Origin Of Life Research Articles

Etiology of Potentially Primordial Biomolecular Structures: From Vitamin B12to the Nucleic Acids and an Inquiry into the Chemistry of Life’s Origin: A Retrospective

"We'll never be able to know" is a truism that leads to resignation with respect to any experimental effort to search for the chemistry of life's origin. But such resignation runs radically counter to the challenge imposed upon chemistry as a natural science. Notwithstanding the prognosis according to which the shortest path to understanding the metamorphosis of the chemical into the biological is by way of experimental modeling of "artificial chemical life", the scientific search for the route nature adopted in creating the life we know will arguably never truly end. It is, after all, part of the search for our own origin.

Comets may solve the puzzle of life's origin

Comets may solve the puzzle of life's origin

The role of supernovae in the origins of life

The role of supernovae in the origins of life

A review of 10 of the best Origin of Life books

A review of 10 of the best Origin of Life books

The Definition of Life: A Brief History of an Elusive Scientific Endeavor

In spite of the spectacular developments in our understanding of the molecular basis that underlies biological phenomena, we still lack a generally agreed-upon definition of life, but this is not for want of trying. Life is an empirical concept; and, as suggested by the many unsuccessful efforts to define it, this task is likely to remain, at best, a work in progress. Although phenomenological characterizations of life are feasible, a precise definition of life remains an elusive intellectual endeavor. This is not surprising: as Nietszche once wrote, there are concepts that can be defined, whereas others only have a history. The purpose of this essay is to discuss some of the manifold (and often unsatisfactory) definitions of life that have been attempted from different intellectual and scientific perspectives and reflect, at least in part, the key role that historical frameworks play. Although some efforts have been more fruitful, the lack of an all-embracing, generally agreed-upon definition of life sometimes gives the impression that what is meant by life's origin is defined in somewhat imprecise terms and that several entirely different questions are often confused. The many attempts made to reduce the nature of living systems to a single living compound imply that life can be so well defined that the exact point at which it started can be established with the sudden appearance of the first replicating molecule. On the other hand, if the emergence of life is seen as the stepwise (but not necessarily slow) evolutionary transition between the non-living and the living, then it may be meaningless to draw a strict line between them.

Probing the origin of life

Probing the origin of life

Theory of Origin and Phenomenon of Life

Origin of life and understanding the Universe had been the matter of inquisition to mankind. A new theory is put forward here that could also be called 'Revitalism' compared to the vitalism of previous two centuries. So far science has not visualized that besides matter and electromagnetic radiation any other form of 'energy' can exist. Now having realized that there could be dark energy, which has been proved to be existing (vide 'Energy theory of matter and cosmology' written by the author in the same issue). Scientist with an open mind should look for other forms of 'energies' so as to better understand the universe, matter and life forms. There is an 'energy' which acts as the source of life in different life forms. 'Soul', which is also in the form of energy, does not interact directly with the matter or electromagnetic radiation but interacts directly with the 'energy' which forms the source of life. So it would be a far more difficult proposition to understand the 'energy' which constitutes the 'soul'. The study of 'energy' which forms the source of life is very much possible because it interacts with the matter when in the form of cells. A fresh view of all the life sciences is required so as to have the perfect understanding of phenomenon of life.

Is the transition from chemistry to biology a mystery?

Today most chemists think that the answer to how life on earth emerged is still unknown. They assume a gap between chemistry and biology that is still unbridged. For chemists, understanding the origin of life requires the experimental modeling of a process that bridges this gap. They will not consider the problem solved before they are able to perform such tasks. No gap appears when we are pursuing a less ambitious goal, namely, to present a sequence of hypothetical processes that lead to an apparatus with the basic structure and fundamental feature of the genetic apparatus of biosystems but strongly simplified. The modeled apparatus has the basic machinery of living entities. Its fundamental feature is Darwinian behavior. Living individuals have the power to evolve toward ever increasing complexity and intricacy if appropriate conditions are given. The task to understand life's origin as a rational process is closely related to the earlier attempts of the present author to design and construct supra-molecular machines. The skill of the experimentalist has to be replaced by the presence of very particular conditions given by chance in a very particular location. The resulting apparatus has a distinct basic structure and function. The essence of what happens is inevitable, not accidental. Thus the emergence of life is assumed to be described by a distinct theory. Today's great challenge is experimentally investigating chemical systems with the goal of creating artificial chemical life and the given theory provides a powerful stimulus. Life, from the perspective of physics, is the living state of matter and this view calls for a theory describing the fundamental requirements for the appearance of such a living state of matter (on the early earth and in the universe). The approach given here is an attempt in this direction. According to that approach the appearance of an entity with Darwinian behavior is instantaneous and linked with the creation of matter that carries information. Thus, Information (measured in bits according to Shannon) takes a meaning with that instant, the appearance of the first entity that evolves by multiplication, variation, selection and keeps that meaning during the entire evolution of the living (Information carrying) state of matter. Another consequence of this initial event is a spontaneous symmetry breaking due to the equal probabilities that the oligomer starting the process is right handed or left handed.

ChemInform Abstract: Minimal Self-Replicating Systems

Examples of chemical systems capable of templating and catalysing their own synthesis—self-replicating systems—have begun to appear in the chemical literature over the last 15 years. For the biologist, these systems represent a link with the origin of life—their study can shed light on prebiotic chemical evolution. However, for the synthetic chemist, they represent the ultimate synthetic machine, capable of templating the production of a large number of perfect copies of themselves from a single original molecule. In this Review, we describe the design and synthesis of synthetic minimal replicating systems and provide a general overview and critique of the field.

Interpretation and the Origin of Life

Interpretation and the Origin of Life

Signatures of Arithmetic Simplicity in Metabolic Network Architecture

Metabolic networks perform some of the most fundamental functions in living cells, including energy transduction and building block biosynthesis. While these are the best characterized networks in living systems, understanding their evolutionary history and complex wiring constitutes one of the most fascinating open questions in biology, intimately related to the enigma of life's origin itself. Is the evolution of metabolism subject to general principles, beyond the unpredictable accumulation of multiple historical accidents? Here we search for such principles by applying to an artificial chemical universe some of the methodologies developed for the study of genome scale models of cellular metabolism. In particular, we use metabolic flux constraint-based models to exhaustively search for artificial chemistry pathways that can optimally perform an array of elementary metabolic functions. Despite the simplicity of the model employed, we find that the ensuing pathways display a surprisingly rich set of properties, including the existence of autocatalytic cycles and hierarchical modules, the appearance of universally preferable metabolites and reactions, and a logarithmic trend of pathway length as a function of input/output molecule size. Some of these properties can be derived analytically, borrowing methods previously used in cryptography. In addition, by mapping biochemical networks onto a simplified carbon atom reaction backbone, we find that properties similar to those predicted for the artificial chemistry hold also for real metabolic networks. These findings suggest that optimality principles and arithmetic simplicity might lie beneath some aspects of biochemical complexity.

Comets and the origin of life

Comets and the origin of life

The organic composition of carbonaceous meteorites: the evolutionary story ahead of biochemistry.

Carbon-containing meteorites provide a natural sample of the extraterrestrial organic chemistry that occurred in the solar system ahead of life's origin on the Earth. Analyses of 40 years have shown the organic content of these meteorites to be materials as diverse as kerogen-like macromolecules and simpler soluble compounds such as amino acids and polyols. Many meteoritic molecules have identical counterpart in the biosphere and, in a primitive group of meteorites, represent the majority of their carbon. Most of the compounds in meteorites have isotopic compositions that date their formation to presolar environments and reveal a long and active cosmochemical evolution of the biogenic elements. Whether this evolution resumed on the Earth to foster biogenesis after exogenous delivery of meteoritic and cometary materials is not known, yet, the selective abundance of biomolecule precursors evident in some cosmic environments and the unique L-asymmetry of some meteoritic amino acids are suggestive of their possible contribution to terrestrial molecular evolution.

Origins of life: Concepts, data, and debates

ComplexityVolume 15, Issue 3 p. 7-10 The Simply ComplexFree Access Origins of life: Concepts, data, and debates Managing complexity seems to be essential for studies on chemical evolution Peter Schuster, Peter Schuster [email protected] Peter Schuster is at the Institüt für Theortische Chemie der Universität Wien, A-1090 Wien, AustriaSearch for more papers by this author Peter Schuster, Peter Schuster [email protected] Peter Schuster is at the Institüt für Theortische Chemie der Universität Wien, A-1090 Wien, AustriaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 09 December 2009 https://doi.org/10.1002/cplx.20302 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. 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IS THE AGE OF THE EARTH ONE OF OUR “SOREST TROUBLES?” STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS ABOUT DEEP TIME AFFECT THEIR ACCEPTANCE OF EVOLUTIONARY THEORY

When Charles Darwin was developing his ideas for On the Origin of Species, the most widely accepted estimates of Earth’s age were those of William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin). Kelvin used calculations involving thermodynamics to argue that Earth is only 20–100 million years old—an age far too brief to accommodate evolution by natural selection. Darwin referred to Thomson’s claim as one of his “sorest troubles,” for Darwin understood that the history of life on Earth ultimately relies on geology. Darwin suspected that Earth was much older than Thomson claimed, but Thomson’s enormous stature as a scientist obliged Darwin to reconcile his claims with Kelvin’s data. To accommodate Kelvin’s timeline, Darwin proposed pangenesis as an explanation of inheritance (i.e., every sperm and egg contained “gemmules thrown off from each different unit throughout the body”). Darwin’s explanation sped evolution while avoiding Lamarck’s quasi-spiritual sources of acquired traits. However, Darwin’s explanation of inheritance was wrong (see discussion in Moore et al. 2009a). The age of Earth remains a divisive topic in the modern evolution–creationism controversy. Whereas mainstream science has long acknowledged that Earth is approximately 4.5 billion years old, a vocal group of citizens and religious activists continue to insist that Earth is less than 10,000 years old. Although most geocentrists and flat-Earth advocates have capitulated to scientific evidence, young-Earth creationists continue to reject scientific evidence in favor of religious dictum to claim that Earth is less than 10,000 years old. These antiscience claims have been surprisingly popular with the public. For example, a Gallup Poll in early 2009 reported that “On Darwin’s [200th] Birthday, Only 4 in 10 Believe in Evolution” (Newport 2009), and Berkman et al. (2008) noted that “16% [of biology teachers] believed that human beings were created by God in their present form at one time within the last 10,000 years.” In another study, 12.5% of students were young-Earth creationists (Rutledge and Warden 2000), as are 10%–14% of biology majors (Moore and Cotner 2009). Answers in Genesis’ (AiG) Creation Museum, along with the $27 million in donations required to build it, attest to the appeal of young-Earth creationism. Indeed, AiG’s income for 2005 exceeded $13 million, and that of the Institute for Creation Research (ICR, another religious organization based on young-Earth creationism) exceeded $7 million. For comparison, the 2005 income of National Center for Science Education—the nation’s leading organization that defends the teaching of evolution in public schools—was

Homochirality in life: two equal runners, one tripped.

Strong arguments can be found in the literature addressed to the question of the origin of homochirality in life, supporting the hypothesis that primordial life could have evolved in both homochiral forms and that early on when life was still rarely found, random events led to the survival of only one of these living mirror images. This proposal is an alternative to the generally accepted view that small enantiomeric excesses of biologically important molecules were amplified to homochirality prior to life's origin. Acceptance of the possibility of "two equal runners" leads to the importance of research investigations on routes to formation of ensembles of racemic mixtures of isotactic biologically interesting polymers, supramolecular entities and aggregates.

Molecular Biological Techniques in Geomicrobiology of Seafloor Hydrothermal Vents

Recently,microbial ecology and related phenomena of seafloor hydrothermal vents have been the focus of geomicrobiology.Discoveries from these extreme environments continue to challenge accepted notions about microbial metabolism,limits of life and elemental geochemical cycles.Compared with traditional cultivation,phylogenetic analyses based on the small subunit rRNA(16S rRNA) and certain diagnostic metabolic genes have provided systematic and comprehensive methods to study microbial communities inhabited in hydrothermal chimneys.Cultivation-independent molecular techniques include construction of gene library,DGGE,T-RFLP,FISH and quantitative PCR.At present,these approaches have been successfully applied to the studies of geomicrobiology in global seafloor hydrothermal vents.Moreover,lots of achievements have also been accomplished in the investigations of microbial diversity,processes of key element geochemical cycles involved with microbes,the interactions between microbes and minerals,the origin of life and their evolution.In this review,we briefly outline the principles of various methods and their applications in research of geomicrobiology of hydrothermal vents.

Origin of Life on Earth

Origin of Life on Earth

The Evolving universe and the origin of life: the search for our cosmic roots

The Widening World View.- When Science Was Born.- Science in Athens.- Planetary Spheres and the Size of the Universe.- Medieval Cosmology.- The Roots of the Copernican Revolution.- The True Laws of Planetary Motion Revealed.- Galileo Galilei and His Successors.- How Far Away Are the Stars?.- The Scale of the Solar System.- Physical Laws of Nature.- Newton.- Celestial Mechanics.- Nature of Light.- Electricity and Magnetism.- Time and Space.- Curved Space and Gravity.- Atoms and Nuclei.- Strange Microworld.- Elementary Particles.- The Universe.- Stars: Cosmic Fusion Reactors.- The Riddle of the Milky Way.- Entering the Galaxy Universe.- Large-scale Structure of the Universe.- Finite or Infinite Universe: Cosmological Models.- When it all Began: Big Bang.- The Dark Side of the Universe.- Active Galaxies: Messages Through Radio Waves.- Origin of Galaxies.- Life in the Universe.- The Nature of Life.- The Origin of Earth and its Moon.- Emergence and Evolution of Life.- Life and our Solar System.- Extrasolar Planetary Systems and Life in other Solar Systems.- Human's Role in the Universe.

A specific scenario for the origin of life and the genetic code based on peptide/oligonucleotide interdependence.

Among various scenarios that attempt to explain how life arose, the RNA world is currently the most widely accepted scientific hypothesis among biologists. However, the RNA world is logistically implausible and doesn't explain how translation arose and DNA became incorporated into living systems. Here I propose an alternative hypothesis for life's origin based on cooperation between simple nucleic acids, peptides and lipids. Organic matter that accumulated on the prebiotic Earth segregated into phases in the ocean based on density and solubility. Synthesis of complex organic monomers and polymerization reactions occurred within a surface hydrophilic layer and at its aqueous and atmospheric interfaces. Replication of nucleic acids and translation of peptides began at the emulsified interface between hydrophobic and aqueous layers. At the core of the protobiont was a family of short nucleic acids bearing arginine's codon and anticodon that added this amino acid to pre-formed peptides. In turn, the survival and replication of nucleic acid was aided by the peptides. The arginine-enriched peptides served to sequester and transfer phosphate bond energy and acted as cohesive agents, aggregating nucleic acids and keeping them at the interface.