reconstituted tobacco, and tobacco blend composition, along with differences in tobacco leaf origin and stalk positions and added ingredients). A future article will examine the influence of these physical design parameters on TNCO yields under a Canadian Intense (CI) smoking regimen. Together, these papers will provide a more robust picture of the design features that contribute to TNCO exposure across the range of real world smoking patterns.

Post-licensing Specification of Eukaryotic Replication Origins by Facilitated Mcm2-7 Sliding along DNA

Eukaryotic genomes are replicated from many origin sites that are licensed by the loading of the replicative DNA helicase, Mcm2-7. How eukaryotic origin positions are specified remains elusive. Here we show that, contrary to the bacterial paradigm, eukaryotic replication origins are not irrevocably defined by selection of the helicase loading site, but can shift in position after helicase loading. Using purified proteins we show that DNA translocases, including RNA polymerase, can push budding yeast Mcm2-7 double hexamers along DNA. Displaced Mcm2-7 double hexamers support DNA replication initiation distal to the loading site in vitro. Similarly, in yeast cells that are defective for transcription termination, collisions with RNA polymerase induce a redistribution of Mcm2-7 complexes along the chromosomes, resulting in a corresponding shift in DNA replication initiation sites. These results reveal a eukaryotic origin specification mechanism that departs from the classical replicon model, helping eukaryotic cells to negotiate transcription-replication conflict.

Reliable femoral frame construction based on MRI dedicated to muscles position follow-up.

In vivo follow-up of muscle shape variation represents a challenge when evaluating muscle development due to disease or treatment. Recent developments in muscles reconstruction techniques indicate MRI as a clinical tool for the follow-up of the thigh muscles. The comparison of 3D muscles shape from two different sequences is not easy because there is no common frame. This study proposes an innovative method for the reconstruction of a reliable femoral frame based on the femoral head and both condyles centers. In order to robustify the definition of condylar spheres, an original method was developed to combine the estimation of diameters of both condyles from the lateral antero-posterior distance and the estimation of the spheres center from an optimization process. The influence of spacing between MR slices and of origin positions was studied. For all axes, the proposed method presented an angular error lower than 1° with spacing between slice of 10mm and the optimal position of the origin was identified at 56% of the distance between the femoral head center and the barycenter of both condyles. The high reliability of this method provides a robust frame for clinical follow-up based on MRI .

Personality characteristics of medical worker

In thearticle there is viewed the problem of modern medical education, it is finding out for the relationship between training and educational objectives at medical establishment as forming basis for professionalism of medical specialist. After the analysis of scientific works was found that during the training of professionals in the medical fieldshould take into account not only the formation of a system of knowledge and skills, but also develop their personality qualities that meet the requirements of future professional activity. Medical education directed at the personality traits of future physicians, involving them in awareness and knowledge of humanistic and universal values.The social significance and complexity of professional duties of medical workers requires a high level of their training, fundamental knowledge of the theory and practice of medicine, acquisition of skills and techniques of medical practice. Health professionals should be educated, competitive, mobile and independent in making decisions,responsible for their activities, harmoniously developed, to own scientific style of thinking, to see a natural-scientific picture of the world, to develop ecological thinking. Healthcare workers should also realize the responsibility placed on them, to be friendly, attentive to the patient, hospitable and restrained. An important are interest by the health professional in their profession, loving it, patience and dedication, combination offirmness with carefulness. Features of medical practice determine specific requirements for personal qualities health professionals, such as altruism and self-discipline. Medical specialists must not only express their moral qualities, but also influence on others, reflect moral obligations attitude towards colleagues, partners, members of society, aware their moral responsibility and show willingness to carry out their duties. The concept of professional duty, professional responsibility, professional conscience intersect with other relative by origin positions, such as professional honor, professional dignity, professional justice, professional tact and are combined with each other.

Replisome stall events have shaped the distribution of replication origins in the genomes of yeasts

During S phase, the entire genome must be precisely duplicated, with no sections of DNA left unreplicated. Here, we develop a simple mathematical model to describe the probability of replication failing due to the irreversible stalling of replication forks. We show that the probability of complete genome replication is maximized if replication origins are evenly spaced, the largest inter-origin distances are minimized, and the end-most origins are positioned close to chromosome ends. We show that origin positions in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome conform to all three predictions thereby maximizing the probability of complete replication if replication forks stall. Origin positions in four other yeasts—Kluyveromyces lactis, Lachancea kluyveri, Lachancea waltii and Schizosaccharomyces pombe—also conform to these predictions. Equating failure rates at chromosome ends with those in chromosome interiors gives a mean per nucleotide fork stall rate of ∼5 × 10−8, which is consistent with experimental estimates. Using this value in our theoretical predictions gives replication failure rates that are consistent with data from replication origin knockout experiments. Our theory also predicts that significantly larger genomes, such as those of mammals, will experience a much greater probability of replication failure genome-wide, and therefore will likely require additional compensatory mechanisms.

Distance Dependence of Electric Field Pattern for An Antenna Mounted on A Car in Uhf Band

ABSTRACTIt is important to know distance dependence of electric field pattern to measure radiation patterns for car mounted antennas. In this article, the distance dependence of electric field pattern for an antenna mounted on a car in the UHF band is investigated by the electromagnetic simulation for the first time. As a result, it is shown that the distance dependence of electric field pattern is affected by polarization, frequency, antenna positions, and origin positions to define the distance. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:2182–2186, 2013

Unraveling cell type–specific and reprogrammable human replication origin signatures associated with G-quadruplex consensus motifs

DNA replication is highly regulated, ensuring faithful inheritance of genetic information through each cell cycle. In metazoans, this process is initiated at many thousands of DNA replication origins whose cell type-specific distribution and usage are poorly understood. We exhaustively mapped the genome-wide location of replication origins in human cells using deep sequencing of short nascent strands and identified ten times more origin positions than we expected; most of these positions were conserved in four different human cell lines. Furthermore, we identified a consensus G-quadruplex-forming DNA motif that can predict the position of DNA replication origins in human cells, accounting for their distribution, usage efficiency and timing. Finally, we discovered a cell type-specific reprogrammable signature of cell identity that was revealed by specific efficiencies of conserved origin positions and not by the selection of cell type-specific subsets of origins.

Franck-Condon factors and observed band strength distribution in the vibrational structure of the Ag2 D-X band system

Potential curves for the X1?g+ and D1?u+ states of three diatomic silver isotopomers, 107Ag2, 107Ag109Ag and 109Ag2, were determined from the best available molecular constants by the Rydberg-Klein-Rees method. From these potentials, Franck-Condon factors and band-origin wave numbers were computed, and the reliability of the obtained values was verified by comparison with the observed band strength distribution and the measured band origin positions in a previously recorded D-X spectrum. The ratios of the Franck-Condon factors to those of corresponding isotopic bands were found to be very close to unity, revealing only a very small isotopic effect on the Franck Condon factors of Ag2 D-X bands. The isotopic shifts of the calculated band origins agree well with previously measured displacements of band heads.

Jet-Cooled Electronic and Vibrational Spectroscopy of Crown Ethers: Benzo-15-Crown-5 Ether and 4′-Amino-Benzo-15-Crown-5 Ether

Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), ultraviolet hole-burning (UVHB), and resonant ion-dip infrared (RIDIR) spectroscopies were carried out on isolated benzo-15-crown-5 ether (B15C) and 4'-amino-benzo-15-crown-5 ether (ABC) cooled in a supersonic expansion. Three conformational isomers of B15C and four of ABC were observed and spectroscopically characterized. Full optimizations and harmonic frequency calculations were undertaken for the full set of almost 1700 conformational minima identified in a molecular mechanics force field search. When compared with TDDFT predictions, the S(0)-S(1) origin positions serve as a useful diagnostic of the conformation of the crown ether near the phenyl ring responsible for the UV absorption and to the position of the NH(2) substituent. In-plane orientations for the beta carbons produce red-shifted S(0)-S(1) origins, while out-of-plane "buckling" produces substantial blue shifts of 600 cm(-1) or more. Comparison between the alkyl CH stretch spectra of B15C and ABC divide the spectra into common subgroups shared by the two molecules. The high-frequency CH stretch transitions (above 2930 cm(-1)) reflect the number of CH...O interactions, which in turn track in a general way the degree of buckling of the crown. On this basis, assignments of each of the observed conformational isomers to a class of structure can be made. All the observed structures have some degree of buckling to them, indicating that in the absence of a strong-binding partner, the crown folds in on itself to gain additional stabilization from weak dispersive and CH...O interactions.

Single-Conformation and Diastereomer Specific Ultraviolet and Infrared Spectroscopy of Model Synthetic Foldamers: α/β-Peptides

Resonant two-photon ionization (R2PI), UV hole-burning (UVHB), and resonant ion-dip infrared (RIDIR) spectroscopies have been used to record single-conformation infrared and ultraviolet spectra of three model synthetic foldamers with heterogeneous backbones, alpha/beta-peptides Ac-beta(3)-hAla-L-Phe-NHMe (betaalphaL), Ac-beta(3)-hAla-D-Phe-NHMe (betaalphaD), and Ac-L-Phe-beta(3)-hAla-NHMe (alphabetaL), isolated and cooled in a supersonic expansion. BetaalphaL and betaalphaD are diastereomers, differing only in the configuration of the alpha-amino acid residue; betaalphaL and alphabetaL contain the same residues, but differ in residue order. In all three alpha/beta-peptides the beta(3)-residue has S absolute configuration. UVHB spectroscopy is used to determine that there are six conformers of each molecule and to locate and characterize their S(0)-S(1) transitions in the origin region. RIDIR spectra in the amide NH stretch region reflect the number and strength of intramolecular H-bonds present. Comparison of the RIDIR spectra with scaled, harmonic vibrational frequencies and infrared intensities leads to definite assignments for the conformational families involved. C8/C7(eq) double-ring structures are responsible for three conformers of betaalphaL and four of betaalphaD, including those with the most intense transitions in the R2PI spectra. This preference for C8/C7(eq) double rings appears to be dictated by the C7(eq) ring of the alpha-peptide subunit. Three of the conformers of betaalphaL and betaalphaD form diastereomeric pairs (A/A', C/C', and G/G') that have nearly identical S(0)-S(1) origin positions in the UV and belong to the same conformational family, indicating no significant change associated with the change in chirality of the alpha-peptide subunit. However, betaalphaL favors formation of a C6/C5 conformer over C11, while the reverse preference holds in betaalphaD. Calculations indicate that the selective stabilization of the lowest-energy C11(g(+)) structure in betaalphaD occurs because this structure minimizes steric effects between the beta(2) methylene group and C=O(1). In the alpha/beta-peptide alphabetaL, two conformers dominate the spectrum, one assigned to a C5/C8 bifurcated double-ring, and the other to a C5/C6 double-ring structure. This preference for C5 rings in the alpha/beta-peptide occurs because the C5 ring is further stabilized by an amide NH...pi interaction involving an NH group on the adjacent amide, as it is in the alpha-peptides. Comparison of the NH stretch spectra of C8/C7(eq) structures in betaalphaL with their C7(eq)/C8 counterparts in alphabetaL shows that the central amide NH stretch is shifted to lower frequency by some 50-70 cm(-1) due to cooperative effects associated with the central amide accepting and donating a H-bond to neighboring amide groups. This swaps the ordering of the C8 and C7 NH stretch fundamentals in the two molecules.

Changes in Nucleoid Morphology and Origin Localization upon Inhibition or Alteration of the Actin Homolog, MreB, ofVibrio cholerae

MreB is an actin homolog required for the morphogenesis of most rod-shaped bacteria and for other functions, including chromosome segregation. In Caulobacter crescentus and Escherichia coli, the protein seems to play a role in the segregation of sister origins, but its role in Bacillus subtilis chromosome segregation is less clear. To help clarify its role in segregation, we have here studied the protein in Vibrio cholerae, whose chromosome I segregates like the one in C. crescentus and whose chromosome II like the one in E. coli or B. subtilis. The properties of Vibrio MreB were similar to those of its homologs in other bacteria in that it formed dynamic helical filaments, was essential for viability, and was inhibited by the drug A22. Wild-type (WT) cells exposed to A22 became spherical and larger. The nucleoids enlarged correspondingly, and the origin positions for both the chromosomes no longer followed any fixed pattern. However, the sister origins separated, unlike the situation in other bacteria. In mutants isolated as A22 resistant, the nucleoids in some cases appeared compacted even when the cell shape was nearly normal. In these cells, the origins of chromosome I were at the distal edges of the nucleoid but not all the way to the poles where they normally reside. The sister origins of chromosome II also separated less. Thus, it appears that the inhibition or alteration of Vibrio MreB can affect both the nucleoid morphology and origin localization.