Origin In France Research Articles

Transnational practices, intergenerational relations and identity construction in a migratory context: The case of young women of Maghrebine origin in France

In France, the issue of young women of Maghrebine origin has received important media coverage, and even become a political issue. In this context, we have conducted a qualitative research to study (1) the transnational practices, (2) the intergenerational relations, and (3) the identity construction of this population, within the dialogical self theory framework. We administered a semi-structured interview to 19 young women (Age range: 16–25 years) born in France of parents who emigrated from the Maghreb (Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco). The interpretative phenomenological analysis of our data reveals two transnational practices as salient issues of the identity construction and the intergenerational relations of young women of Maghrebine origin: the Muslim religion and the norm of virginity. Past and present relations between France and Maghrebine populations have transformed these traditional values into symbolic identity markers. However, these norms are always subject to multiple and creative renegotiations and redefinitions, which reflect the dialogical and multiple self of young women of Maghrebine origin.

A simplified method of performance indicators development for epidemiological surveillance networks – Application to the RESAPATH surveillance network

Background Develop and calculate performance indicators allows to continuously follow the operation of an epidemiological surveillance network. This is an internal evaluation method, implemented by the coordinators in collaboration with all the actors of the network. Its purpose is to detect weak points in order to optimize management. A method for the development of performance indicators of epidemiological surveillance networks was developed in 2004 and was applied to several networks. Its implementation requires a thorough description of the network environment and all its activities to define priority indicators. Since this method is considered to be complex, our objective consisted in developing a simplified approach and applying it to an epidemiological surveillance network. Methods We applied the initial method to a theoretical network model to obtain a list of generic indicators that can be adapted to any surveillance network. Results We obtained a list of 25 generic performance indicators, intended to be reformulated and described according to the specificities of each network. It was used to develop performance indicators for RESAPATH, an epidemiological surveillance network of antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic bacteria of animal origin in France. Conclusion This application allowed us to validate the simplified method, its value in terms of practical implementation, and its level of user acceptance. Its ease of use and speed of application compared to the initial method argue in favor of its use on broader scale.

The Rule of Virginity Among Young Women of Maghrebine Origin in France

Interviews conducted with young women of Maghrebine origin in France show that norms of virginity represent a central means by which women negotiate Maghrebine-French identity and handle intergenerational relations. From the legacy of the colonial era to the current interethnic context, notions of virginity have played a significant role, in both official French discourse, and in the parental transmission of social values across generations. Standards of virginity stand as symbolic markers of women's identity positioning. Yet, women also reinterpret, transform and appropriate codes of virginity according to life experience and situational context.

Identities, Discourses and Experiences: Young People of North African Origin in France

Identities, Discourses and Experiences: Young People of North African Origin in France

Between ‘Turkish Islam’ and ‘French Islam’: The Role of the Diyanet in the Conseil Français du Culte Musulman

This article discusses the role of the Directorate of Religious Affairs in Turkey—the Diyanet—in the French Council for Muslim Religion (Conseil Français du Culte Musulman or CFCM). The Diyanet-linked Cordination Committee of Muslim Turks in France (Comité de Coordination des Musulmans Turcs de France, or CCMTF) was one of the constitutive federations of the CFCM, confirming its status as ‘the’ interlocutor for the French state in its relations with the Turkish Muslim community. I argue in this paper that this is mainly for two reasons. First, the Turkish government uses the Diyanet as a foreign-policy instrument, promoting ‘Turkish Islam’ as a moderate and rational religion, compatible with modernity and as a model for ‘European’ or ‘French Islam’. The Diyanet presents itself as the legitimate representative of Muslims of Turkish origin in France, excluding other organisations as radicals. Secondly, the Turkish Muslim community in France still displays loyalty to Turkey in terms of social organisation. The paternalistic attitude of the Turkish state, the immigrants' search for protection of the country of origin, nationality divisions within the CFCM and the long-standing habit of the French state to deal with its Muslim community through foreign governments help to explain the continuing importance of the Diyanet for the Turkish Muslim community and in the CFCM.

Immigrant Youth and Urban Riots: A Comparison of France and Germany

In contrast to the riots in the French banlieues in Autumn 2005, Germany has not reached the point of such social conflicts with an ethnic background. To explain this difference, this article compares the situation of marginalised youth of North African origin in France with its counterpart of Turkish origin in Germany. As a central explanatory factor for unrest that does or does not take the form of violent protest, the foremost hypothesis is that the experience of frustration that results from the discrepancy between the expectation of recognition and social reality is stronger in the case of France than of Germany. As a follow-up to this hypothesis, the article investigates, firstly, the corresponding processes of exclusion and integration of these young people. Secondly, the consequences of urban policy on the situation of young people in each case are examined against the background of the different models of integration. Finally, the article considers the differences in political mobilisation and how conflicts are played out.

The Trade and Development Policy of the European Union

This article examines the EU's trade and development policy from the 1950s to the present day. From its origins in France's demand that the EEC join in its colonial enterprise, this policy has grown to embrace all developing countries in a complex patchwork of trade preferences. However, it would be wrong to see this status quo as the natural evolution of an early interest in assist- ing developing countries. Rather, the EU's system of trade preferences represents a compromise between its desire to protect the economic interests of the erstwhile colonies and the demands of non-privileged developing countries for improved access to European markets. From a develop- ment perspective, this produces anomalies. Even today, via more favourable rules of origin, Sudan trades on better terms with the EU than Laos. However, as this article seeks to demonstrate, due largely to enforceable WTO rules, the EU is now coming to adopt principle - the actual needs of developing countries - over history as the basis for its future trade and development policy.

France and the Austrian Empire 1815-1918

Relations between France and the Habsburg Empire during the long nineteenth century went through several phases bounded by the events crucial not just to the two countries' mutual relations but to all of Europe. The Congress of Vienna defined their mutual relations for the next thirty years. The Habsburgs and their omnipresent minister Metternich were fearful of revolutionary and liberal movements traditionally having their origins in France. And it was the revolutionary events of 1848 that brought about a change in the balance of power and their mutual relations. Metternich's retirement and, more importantly, the arrival of the Russian armies in Central Europe and the subsequent strengthening of Prussia, conferred a new importance to the role of the Habsburg Monarchy as a bulwark against the advancement of Russia and a vital counterweight to Prussia. With the defeat of Napoleon III and the creation of Germany with Alsace and Lorraine Franco-Austrian relations entered a new phase. The destiny of the two provinces alienated the Habsburgs from the French Republic, especially after the reorganization of Europe into two confronting blocs. The logic of alliances led to their being adversaries in the world conflict, although Napoleon III's geo-strategic analyses remained present almost to its very end, when Clemenceau's government gave support to the nationality principle thereby crucially contributing to the collapse of the Habsburg Monarchy.

Prise en charge des infections des voies respiratoires basses de l'immunocompétent. Partie concernant les définitions, l'épidémiologie et les éléments du diagnostic

Particular attention is given to lower respiratory tract infections because of their frequency and potential severity. These infections represent a major cause of death worldwide and pneumonia remains the first cause of death from infectious origin in France. Three nosological entities are usually described according to the anatomic localization of the infectious process: acute bronchitis, pneumonia, and bronchopneumonia (if the infection involves the bronchial tree and the lung parenchyma). If bronchial infection occurs within the context of a chronic respiratory tract disease, it is called acute decompensation of chronic lung disease (usually chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). The major diagnostic difficulties are to be able to confirm alveolar implication in the infectious process and to determine the pathogenic agent(s) responsible for the clinical pattern. This information is essential for subsequent care depends. Apart from clinical examination, essential in this context, only chest-X-rays can be of any help to confirm alveolar involvement in the disease process. On the contrary, the interest of systematic microbiological confirmation and its value according to various techniques and swab conditions may be questioned for the clinical diagnosis. Microbiological confirmation does not seem essential in every case. The feasibility and relevance of microbiological techniques must be determined before any decision is taken on documentation. The microbiological documentation value depends on its yield and sensitivity profile in identifying the pathogen.

Muslim Women in France and Morocco: Applying Grounded Theory Methodology for Research in French and Francophone Studies

Comparative studies are of increasing importance when trying to understand population groups that shape French and francophone societies. When these groups are involved in social and cultural changes, interdisciplinary research is especially valuable. This article argues that Grounded Theory methodology is helpful when studying issues of change in a comparative setting. Grounded Theory, which allows for maximum flexibility, aims at inducting theory from interview data collected in such a way so as to allow respondents to speak on their own terms. This reduces the risk of an analytical framework imported from one context leading to misreading of experiences shaped in other contexts. The major strategy is a general method of comparative analysis that aims at explanation of behavior. This article describes application and outcomes of this methodology in examining attitudes and perceptions of Moroccan women and women of Moroccan origin in France.

Hepatitis E virus: an emerging disease

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a spherical, non-enveloped, single stranded RNA virus. Four genotypes (1-4) have so far been distinguished. HEV infection can occur either in large epidemics (in endemic regions only: southeast Asia, India, central Asia central, Africa, and Mexico) or in sporadic forms. HEV is transmitted principally by the fecal-oral pathway, that is, hand-to-mouth. There is a risk of transmission from animals to humans. Nearly half of all cases have no or few symptoms. Symptomatic forms can be severe. The mortality rate can reach 20% in pregnant women. Recent reports indicate that autochthonous cases have been contracted in France. Several aspects differentiate sporadic autochthonous hepatitis from that contracted in endemic areas: 1) mean age of onset is older in the former; 2) prognosis is more severe; and 3) prolonged even chronic forms can affect some immunocompromised patients, in particular, those with organ transplants. The diagnosis of hepatitis E must now be considered in any cases of acute hepatitis of unexplained origin in France. Diagnosis relies on RT-PCR testing of blood or stool.

Using ecomuseum indicators to evaluate the Robben Island Museum and World Heritage Site

Robben Island has a number of significant overlapping physical, social, cultural, and political landscapes. The island has been invested with iconic status due to the fact that it was used as the notorious political prison by the apartheid regime in South Africa. After the first democratic elections, the island was officially opened as a national museum in 1997 and in 1999 it was listed as a World Heritage Site. This paper evaluates the initial phase of the Robben Island project using the identified key indicators of the ecomuseum ideal, which has its origins in France in the early 1970s. The ecomuseum movement has challenged many traditional approaches to museum and heritage management internationally, as the new Robben Island Museum has done in South Africa.

Testimony, Co-Authorship, and Dispossession among Women of Maghrebi Origin in France

This article focuses on a number of recent narratives published in France by women of Maghrebi immigrant descent with the assistance of majority ethnic co-authors. It reveals a dynamic of dispossession at work in these texts that appears cruelly ironic in view of the importance that the minority ethnic authors attach to an ethic of personal emancipation. The authors lose control of their texts through their dependence on intermediaries, who include majority ethnic co-authors as well as editors and publicists who shape not only the reception of such texts, notably through the paratexts that they place around them, but also the construction of the corpus itself, through the filtering process by which texts are selected or rejected for publication and the role played by co-authors in tailoring the primary authors' narratives to meet the perceived needs or interests of their readers.

Educated, Professional Women in Morocco and Women of Moroccan Origin in France: Asserting a New Public and Private Identity

Women in Morocco and second-generation women of Moroccan origin in France share significant similarities concerning major life issues such as their conception of Islam, legal changes affecting women on both sides of the Mediterranean, and personal and professional issues. A hard demarcation line is oft en drawn between the Arab/Muslim world and secular Western societies and is drawn into question when minority populations are taken into consideration.This is a comparative, qualitative study examining attitudinal changes and discerning cultural trends based on in-depth interviews with samples of young, educated, and professional women in Morocco and in France. The purpose of the comparison was to determine the extent of similarities and differences in attitudes among the samples. The interview schedule focused on three themes: conceptions of Islam, legal Changes in Morocco and in France that impact Muslim women, i.e., the Personal Status Code (moudawana) reform in Morocco, the ban on wearing “overt” religious insignia in public schools in France, and personal and professional goals and challenges. The data analysis shows that the greatest similarities occur among samples and the greatest differences appear within each sample. Overall, conceptions of Islam are marked by a desire for personal interpretation, individual application, and a reading of the Qur’an that emphasizes equality between men and women. The similarities in attitudes can be attributed in large parts to high levels of education in both samples and exposure to global trends.

Educated, Professional Women in Morocco and Women of Moroccan Origin in France: Asserting a New Public and Private Identity

Women in Morocco and second-generation women of Moroccan origin in France share significant similarities concerning major life issues such as their conception of Islam, legal changes affecting women on both sides of the Mediterranean, and personal and professional issues. A hard demarcation line is oft en drawn between the Arab/Muslim world and secular Western societies and is drawn into question when minority populations are taken into consideration. This is a comparative, qualitative study examining attitudinal changes and discerning cultural trends based on in-depth interviews with samples of young, educated, and professional women in Morocco and in France. The purpose of the comparison was to determine the extent of similarities and differences in attitudes among the samples. The interview schedule focused on three themes: conceptions of Islam, legal Changes in Morocco and in France that impact Muslim women, i.e., the Personal Status Code (moudawana) reform in Morocco, the ban on wearing “overt” religious insignia in public schools in France, and personal and professional goals and challenges. The data analysis shows that the greatest similarities occur among samples and the greatest differences appear within each sample. Overall, conceptions of Islam are marked by a desire for personal interpretation, individual application, and a reading of the Qur’an that emphasizes equality between men and women. The similarities in attitudes can be attributed in large parts to high levels of education in both samples and exposure to global trends.

Developmental Tasks of Adolescents of Native or Foreign Origin in France and Germany

The developmental task concept has been useful to study adolescent development for more than 50 years. However, some facets of this concept remain unexplored. In this article, the author presents a cross-cultural and intercultural study comparing the developmental tasks of adolescents of native and foreign origin in France (French and North African origin) and Germany (German and Turkish origin). The results suggest that developmental tasks are not identical for adolescents in the national cultures (France and Germany) and furthermore that they are not the same depending on the acculturation framework to which adolescents of foreign origin are exposed in these two European countries.

Testimony, Co-Authorship, and Dispossession among Women of Maghrebi Origin in France

Testimony, Co-Authorship, and Dispossession among Women of Maghrebi Origin in France

Trends in antimicrobial resistance phenotypes in non-typhoidSalmonellaefrom human and poultry origins in France

A total of 1873 strains from human origin and 4283 strains from non-human origin of Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Heidelberg, Hadar and Virchow, collected over three years 1993, 1997 and 2000, were examined in order to determine the rate of antimicrobial resistance to 12 antimicrobial drugs. The objective of the study was to describe and to compare the evolution of the main resistance types in human and non-human isolates, focusing on the poultry sector. The evolution and the rates of antimicrobial resistances for the five serotypes, with the exception of Virchow, were almost comparable in strains isolated from human and non-human sources over the period studied. The most striking result concerning single resistance was the spectacular increase of the resistance frequency to nalidixic acid for the strains belonging to serotypes Hadar and Virchow, especially in the poultry food sector (14% in 1993 vs. 72% in 2000 for Salmonella Virchow, 4% in 1993 vs. 70% in 2000 for Salmonella Hadar) and also in human isolates (24% in 1997 vs. 48% in 2000 for S. Virchow, 31% in 1997 vs. 78% in 2000 for S. Hadar). In addition to the classical resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamide, chloramphenicol and tetracycline (ASSuCT resistance type), which stabilized between 1997 and 2000, the emergence of a new resistance type was observed.

Enseignement Sup�rieur Et Origine Sociale En France: �tude Statistique Des In�galit�s Depuis 1965

HIGHER EDUCATION AND SOCIAL ORIGIN IN FRANCE: A STATISTICAL STUDY OF INEQUALITIES SINCE 1965 – Mass education has the goal of guaranteeing the same education to all in order to moderate differences between individuals and promote a kind of ‘equality of opportunity’. Nonetheless, it seems clear that lower-class youths do not benefit as much from their degree or university experience as do those who come from more privileged backgrounds. The present study statistically analyses the evolution of higher education since 1965 with respect to social origin in order to determine whether the massification of education has really been accompanied by democratization. Its conclusion is twofold: This evolution has indeed allowed for a certain democratization of higher education by offering new perspectives for the middle and lower classes; but nevertheless it has not always granted them access to prestigious courses of study, so that one still finds two systems of higher education which are relatively separate and whose separation remains a function of social origin.

Diaspora unbound: Muslim identity and the erratic regulation of Islam in France

AbstractDespite the apparent innocuity of the diaspora concept, it has not escaped critical reflection and sustained debate. Some have bemoaned its obscurantist fetishism, and in particular its reliance on ‘ethnic essentialism’, while others defend it as a useful metaphor for explaining at least some types of migrant communities. In terms of the latter, Sayyid (2000) argued for a Muslim umma – a shared identity that may be considered ‘diasporic’. While he certainly had reservations about its use, he argued that reference to a diasporic umma need not imply unanimity among those supposedly divided by seemingly more ontologically grounded social categories such as class and gender. In this paper, then, I tread a path between the critique of diaspora as an essentialist concept, and how we might employ Sayyid's conceptualisation in the context of Maghrebin (North African) migrants in France during the 1980s and 1990s. In particular, I seek to demonstrate how the state in both Algeria and France shaped the relationship between Islam and identity among Muslims of Maghrebin origin in France. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.