Origin Of Superior Thyroid Artery Research Articles

Variant Superior Thyroid Artery Origin from Vertebral Artery: Case Report

Variant Superior Thyroid Artery Origin from Vertebral Artery: Case Report

Cross Sectional Study on Thyroid Arteries with Clinical Correlations

Introduction- Thyroid gland is a highly vascular endocrine gland. The aim of our study is to explore thyroid arteries to escape eventual iatrogenic complications.
 Materials and Methods- Both sides of neck of total 60 adult embalmed cadavers were dissected in West Bengal (2020-2021).
 Results- We found Superior Thyroid Arteries in 100% cases originating from External Carotid Artery in 77.5% cases, Carotid Bifurcation in 11.67% cases, Common Carotid Artery in 7.5% cases, as well as a common trunk with Lingual artery in 1.67% cases, Lingual and Facial arteries in 1.67% cases. Source of origin of Superior Thyroid Artery when compared with level of origin and between male and female cadavers, the result was found statistically significant (p< 0.05). Inferior Thyroid Artery was present in 90% cases and absent in 10% cases. Inferior Thyroid Artery originated from Thyrocervical Trunk in 92.5% cases, Common Carotid Artery in 1.67% cases, Subclavian Artery in 0.83% cases. Thyroidea Ima Artery was found in 3.33% cases arising from Arch of Aorta and Brachiocephalic Trunk.
 Conclusion- Knowledge of thyroid arterial variations will help to prevent loss of patient life due to hemorrhage during surgery.

Variations in origins of External, Internal Carotid Artery and Superior Thyroid Artery Branching Pattern: A Cadaveric Study

Introduction: The rich vascularity of most parts of the head and neck is mainly maintained by the carotids and their branches. However, variations in the External Carotid Artery (ECA) and Superior Thyroid Artery (STA) can pose risks during neck surgeries. Aim: This study aimed to examine relationship of ECA at point of origin and variations in the origin of superior thyroid artery. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College Kota, Rajasthan, India. Fifty common carotid arteries were obtained from 20 adult human cadavers and five sagittal sections of head and neck specimens. The specimens were dissected bilaterally, resulting in a total of 50 carotids observed. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 25. Results: In 86% of the specimens, the ECA originated at the upper border of the thyroid cartilage, while in 14% of the specimens, it was at a higher level. Transposition of the ECA laterally was observed in 4% of the specimens, and medial transposition was observed in 96% of the specimens. The STA originated from the ECA in 76% of the specimens, from the carotid bifurcation in 16% of the specimens, and from the Common Carotid Artery (CCA) in 8% of the specimens. Conclusion: The anatomical level of the CCA bifurcation is crucial clinically and surgically. These findings contribute to our understanding of the vascular anatomy of the carotid triangle, aiding students, radiologists, and surgeons in preventing complications and improving head and neck surgeries.

Variations of Bifurcation of the Common Carotid Artery, and Origin of Superior Thyroid Artery, in Sudanese: A Cadaveric Study

Background: Knowledge of the bifurcation level of the common carotid artery (CCA) is important during surgery, mummification, and radiological studies. This study aim to evaluate the anatomical variations in the bifurcation level of CCA, and the origin of the superior thyroid artery (STA), in Sudanese populations. Their knowledge reduces risk during surgery and helps in arterial ligation. Materials and Methods: 30 neck cadaveric specimens were evaluated on sides, using natural anatomical tools and methods for the anatomical studies. Results: The bifurcation of CCA was found at 36.7% at the level of the upper border of thyroid cartilage (TC), 61.7% above, and 1.6% below. No big differences were found in carotid bifurcation on both sides. The right side showed 30% were normal, 66.7 % high, and 3.3% were low-level bifurcation, left showed 43.3% were normal, 56.7% high, and no low level of bifurcation was observed. Origin of STA either from external 50% or bifurcation 46.7% was nearly about the same, with a few incidences 3.3% from the common carotid. Significance differences were observed in origin STA between both sides, on the right the artery commonly originates from external, and on the left commonly from the bifurcation. Conclusion: CCA bifurcates at a higher level in Sudanese, with no big difference in carotid bifurcation on both sides. Statistically, a significant difference was found in the origin of STA on both sides. Recommendation: higher bifurcation of CCA, and side variations in origin of STA, should be put into consideration during surgery and radiology.

Anatomical variations in the origin of the superior thyroid artery

Superior thyroid artery (STA) is first and lowest branch of external carotid artery (ECA) and it supplies thyroid, parathyroid, upper larynx and neck region. The STA origins either from ECA, common carotid artery (CCA) or its bifurcation level. Various researchers have reported differences in its origin. The STA commencing from the ECA is comparatively more in Indian and Ethiopian but its derivation from CCA bifurcation point is more in Turkey and Korean. Origin of STA in relative to upper border of thyroid cartilage is used as a landmark. The CCA bifurcates into external and internal carotid arteries at same level and occasionally bifurcates at a higher or lower level than its usual site. Origin of STA from CCA is associated with high bifurcation and its origin from the ECA is related with the low CCA division. Comparatively STA origin from CCA or its bifurcation level is more on right side. The CCA developed from third aortic arch and any alteration in development of aortic arches might also contribute to these variations. The STA is an artery of abundant clinical significance and it is recommended to do detailed study of its origin, course, branches, size, and positional relation with the external laryngeal nerve, hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage. Understanding of these variations is immense importance in academic and clinical arena for planning and performing surgical procedures in neck region.

Right External Carotid Artery Originated Right Superior Thyroid Artery in Cadavers of a Medical College in Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study.

External carotid artery originated superior thyroid artery are frequently documented in classical anatomical, surgical and radiological textbooks. Knowledge of anatomical variations, proper identification of superior thyroid arteries is very important to avoid major complications during and after neck surgeries. The aim of the study is to find out the prevalence of right superior thyroid artery originating from right external carotid artery in cadavers of a Medical College in Nepal. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at the department of anatomy in Universal College of Medical Sciences, Bhairahawa, Nepal from October 2020 to January 2021 after ethical clearance from the same institution (IRC UCMS, Ref: UCMS/IRC/078/20). Variations in origin of superior thyroid arteries were observed, recorded and photographed. Convenient sampling method was used. Data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2016. Point estimate at 90% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and percentage. Out of 30 right superior thyroid arteries of 30 cadavers, 27 (90%) at 90% Confidence Interval (80.22-96.44) originates from right external carotid artery. In our study we observed that almost nine tenths of right superior thyroid arteries originated from the right external carotid artery which was relatively high in comparison to other studies. Thus, Extensive knowledge of variations in origin of superior thyroid artery is important for surgeons prior to various interventional surgeries.

Anatomical Variations in the Origin of Superior Thyroid Artery and its Relation with External Laryngeal Nerve and their Clinical Importance-A Cadaveric Study

INTRODUCTION
 The major arterial supply of thyroid gland is from superior and inferior thyroid arteries. The superior thyroid artery (STA) usually arises from the external carotid artery. The external laryngeal nerve runs in close proximity to the origin of the superior thyroid artery later leaves the artery by turning medially above or below the upper pole of the thyroid gland.
 
 MATERIAL AND METHODS
 A descriptive study was undertaken on 20 embalmed cadavers. The anterior triangle of neck was dissected bilaterally. The site of origin of STA level of origin in relation to the upper border of lamina of thyroid cartilage and relation of the STA with external laryngeal nerve were observed and noted.
 
 RESULTS
 The STA arises from the external carotid artery in 27.5%, common carotid artery in 62.5%, common carotid bifurcation in 5% and arises by a common trunk with lingual artery at common carotid bifurcation in 5%. The distance from the upper pole to the point where external laryngeal nerve turns medially is more than 10 mm in 50%, less than 10 mm in 25% and 10 mm in 25%.
 
 CONCLUSION
 The variations in the pattern of origin of the superior thyroid artery and its relation to external laryngeal nerve is a very common phenomenon. The head and neck surgeons must be aware of all possible variations to avoid postoperative complications and legal issues.

English

BACKGROUND External carotid arteries account for a major share of arterial supply of head and neck regions. As variations are frequently observed in the branching pattern of external carotid artery, surgeons, radiologists and anaesthetists often encounter difficulties in various procedures of head and neck. The purpose of this study is to describe the variations in the branching pattern of external carotid artery as observed in South Indian population which definitely reduces its iatrogenic injuries associated with surgical and radiological procedures of head and neck. METHODS This is cross-sectional descriptive study. Bilateral neck dissection was done on twenty-two formalin fixed cadavers to study the branching pattern of external carotid artery during a period of two years in the Department of Anatomy in Government Medical College, Alappuzha. Common carotid, external carotid and internal carotid arteries were dissected. All the branches of external carotid artery were traced and the variations were noted. The distance between carotid bifurcation and point of origin of individual branches of external carotid were measured and statistically analyzed. RESULTS In the present study along with normal branching pattern of external carotid artery, variations like origin of superior thyroid artery from common carotid artery and also from carotid bifurcation were seen. A common linguofacial trunk and direct origin of superior laryngeal artery from external carotid artery were also observed. CONCLUSIONS Prior knowledge of the variations will be helpful to surgeons and anaesthetists while dealing with these vessels during procedures of head and neck regions. KEYWORDS External Carotid Artery, Carotid Bifurcation, Superior Thyroid Artery, Linguofacial Trunk

Cadaveric study on variations in the source and level of origin of superior thyroid artery

Cadaveric study on variations in the source and level of origin of superior thyroid artery

A cadaveric study of common carotid arteries for the presence of additional branches

Introduction: The common carotid arteries with their terminal branches provide the major source of arterial blood to the head, neck and brain. Among the arterial branches in the human body, carotid bifurcation is particularly important to avoid fatal mix up with internal carotid artery which supplies brain. A profound knowledge of variations in branching pattern is essential during carotid artery catheterization, carotid endartectomy and in thyroid surgeries to avoid fatal complications. Aims and Objectives: Present study was carried out to observe the origin of additional branches from common carotid arteries, excluding the terminal branches. i.e. internal and external carotid arteries Material and Methods: The present study was carried out in a total of 54 common carotid artery specimens, dissected in 27 embalmed cadavers (23 males, 4 females). Out of these, 27 left CCAs and 27 right CCAs were studied in the department of Anatomy, J.J.M Medical college, Davangere, India. The specimens were studied by detailed dissection method. Results: In the present study, 51.9 0/0 specimens showed additional branches; superior thyroid artery being the commonest (40.70/0).Trifurcation, with the origin of ascending pharyngeal artery at the termination was observed in 1.9% of the common carotid arteries. Conclusions: In the present study, frequent origin of superior thyroid artery from common carotid artery at different levels was found. The incidence of STA origin was higher compared to other studies. Origin of inferior thyroid artery from common carotid artery is the rarest possibility. In the present study, two specimens (3.7%) showed the origin of ITA from CCA. Keywords: Common carotid artery, Superior thyroid artery, Inferior thyroid artery, Trifurcation.

VARIATION IN ORIGIN OF SUPERIOR THYROID ARTERY AND ITS CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A CASE REPORT

Thyroid surgeries are most common neck surgeries; hence thorough knowledge of the variations in blood supply of this gland to the surgeons is very important to prevent any alarming hemorrhage or iatrogenic damage. We found a variation in origin of superior thyroid artery on right side during routine dissection on an adult male cadaver in the Department of Anatomy, A.I.I.M.S, NewDelhi. Left superior thyroid artery was normal. Right side, superior thyroid artery was arising from common carotid artery instead of external carotid artery, just proximal to the bifurcation of common carotid artery. This variant branching pattern of superior thyroid artery is very rare. The inferior thyroid arteries did not show any unusual origin. Knowledge of such arterial variations related to the thyroid gland is immensely helpful to the surgeons to avoid damage of the vital organs in this region.

Significance of level of bifurcation of common carotid artery and variant branches of external carotid artery in cervicofacial surgeries with ontological explanation: a cadaveric study

Background: External carotid artery is the main artery supplying the structures of neck and face. Variability in the branching pattern of external carotid artery is important surgically and radiologically from the point of view of procedures carried out in that region. Purpose of the present study was to study the branching pattern of external carotid artery.Methods: Carotid triangle of the neck and the infratemporal fossa was dissected for studying the external carotid artery.Results: Generally the common carotid artery bifurcates at the level of upper border of lamina of thyroid cartilage. Level of bifurcation of common carotid artery may vary; it may arise at a lower level or at a higher level than its normal level of origin, which was observed in this study. Amongst the branches of external carotid artery like the superior thyroid artery, the facial artery, the lingual artery usually shows variations in their origin. These include origin of superior thyroid artery from common carotid artery, common trunk for facial and lingual arteries and many other different types of variations were seen in this study.Conclusions: Variant origins of the branches of external carotid artery are of significance in surgeries of thyroid, parotid gland, tongue as well as important in diagnostic procedures of head, neck, face region.

The World of the Vascular Surgeon: Knowledge of Anatomical Landmarks for Successful Surgical Outcomes

To prevent strokes in at‐risk patients, the vascular surgeon may choose from a variety of procedures to counter the accumulation of atheromatous plaque in the carotid arteries: open surgery in the neck with carotid endarterectomy (CEA), carotid stenting with less invasive endovascular techniques, and the more recently developed trans‐carotid artery revascularization (TCAR). The height of the carotid bifurcation (HCB) is an important landmark for the surgeon because it aids in determining the specific surgical approach used, while seeking to minimize the risk to cranial nerves and other vital structures. The HCB is classically defined in relation to the cervical vertebral levels, hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage, and the angle of the mandible. Substantial variability exists across population groups generating extensive research to identify the precise vertebral levels linked to HCB with respect to ethnic and gender differences with a focus on left/right asymmetries. Although well reported, the relationship between cervical vertebral levels and the HCB is of little use during operative procedures because the patient's cervical spine is not readily accessible in the surgical field. Thus, we attempt to elucidate the HCB using anatomical landmarks available while operating. Anatomical dissections were performed on the right and left sides of the neck in five cadavers and morphometric measures of surgical landmarks were obtained. The following ratios were calculated: medial border of the clavicle (MBC) to HCB/MBC to mastoid process (MP), MBC to superior thyroid artery (STA) origin/MBC to MP, and MBC to facial vein (FV) origin/MBC to MP. In addition to the first reported measurements of the HCB from these accessible landmarks, the study found there are statistical significant differences between the right and left sides of the neck among and between individuals. The MBC to bifurcation, MBC to STA origin, and the MBC to FV origin ratio was greater on the left side with 0.74 vs 0.64 (p= .008), 0.70 vs 0.64 (p= .02), and 0.69 vs 0.61 (p=.004), respectively. Our preliminary study addresses the lack of surgically relevant anatomical measures surrounding the carotid region and takes a step toward establishing useful anatomical ratios that may contribute to successful surgical outcomes.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Resin Based Materials used to Observing the Variations of the Origin of the Superior Thyroid Artery with Importance in Cervical and Cranial Pathology

The superior thyroid artery shows a great variability in what concerns its origin. Most often, it appears as an independent branch of the external carotid artery, as its first collateral branch, or directly from the common carotid or at its terminal level. The superior thyroid artery origin was evaluated on 144 cases, using as study methods the dissection (39 cases), the plastic injection (22 cases) and the CT angiography evaluation (83 cases). It was studied, by percentage, the originating artery of the superior thyroid artery, the relation to the bifurcation of the common carotid artery, the neighboring arterial branches and the surface of the external carotid on which originated, the caliber of the external carotid artery before and after the origin of the superior thyroid artery. Most commonly, in 89 cases (61.80%), we describe the origin of the superior thyroid artery from the external carotid artery; from the common carotid artery originated 31 superior thyroid arteries (21.53%); at the level of the bifurcation of the common carotid artery, the superior thyroid artery had its origin in 21 cases (14.58%); in 2 cases (1.39%) we encountered the superior thyroid artery originating from a thyro-lingual trunk and in one case (0.69%), we met a thyro-linguo-facial trunk. The superior thyroid arteries may originate as an independent artery or as arterial trunks in varying proportions. When the origin of the superior thyroid artery is from the terminal common carotid, we propose to use the expression of terminal branching or the common carotid artery trifurcation. The results of our study are similar to those found in international literature, with statistical differences that may be attributed primarily to the total number of cases on which we worked and also working methods or may be attributed to other causes, such as the geographic area where the study was conducted and the amount of time the results were obtained.

Variation in the Origin of Superior Thyroid Artery and it’s Relation with External Laryngeal Nerve: A Cadaveric Study

Introduction: The Thyroid gland is a highly vascular gland placed anteriorly in the neck, extending from the level of fifth cervical vertebra to first thoracic vertebra.The lobes of gland are conical. Their apices diverge laterally to the oblique line on the lamina of thyroid cartilage, and their bases are at the level of 4th or 5th tracheal ring. The relationship of the superior thyroid artery to the external laryngeal nerve is important to the surgeon during thyroid surgery.The artery and nerve are close to each other higher up but diverge near the gland. Thus in order to avoid injury to the external laryngeal nerve, the superior thyroid artery is ligated as near to the gland as possible. Subjects and Methods: This study was conducted on 50 cadavers of known age and sex in the dissection laboratory, department of anatomy. The cadavers were embalmed through carotid arterial perfusion or femoral arterial perfusion. Results: The site of the origin of the superior thyroid artery (STA) was evaluated as it arose from external carotid artery in 66% cases, from carotid bifurcation in 33% cases and from common carotid artery in 1% cases.The site of the origin of the superior thyroid artery (STA) was evaluated as it arose from external carotid artery in 66% cases, from carotid bifurcation in 33% cases and from common carotid artery in 1% cases.The evaluation of distance from upper pole of the thyroid gland to the level where External superior laryngeal nerve turns medially from Superior thyroid artery was found More than 1 cm in 73% cases & Less than 1 cm in 27% cases. Conclusion: The relationship of superior thyroid artery to external superior laryngeal nerve is very important for surgeons during thyroid surgeries to avoid injuries to above nerves while ligating STA.

Origin of superior thyroid artery and superior laryngeal artery - A cadaveric study

Origin of superior thyroid artery and superior laryngeal artery - A cadaveric study

Variations of the origin of superior thyroid artery and its relationship with the external branch of superior laryngeal nerve.

IntroductionThe superior thyroid artery, the main atrial supply of neck region, is branched from the external carotid artery as a first branch, but it may also arise from the common carotid artery and its bifurcation. The external branch of superior laryngeal nerve runs parallel to it and later crossing the artery either above or below the upper pole of the thyroid gland.ObjectiveThis study aimed at evaluating the variations of the origin of superior thyroid artery and its relationship with the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve.MethodsA descriptive study was conducted on 43 embalmed cadavers. The anterior triangle of the neck region was dissected bilaterally. The presence or absence of STA and its origin, branching pattern, relationship with the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve, level of origin in relation to the lamina of the thyroid cartilage and level of carotid bifurcation were observed and recorded.ResultThe superior thyroid artery arises from the external carotid artery in 44.2%, common carotid bifurcation in 27.9% and common carotid artery in 26.7% of cadavers. In one of the cadaver, the superior thyroid artery arises from lingual artery. The origin of superior thyroid artery was significantly associated with its branching pattern and level of common carotid artery bifurcation. The mean distance from the upper pole of the thyroid gland to the level where an external branch of superior laryngeal nerve turns medially from superior thyroid artery was found to be 1.04cm.ConclusionThe wide range of variations of the superior thyroid artery on its origin and relationship with adjacent structures is a common phenomenon. The clinicians should be aware of those variations.

Origin of superior thyroid artery: under the surgeon's knife.

Background The major arterial supply to the thyroid gland is from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries, arising from the external carotid artery and the thyrocervical trunk respectively. The external laryngeal nerve runs in close proximity to the origin of the superior thyroid artery in relation to the thyroid gland. The superior thyroid artery is clinically important in head and neck surgeries. Objectives To locate the origin of the superior thyroid artery, because wide variability is reported. To provide knowledge of possible variations in its origin, because it is important for surgical procedures in the neck. Methods The origin of the superior thyroid artery was studied by dissecting sixty adult human hemineck specimens from donated cadavers in a Department of Anatomy. Results The highest incidence observed was origin of the superior thyroid artery from the external carotid artery (88.33%), whereas origin from the common carotid bifurcation only occurred in 8.33%. However, in 3.33% of cases, the superior thyroid artery originated from the common carotid artery and in a single case, the external laryngeal nerve did not cross the stem of the superior thyroid artery at all, but ran ventral and parallel to the artery. Conclusions It is important to rule out anomalous origin of superior thyroid artery and verify its relationship to the external laryngeal nerve prior to ligation of the artery in thyroid surgeries, in order to prevent iatrogenic injuries. Moreover, because anomalous origins of the superior thyroid artery are only anatomic variants, thorough knowledge of these is decisive for head and neck surgeries.

Rare Anomalous Branch of Common Carotid Artery – A Report of Two Cases

Abstract: Common carotid arteries with their terminal branches provide the major source of blood supply to head and neck. Apart from terminal branches common carotid artery usually does not provide additional branches. However origin of superior thyroid artery from common carotid artery has been reported in many cases. Inferior thyroid artery usually arises from thyro-cervical trunk. Origin of inferior thyroid artery from common carotid is a rare entity. We report two cadaveric cases of origin of inferior thyroid artery from common carotid artery with a comprehensive review of existing literature. The above variation could be of interest while performing thyroid surgical procedures to avoid fatal complications .

Variations in superior thyroid artery: A selective angiographic study.

Aim:To investigate variations in superior thyroid artery (STA) based on digital subtraction angiography (DSA).Materials and Methods:Twenty five angiography studies of 15 pts performed between June 2010 and December 2012 were retrospectively evaluated. These patients underwent DSA of the head and neck region as a part of their superselective neoadjuvant intra-arterial chemotherapy protocol for treatment of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers. Depending upon the location of the tumor, unilateral or bilateral arteriograms of common carotid artery (CCA), external carotid artery (ECA), and STA were performed. Arteriograms were evaluated for the site of origin and branching pattern of STA. STA anatomy was ascribed to one of the three branching patterns.Results:A total of 25 angiograms were evaluated, including 14 right and 11 left. On the right side, STA was noted to arise from ECA in 10 (71.5%), bifurcation of CCA in 3 (21.5%), and CCA in 1 (7%) patient. Left STA was seen to arise from ECA in 8 (72.5%), bifurcation of CCA in 2 (18.5%), and internal carotid artery (ICA) in 1 (9%) patient. Type III branching pattern (non-bifurcation, non-trifurcation) was found to be the most frequent (52%). Infrahyoid branch was found to be the most consistent in terms of its origin from STA.Conclusions:Origin of STA is predictable, arising from ECA in more than 70% cases. Branching pattern of STA, following origin from ECA, is, however, highly variable. Knowledge concerning the origin and branching pattern of STA is essential in enhancing precision and decreasing morbidity related to the surgical and interventional radiological head and neck procedures.